Merci à Kevin Miyashiro pour le placage et le maintien des cultures de cellules, le Dr Terri Schochet pour fournir des cultures de cellules pour les photos incluses dans ce document. En outre, merci à Kevin Miyashiro, le Dr Peter Buckley, et Tiina Pertiz pour l&#39;entrée sur la procédure ARNa. Le financement de ce travail a été de l&#39;Institut national sur le vieillissement, l&#39;Institut national sur la santé mentale et les fonds des ressources humaines enquêteur du Commonwealth de Pennsylvanie.

<ol>
	<li>Davis, J. E., Eberwine, J. H., Hinkle, D. A., Marciano, P. G., Meaney, D. F., McIntonsh, T. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methodological+considerations+regarding+single-cell+gene+expression+profiling+for+brain+injury.">Methodological considerations regarding single-cell gene expression profiling for brain injury.</a> Neurochemical Research. 29, 1113-1121 (2004).</li><li>Eberwine, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+molecular+biology.">Single-cell molecular biology.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 4, 1155-1156 (2001).</li><li>Kamme, F., Salunga, R., Yu, J., Tran, D., Zhu, J., Luo, J., Bittner, A., Guo, H., Miller, N., Wan, J., Erlander, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+microarray+analysis+in+hippocampus+CA1:+Demonstration+and+Validation+of+Cellular+Heterogeneity.">Single-cell microarray analysis in hippocampus CA1: Demonstration and Validation of Cellular Heterogeneity.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 23, 3607-3607 (2003).</li><li>Hinkle, D., Glanzer, J., Sarabi, A., Pajunen, T., Zielinski, J., Belt, B., Miyashiro, K., McIntosh, T., Eberwine, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+neurons+as+experimental+systems+in+molecular+biology.">Single neurons as experimental systems in molecular biology.</a> Progress in Neurobiology. 72, 129-142 (2004).</li><li>Ginsberg, S. D., Elarova, I., Ruben, M., Tan, F., Counts, S. E., Eberwine, J. H., Trojanowski, J. Q., Hemby, S. E., Mufson, E. J., Che, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+gene+expression+analysis:+Implications+for+Neurodegenerative+and+Neuropsychiatric+Disorders.">Single-cell gene expression analysis: Implications for Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders.</a> Neeurochemical Research. 29, 1053-1064 (2004).</li><li>Eberwine, J., Spencer, K., Miyashirto, K., Mackler, S., Finnell, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementary+DNA+synthesis+in+situ:+methods+and+applications.">Complementary DNA synthesis in situ: methods and applications.</a> Methods Enxymol. 216, 80-100 (1992).</li><li>Eberwine, J., Yeh, H., Miyashiro, K., Cao, Y., Nair, S., Finnell, R., Zettel, M., Coleman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+gene+expression+in+single+live+neurons.">Analysis of gene expression in single live neurons.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89, 3010-3014 (1992).</li><li>Kelz, M. B., Dent, G. W., Therianos, S., Marciano, P. G., McIntosh, T. K., Coleman, P. D., Eberwine, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+antisense+RNA+amplification+and+microarray+analysis+as+a+tool+for+studying+neurological+degeneration+and+restoration.">Single-cell antisense RNA amplification and microarray analysis as a tool for studying neurological degeneration and restoration.</a> Sci. Aging Knowledge Eviron. 1, re1-re1 (2002).</li><li>Banker, G. A., Cowan, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+hippocampal+neurons+in+dispersed+cell+culture.">Rat hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture.</a> Brain Research. 126, 397-425 (1977).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> P-1000 &#38; P-97 Pipette Cookbook. , (2010).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> MinElute Handbook For MinElute Reaction Cleanup Kit. , 28-29 (2004).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Megascript kit. , 7-8 .</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> MEGAclear kit. , 4-5 .</li><li>Eberwine, J., Kacharmina, J. E., Andrews, C., Miyashiro, K., McIntosh, T., Becker, K., Barrett, T., Hinkle, D., Dent, G., Marciano, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mRNA+expression+analysis+of+tissue+sections+and+single+cells.">mRNA expression analysis of tissue sections and single cells.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 21, 8310-8314 (2001).</li><li>Van Gelder, R. N., von Zastrow, M. E., Yool, A., Dement, W. C., Barchas, J. D., Eberwine, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amplified+RNA+synthesized+from+limited+quantities+of+heterogeneous+cDNA.">Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87, 1663-1667 (1990).</li><li>Miyashiro, K., Dichter, M., Eberwine, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+nature+and+differential+distribution+of+mRNAs+in+hippocampal+neuritis:+Implications+for+neuronal+functioning.">On the nature and differential distribution of mRNAs in hippocampal neuritis: Implications for neuronal functioning.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91, 10800-10804 (1994).</li><li>Sul, J., Wo, C. K., Zeng, F., Jochems, J., Lee, M. T., Kim, T. K., Peritz, T., Buckley, P., Cappelleri, D. J., Maronski, M., Kim, M., Kumar, V., Meaney, D., Kim, J., Eberwine, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+transfer+produces+a+predictable+cellular+phenotype.">Transcriptional transfer produces a predictable cellular phenotype.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 106, 7624-7629 (2009).</li><li>Sow, F. B., Gallup, J. M., Sacco, R. E., Ackerman, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+capture+microdissection+revisited+as+a+tool+for+transcriptomic+analysis:+Application+of+an+excel-based+qPCR+preparation+software+(PREXCEL-Q).">Laser capture microdissection revisited as a tool for transcriptomic analysis: Application of an excel-based qPCR preparation software (PREXCEL-Q).</a> Int. J. Biomed. Sci. 5, (2010).</li><li>Vandewoestyne, M., Deforce, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+capture+microdissection+in+forensic+research:+a+review.">Laser capture microdissection in forensic research: a review.</a> Int J Legal Med. 124, (2010).</li><li>Eberwine, J., Bartfai, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell+transcriptomics+of+hypothalamic+warm+sensitive+neurons+that+control+core+body+temperature+and+fever+response+Signaling+asymmetry+and+an+extension+of+chemical+neuroanatomy.">Single cell transcriptomics of hypothalamic warm sensitive neurons that control core body temperature and fever response Signaling asymmetry and an extension of chemical neuroanatomy.</a> Pharmacol. Ther. , (2010).</li></ol>

Dr Eberwine est un inventeur sur le brevet ARNa qui a été autorisée aux technologies de LBS dans lequel le Dr Eberwine est un actionnaire.

Notes et Dépannage <ul><li> Vous voudrez peut-être à prendre avant et après des images montrant que la cellule cible a été isolé et que la pénombre reste a été laissé intact. </li><li> Si trop de solution est d&#39;entrer la pipette que vous récoltez, vous pouvez utiliser 3 voies Luer-Lock et le piston de la seringue pour tenir la pression positive dans le tube. Le volume désiré varie avec le type de traitement, mais jusqu&#39;à 5 ul devrait être bon pour la plupart des applications. </li></ul> Conseils généraux sur les techniques de biologie moléculaire <ul><li> Vortex tous les tubes des stocks et les spin-down avant d&#39;ajouter à une réaction. JAMAIS enzymes vortex. </li><li> Bien mélanger avant d&#39;ajouter les réactions de l&#39;enzyme de s&#39;assurer que le tampon est à la concentration appropriée. </li><li> Maintenir les stocks d&#39;enzymes à -20 ° C, si possible en utilisant un stratacooler. Sinon, retirez juste avant utilisation, garder sur la glace, et revenir immédiatement à -20 ° C. </li><li> Toujours faire master mix lors de la préparation plus d&#39;une réaction de réduire les erreurs de pipetage. Calculer le volume nécessaire en fonction du nombre d&#39;échantillons et d&#39;ajouter 10-20%. </li><li> Magasin de l&#39;ARN à -80 ° C à retarder la dégradation. L&#39;ARN est plus stable stocké dans le tampon d&#39;apurination retardent d&#39;ARN qui se produit dans des conditions acides. </li></ul> Aperçu général de la procédure ARNa Figure 4A illustre le premier tour de la procédure ARNa. Dans la réaction du premier brin, la portion de poly-T de la T7-oligo (dT) primer sélectionne des espèces d&#39;ARNm (long rectangle blanc) en se liant à la queue polyA. Certains microARN sont également polyadénylé et sera capturé par cette procédure. Plus important, cependant, les ARN les plus abondants dans la cellule, les ARN ribosomal, ne sera pas. Cet oligo agit comme une amorce pour la transcriptase inverse pour synthétiser un brin complémentaire de l&#39;ADNc (rectangle gris de long) en utilisant l&#39;ARNm comme un modèle. La portion de la T7 T7-oligo (dT) primer intègre le promoteur T7 RNA polymérase en phase avec la séquence antisens de l&#39;ARNm de départ. Ceci est utilisé plus tard dans la réaction de transcription in vitro. Ensuite, l&#39;ARNm dans les hybrides ARNm / ADN créée à l&#39;étape précédente est partiellement hydrolysé par la RNAse H créant ARN &quot;amorces&quot; (petits rectangles blancs) semblables à des fragments d&#39;Okazaki créé dans la synthèse des brins d&#39;ADN à la traîne. ADN polymérase I utilise des fragments d&#39;ARN pour la synthèse d&#39;ADN premiers en utilisant l&#39;ADN complémentaire de l&#39;ARNm comme un modèle. Quand il atteint le fragment suivant l&#39;ARN, son extrémité 5 &#39;à 3&#39; activité nucléase supprime les ribonucléotides et les remplace par des désoxyribonucléotides. L&#39;ADN ligase est ajoutée à ligaturer les brins où le remplacement du brin leader n&#39;est pas complète. ADN polymérase T4 est ajouté pour combler dans les zones où des fragments d&#39;ARN servi comme amorces initiales pour l&#39;ADN polymérase I de créer une extrémité franche ADNc double brin qui est ensuite purifié avant d&#39;effectuer la réaction d&#39;IVT. Dans la réaction d&#39;IVT, T7 RNA polymérase se lie au promoteur T7 incorporée dans les molécules d&#39;ADNc double brin et synthétise l&#39;ARN antisens (longs rectangles noirs) en utilisant le brin sens comme un modèle. Cela sert l&#39;étape d&#39;amplification dans lequel des milliers de molécules d&#39;ARN antisens sont produites à partir de chaque molécule ADNc double brin (figure 4A). Le second tour, comme le montre la figure 4B, commence par une réaction de transcription inverse qui est légèrement différent de celui de la première ronde depuis les ARN antisens de départ est (solide rectangle noir) et n&#39;a pas la queue polyadénylée qui était ciblé par la T7-oligo (dT) amorce dans le premier tour. Par conséquent, cette réaction est amorcée avec des amorces aléatoires (petits rectangles gris) et la suite dénaturé ARN. La réaction du deuxième brin est alors amorcée par la T7-oligo (dT) primer, qui se lie à la séquence poly-A à l&#39;extrémité 3 &#39;de l&#39;ARN sens créé dans la réaction de transcription inverse précédent. Une autre réaction d&#39;IVT est effectuée de la même manière que dans le premier tour. Ce second tour est habituellement répétée au moins une fois à atteindre trois cycles d&#39;amplification d&#39;une seule cellule. Applications Les techniques que nous avons présenté dans cet article peuvent être traduits dans un grand nombre d&#39;applications. Le protocole seule cellule d&#39;isolement peut être modifié pour une utilisation dans des tranches aiguës. 14 Bien que techniquement plus difficile, les mêmes principes s&#39;appliquent dans cette préparation suppléant. De plus, si la taille de la pipette est légèrement ajustée, les enregistrements de la physiologie des cellules peut être faite avant la récolte permettant de mener une enquête bien contrôlée des mécanismes moléculaires à l&#39;origine des sorties physiologiques. Une autre légère modification est d&#39;isoler les processus du soma cellulaire. 15 Pour cette application, de recueillir les corps cellulaires avec une pipette et ensuite revenir avec une nouvelle pipette et recueillir 100-300 dendrit identifiées ou des axones par tube de collecte 16. Une fois que les cellules ont été récoltées, les comparaisons des abondances ARNm et compositions peuvent être faites entre différents et même au sein des populations même cellule. Incorporer biotinylé-UTP dans le ARNa troisième tour permet l&#39;analyse des microréseaux afin de déterminer ces abondances relatives d&#39;ARNm. La composition de la population d&#39;ARNm d&#39;origine peut aussi être déterminé après la procédure ARNa utilisant le séquençage de nouvelle génération. Le ARNa amplifié peut également être utilisée pour confirmer les études cellulaires phénotype de conversion dans laquelle un ensemble complet d&#39;ARNm d&#39;un type de cellules sont transfectées dans un type cellulaire différent afin d&#39;induire la transition du phénotype de type cellule dernier dans celui de l&#39;ancien, une procédure développée par le laboratoire et connu sous le nom TIPER. 17 Ces études sont particulièrement utiles pour étudier les états pathologiques et les phénotypes cellulaires et des études sont actuellement en cours dans le laboratoire. RT-PCR ou PCR quantitative peut être effectuée sur le matériel amplifié pour confirmer l&#39;expression de gènes spécifiques de la cellule. En outre, les évaluations de l&#39;efficacité de la transfection ou la transduction peut être faite au niveau de la cellule unique. Avantages et limites Comme indiqué dans l&#39;abstrait, l&#39;isolement de cellules uniques pour l&#39;analyse élimine les effets de la moyenne observée avec l&#39;analyse de populations cellulaires hétérogènes. Ces effets moyenne dénaturer l&#39;abondance d&#39;ARNm dans une cellule unique par une sur-représentation des transcriptions abondante et une moyenne de sortir et éviter la détection de nombreux pays à faible abondance de transcriptions. La cytométrie en flux peut être utilisé pour trier des cellules individuelles, mais cette méthode nécessite la connaissance de la cellule des marqueurs spécifiques et des équipements coûteux. 18 microdissection laser, soit avec des systèmes laser UV ou IR microdissection permettent de cellule unique et même capturer subcellulaire, mais nécessite des cellules d&#39;intérêt pour être situés à la surface des sections très minces. 19 Similaire à la cytométrie en flux, microdissection laser nécessite également un équipement coûteux. Un des principaux avantages de la technique de collecte électrode à base décrit ci-dessus est que de précieuses données électrophysiologiques peuvent être obtenus auprès de la cellule d&#39;intérêt avant la récolte, permettant une analyse fonctionnelle et du transcriptome à effectuer sur la même cellule. 20 Un inconvénient de notre technique est qu&#39;elle exige une expérience en utilisant micromanipulateurs. Les enquêteurs familiers avec micromanipulateurs trouverez cette technique très intuitive, cependant, les individus qui n&#39;ont aucune expérience de ce type devra se familiariser avec les mouvements fins requises. Inhérentes à toute technique d&#39;amplification est l&#39;amplification préférentielle de certaines transcriptions basée sur la taille et la composition des nucléotides. 4,6,7 réaction en chaîne par polymérase (PCR) des techniques basées telles que transcription inverse réaction en chaîne de la polymérase (RT-PCR) et amplification rapide de l&#39;ADNc extrémités (RACE) résulte de l&#39;amplification exponentielle de transcriptions, tandis que les résultats ARNa procédure d&#39;amplification de l&#39;amplification linéaire. Ainsi, l&#39;un des principaux avantages de la procédure ARNa réside dans sa capacité à mieux préserver l&#39;abondance relative des transcrits d&#39;ARNm par seulement linéairement amplifiant les erreurs ou les préjugés qui se produisent dans le processus d&#39;amplification exponentielle par rapport à l&#39;amplification dudit erreurs et de préjugés. La procédure ARNa couplée à l&#39;analyse des microréseaux permet la comparaison des abondances d&#39;ARNm entre les cellules simples de morphologie similaire ou différente, traitée ou non traitée. En outre, les produits d&#39;amplification peuvent être soumises pour le séquençage de nouvelle génération. 5,8 Cependant, des précautions doivent être prises dans de telles analyses, car, contrairement à l&#39;utilisation d&#39;amorces aléatoires pour la procédure, la procédure d&#39;oligo-dT amorcée décrit ci-dessus l&#39;amplification des préjugés de l&#39; extrémités 3 &#39;des ARNm et aboutit généralement à léger raccourcissement du matériel amplifié suite à chaque tour. Des précautions doivent être prises dans l&#39;analyse des résultats puce à ADN avec des méthodes standard comme certains faux appels absents peuvent découler de matériel amplifié légèrement raccourcie. En outre, les résultats tout en séquençage sera en effet fournir la pleine 5 &#39;la séquence de la plupart des ARNm d&#39;origine, les séquences 5&#39; de certains ARNm pourrait être manquée. Pour ces raisons, le nombre de tours d&#39;amplifications devrait être limité.

A correction was made to <a href="http://http://www.jove.com/video/2634/transcriptome-analysis-of-single-cells">Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells</a>. There were errors in the volumes used in the aRNA Amplification section.

Erratum: Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Spiegelgas coverslips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Carolina Biological</td>
<td>63-3029</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Nunc 35x10 mm culture dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>12-565-90</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Water for cell culture</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Lonza</td>
<td>17-724Q</td>
<td>For making solutions used for cell culture and rinsing coverslips</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Poly-D-Lysine MW70-150K</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>6407</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Laminin, ultrapure</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Bioscience</td>
<td>354239</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Boric acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>B0252</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MEM with Earle&#x2019;s salts and glutamax</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>41090-101</td>
<td>For plating cells</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D-glucose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G8769</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>15140-122</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Horse serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>16050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>C1768</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MEM with Earle&#x2019;s salts and L-glutamine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>11095-098</td>
<td>For growing cells</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P2256</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>B27 serum-free supplement</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>17504-044</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Borosilicate glass capillary tubes (1.5mm O.D, 100mm length)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Kimble Chase</td>
<td>34500 99</td>
<td>Any borosilicate glass pipette will work as long as the proper bore size is attained. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HBSS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>14175</td>
<td>Any solution will work as long as the components won&#x2019;t interfere with any future processing (i.e. no Ca2+ or Mg2+)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1ml syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>309628</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gauge depends on the diameter of the pipettes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dNTP mix</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Amersham</td>
<td>28-4065-51</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>dt-T7 oligo</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Custom</td>
<td>Midland Certified</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Second strand buffer (5x)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>Y01129</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DTT</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Supplied with second strand buffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E.coli DNA Ligase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>100002324</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DNA polymerase I</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>100004926</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rnase H</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>18021-071</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Megascript T7 kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>AM1334</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Random primers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BMB</td>
<td>11034731001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Superscript III Reverse Transcriptase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>56575</td>
<td>in kit (18080-044) comes with first strand buffer (Y02321) and DTT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MEGAclear Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>1908</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MinElute Reaction Cleanup Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Qiagen</td>
<td>28206</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>T4 DNA polymerase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>100004994</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rnasin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Promega</td>
<td>N251B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Illumina TotalPrep RNA Amplification Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>AMIL1791</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Flaming/Brown micropipette puller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>P-87</td>
<td>Sutter has many other models, many are discussed in the cookbook</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Micromanipulator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Many other micromanipulators will work such as the newer Eppendorf models</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pipette Holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Warner Instruments</td>
<td>MP-S15A</td>
<td>Will vary with micromanipulator and pipette O.D.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bioanalyzer RNA 6000 Nano Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>5067-1511</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

transcriptome analysis of single cells

Beaucoup de techniques d&#39;analyse d&#39;expression génique fonder sur des documents isolés de populations hétérogènes de cellules à partir d&#39;homogénats de tissus ou cellules en culture. 1,2,3 Dans le cas du cerveau, des régions telles que l&#39;hippocampe contient un agencement complexe de différents types de cellules, chacune avec profils ARNm distincts. La capacité à récolter des cellules individuelles permet une enquête plus approfondie sur les différences moléculaires entre et au sein des populations de cellules. Nous décrivons une méthode simple et rapide pour la récolte de cellules pour un traitement ultérieur. Pipettes souvent utilisé en électrophysiologie sont utilisées pour isoler (par aspiration) une cellule d&#39;intérêt et idéalement de le déposer dans un tube Eppendorf pour un traitement ultérieur avec un certain nombre de techniques de biologie moléculaire. Notre protocole peut être modifié pour la récolte des dendrites partir de culture cellulaire ou même des cellules individuelles à partir de tranches aiguës. Nous décrivons également la méthode d&#39;amplification ARNa comme une application majeure aval des isolements seule cellule. Cette méthode a été développée précédemment par notre laboratoire comme une alternative aux autres techniques d&#39;analyse d&#39;expression génique tels que transcription inverse ou en temps réel la réaction en chaîne polymérase (PCR). 4,5,6,7,8 Cette technique permet l&#39;amplification linéaire de la ARN polyadénylé en commençant par femtogrammes seulement du matériel et résultant en des quantités microgramme d&#39;ARN antisens. Le matériel amplifié linéairement fournit une estimation plus précise que la PCR d&#39;amplification exponentielle de l&#39;abondance relative des composantes du transcriptome de la cellule isolée. La procédure de base se compose de deux cycles d&#39;amplification. En bref, un site T7 RNA polymérase promoteur est incorporé dans ADNc double brin créé à partir des transcrits d&#39;ARNm. Une nuit dans la transcription in vitro (IVT) de réaction est ensuite effectué dans laquelle T7 RNA polymérase produit de nombreux transcrits antisens de l&#39;ADNc double brin. Le second tour répète ce processus, mais avec quelques différences techniques puisque le matériau de départ est un ARN antisens. Il est standard de répéter le second tour, résultant en trois cycles d&#39;amplification. Souvent, la troisième ronde, en réaction de transcription in vitro est réalisée en utilisant nucléosidetriphosphates biotinylé de telle sorte que l&#39;ARN antisens produit peut être hybridée et détectée sur une puce à 7,8.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells at JoVE.com

Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells

Dans cet article, nous décrivons une méthode simple pour la récolte des cellules isolées de rat cultures primaires de neurones et l&#39;analyse du transcriptome en utilisant une amplification ultérieure ARNa. Cette approche est généralisable à tout type de cellule.

L&#39;analyse du transcriptome des cellules isolées

Many gene expression analysis techniques rely on material isolated from heterogeneous populations of cells from tissue homogenates or cells in ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

29.6K vues.  University of Pennsylvania. Dans cet article, nous décrivons une méthode simple pour la récolte des cellules isolées de rat cultures primaires de neurones et l'analyse du transcriptome en utilisant une amplification ultérieure ARNa. Cette approche est généralisable à tout type de cellule.

Vidéo: Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Imagerie des cellules vivantes des cellules sensorielles de précurseurs d&#39;organes en Intact Drosophile Les chrysalides

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

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Neurosciences

Sequential Photo-bleaching to Delineate Single Schwann Cells at the Neuromuscular Junction

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system and has served as guiding model to study synaptic structure and function. In mouse NMJs motor axon terminals form pretzel-like contact sites with muscle fibers. The motor axon and its terminal are sheathed by SCs. Over the past decades, several transgenic mice have been generated to visualize motor neurons and SCs, for example Thy1-XFP1 and Plp-GFP mice2, respectively.
Along motor axons, myelinating axonal SCs are arranged in non-overlapping internodes, separated by nodes of Ranvier, to enable saltatory action potential propagation. In contrast, terminal SCs at the synapse are specialized glial cells, which monitor and promote neurotransmission, digest debris and guide regenerating axons. NMJs are tightly covered by up to half a dozen non-myelinating terminal SCs - these, however, cannot be individually resolved by light microscopy, as they are in direct membrane contact3.
Several approaches exist to individually visualize terminal SCs. None of these are flawless, though. For instance, dye filling, where single cells are impaled with a dye-filled microelectrode, requires destroying a labelled cell before filling a second one. This is not compatible with subsequent time-lapse recordings3. Multi-spectral "Brainbow" labeling of SCs has been achieved by using combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins4. However, this technique requires combining several transgenes and is limited by the expression pattern of the promoters used. In the future, expression of "photo-switchable" proteins in SCs might be yet another alternative5. Here we present sequential photo-bleaching, where single cells are bleached, and their image obtained by subtraction. We believe that this approach - due to its ease and versatility - represents a lasting addition to the neuroscientist's technology palette, especially as it can be used in vivo and transferred to others cell types, anatomical sites or species6.
In the following protocol, we detail the application of sequential bleaching and subsequent confocal time-lapse microscopy to terminal SCs in triangularis sterni muscle explants. This thin, superficial and easily dissected nerve-muscle preparation7,8 has proven useful for studies of NMJ development, physiology and pathology9. Finally, we explain how the triangularis sterni muscle is prepared after fixation to perform correlated high-resolution confocal imaging, immunohistochemistry or ultrastructural examinations.

Visualizing individual cells in densely packed tissues, such as terminal Schwann cells (SCs) at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), is challenging. "Sequential photo-bleaching" allows delineating single terminal SCs, for instance in the triangularis sterni muscle explant, a convenient nerve-muscle preparation, where sequential bleaching can be combined with time-lapse imaging and post-hoc immunostainings.

Séquentielle photo-blanchiment sur le tracé de cellules de Schwann simple à la jonction neuromusculaire

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system ...

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

In this article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the lipophilic fluorescent membrane marker DiI. This method allows the visualization of neuronal cell morphology in great detail. It is possible to label any cell in the CNS: cell bodies of target neurons are visualized under DIC optics or by expression of a fluorescent genetic marker such as GFP. After labeling, the DiI can be transformed into a permanent brown stain by photoconversion to allow visualization of cell morphology with transmitted light and DIC optics. Alternatively, the DiI-labeled cells can be observed directly with confocal microscopy, enabling genetically introduced fluorescent reporter proteins to be colocalised. The technique can be used in any animal, irrespective of genotype, making it possible to analyze mutant phenotypes at single cell resolution.

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

Étiquetage des cellules isolées dans le système nerveux central des<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

Laser Capture Microdissection of Enriched Populations of Neurons or Single Neurons for Gene Expression Analysis After Traumatic Brain Injury

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that is critical for learning, memory and executive function.1,2 Hence our studies focus on gene expression analysis of specific neuronal populations in distinct subregions of the hippocampus. The technique of laser capture microdissection (LCM), introduced in 1996 by Emmert-Buck, et al.,3 has allowed for significant advances in gene expression analysis of single cells and enriched populations of cells from heterogeneous tissues such as the mammalian brain that contains thousands of functional cell types.4 We use LCM and a well established rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of TBI. Following fluid-percussion TBI, brains are removed at pre-determined times post-injury, immediately frozen on dry ice, and prepared for sectioning in a cryostat. The rat brains can be embedded in OCT and sectioned immediately, or stored several months at -80 &deg;C before sectioning for laser capture microdissection. Additionally, we use LCM to study the effects of TBI on circadian rhythms. For this, we capture neurons from the suprachiasmatic nuclei that contain the master clock of the mammalian brain. Here, we demonstrate the use of LCM to obtain single identified neurons (injured and degenerating, Fluoro-Jade-positive, or uninjured, Fluoro-Jade-negative) and enriched populations of hippocampal neurons for subsequent gene expression analysis by real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays. These LCM-enabled studies have revealed that the selective vulnerability of anatomically distinct regions of the rat hippocampus are reflected in the different gene expression profiles of different populations of neurons obtained by LCM from these distinct regions. The results from our single-cell studies, where we compare the transcriptional profiles of dying and adjacent surviving hippocampal neurons, suggest the existence of a cell survival rheostat that regulates cell death and survival after TBI.

We describe how to use laser capture microdissection (LCM) to obtain enriched populations of hippocampal neurons or single neurons from frozen sections of the injured rat brain for subsequent gene expression analysis using quantitative real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays.

Microdissection par capture laser de populations enrichies de neurones neurones isolés ou pour l&#39;analyse d&#39;expression génique après un traumatisme crânien

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that ...

Peering at Brain Polysomes with Atomic Force Microscopy

The translational machinery, i.e., the polysome or polyribosome, is one of the biggest and most complex cytoplasmic machineries in cells. Polysomes, formed by ribosomes, mRNAs, several proteins and non-coding RNAs, represent integrated platforms where translational controls take place. However, while the ribosome has been widely studied, the organization of polysomes is still lacking comprehensive understanding. Thus much effort is required in order to elucidate polysome organization and any novel mechanism of translational control that may be embedded. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that allows the acquisition of 3D images at nanoscale resolution. Compared to electron microscopy (EM) techniques, one of the main advantages of AFM is that it can acquire thousands of images both in air and in solution, enabling the sample to be maintained under near physiological conditions without any need for staining and fixing procedures. Here, a detailed protocol for the accurate purification of polysomes from mouse brain and their deposition on mica substrates is described. This protocol enables polysome imaging in air and liquid with AFM and their reconstruction as three-dimensional objects. Complementary to cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), the proposed method can be conveniently used for systematically analyzing polysomes and studying their organization.

While ribosome structure has been extensively characterized, the organization of polysomes is still understudied. To overcome this lack of knowledge, we present here a detailed preparation protocol for accurate imaging of mammalian polysomes by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in air and liquid.

Peering au cerveau polysomes avec Atomic Force Microscopy

The translational machinery, i.e., the polysome or polyribosome, is one of the biggest and most complex cytoplasmic machineries in cells. Polysomes, ...

Single-cell RNA-Seq of Defined Subsets of Retinal Ganglion Cells

The discovery of cell type-specific markers can provide insight into cellular function and the origins of cellular heterogeneity. With a recent push for the improved understanding of neuronal diversity, it is important to identify genes whose expression defines various subpopulations of cells. The retina serves as an excellent model for the study of central nervous system diversity, as it is composed of multiple major cell types. The study of each major class of cells has yielded genetic markers that facilitate the identification of these populations. However, multiple subtypes of cells exist within each of these major retinal cell classes, and few of these subtypes have known genetic markers, although many have been characterized by morphology or function. A knowledge of genetic markers for individual retinal subtypes would allow for the study and mapping of brain targets related to specific visual functions and may also lend insight into the gene networks that maintain cellular diversity. Current avenues used to identify the genetic markers of subtypes possess drawbacks, such as the classification of cell types following sequencing. This presents a challenge for data analysis and requires rigorous validation methods to ensure that clusters contain cells of the same function. We propose a technique for identifying the morphology and functionality of a cell prior to isolation and sequencing, which will allow for the easier identification of subtype-specific markers. This technique may be extended to non-neuronal cell types, as well as to rare populations of cells with minor variations. This protocol yields excellent-quality data, as many of the libraries have provided read depths greater than 20 million reads for single cells. This methodology overcomes many of the hurdles presented by Single-cell RNA-Seq and may be suitable for researchers aiming to profile cell types in a straightforward and highly efficient manner.

Here, we present a combinatorial approach for classifying neuronal cell types prior to isolation and for the subsequent characterization of single-cell transcriptomes. This protocol optimizes the preparation of samples for successful RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and describes a methodology designed specifically for the enhanced understanding of cellular diversity.

L&#39;ARN monocellulaire-séquentiel des sous-ensembles définis des cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes

The discovery of cell type-specific markers can provide insight into cellular function and the origins of cellular heterogeneity. With a recent push for ...

Analysis of Immune Cells in Single Sciatic Nerves and Dorsal Root Ganglion from a Single Mouse Using Flow Cytometry

Nerve-resident immune cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are essential to maintaining neuronal integrity in a healthy nerve. The immune cells of the PNS are affected by injury and disease, affecting the nerve function and the capacity for regeneration. Neuronal immune cells are commonly analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF). While IF is essential for determining the location of the immune cells in the nerve, IF is only semi-quantitative and the method is limited to the number of markers that can be analyzed simultaneously and the degree of surface expression. In this study, flow cytometry was used for quantitative analysis of leukocyte infiltration into sciatic nerves or dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) of individual mice. Single cell analysis was performed using DAPI and several proteins were analyzed simultaneously for either surface or intracellular expression. Both sciatic nerves from one mouse that were treated according to this protocol generated &#8805; 30,000 single nucleated events. The proportion of leukocytes in the sciatic nerves, determined by expression of CD45, was approximately 5% of total cell content in the sciatic nerve and approximately 5-10% in the DRG. Although this protocol focuses primarily on the immune cell population within the PNS, the flexibility of flow cytometry to measure a number of markers simultaneously means that the other cells populations present within the nerve, such as Schwann cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, can also be analyzed using this method. This method therefore provides a new means for studying systemic effects on the PNS, such as neurotoxicology and genetic models of neuropathy or in chronic diseases, such as diabetes.

Quantitative analysis of cell content within the murine sciatic nerve is difficult due to the scarcity of the tissue. This protocol describes a method for tissue digestion and preparation that provides sufficient cells for flow cytometry analysis of immune cell populations from nerves of individual mice.

Analyse des cellules immunitaires dans unique des nerfs sciatique et Ganglion de la racine dorsale d’une souris à l’aide de cytométrie en flux

Nerve-resident immune cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are essential to maintaining neuronal integrity in a healthy nerve. The immune cells of ...

Isolation of Adult Spinal Cord Nuclei for Massively Parallel Single-nucleus RNA Sequencing

Probing an individual cell&#39;s gene expression enables the identification of cell type and cell state. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for studying transcriptional profiles of cells, particularly in heterogeneous tissues such as the central nervous system. However, dissociation methods required for single cell sequencing can lead to experimental changes in the gene expression and cell death. Furthermore, these methods are generally restricted to fresh tissue, thus limiting studies on archival and bio-bank material. Single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-Seq) is an appealing alternative for transcriptional studies, given that it accurately identifies cell types, permits the study of tissue that is frozen or difficult to dissociate, and reduces dissociation-induced transcription. Here, we present a high-throughput protocol for rapid isolation of nuclei for downstream snRNA-Seq. This method enables isolation of nuclei from fresh or frozen spinal cord samples and can be combined with two massively parallel droplet encapsulation platforms.

Here, we present a protocol to rapidly isolate high-quality nuclei from the fresh or frozen tissue for downstream massively parallel RNA sequencing. We include detergent-mechanical and hypotonic-mechanical tissue disruption and cell lysis options, both of which can be used for isolation of nuclei.

Isolement des noyaux d’adultes de la moelle épinière pour séquençage massivement parallèle ARN simple-noyau

Probing an individual cell&#39;s gene expression enables the identification of cell type and cell state. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a ...

Analysis of Spliceosomal snRNA Localization in Human Hela Cells Using Microinjection

Biogenesis of spliceosomal snRNAs is a complex process involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases and the last step occurs in a nuclear compartment called the Cajal body. However, sequences that direct snRNA localization into this subnuclear structure have not been known until recently. To determine sequences important for accumulation of snRNAs in Cajal bodies, we employed microinjection of fluorescently labelled snRNAs followed by their localization inside cells. First, we prepared snRNA deletion mutants, synthesized DNA templates for in vitro transcription and transcribed snRNAs in the presence of UTP coupled with Alexa488. Labelled snRNAs were mixed with 70 kDa-Dextran conjugated with TRITC, and microinjected to the nucleus or the cytoplasm of human HeLa cells. Cells were incubated for 1 h and fixed and the Cajal body marker coilin was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence, while snRNAs and dextran, which serves as a marker of nuclear or cytoplasmic injection, were observed directly using a fluorescence microscope. This method allows for efficient and rapid testing of how various sequences influence RNA localization inside cells. Here, we show the importance of the Sm-binding sequence for efficient localization of snRNAs into the Cajal body.

Biogenesis of spliceosomal snRNAs is a complex process involving various cellular compartments. Here, we employed microinjection of fluorescently labelled snRNAs in order to monitor their transport inside the cell.

Analyse de la localisation spliceosomale snRNA dans les cellules humaines d'Hela utilisant la microinjection

Biogenesis of spliceosomal snRNAs is a complex process involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases and the last step occurs in a nuclear compartment ...

A Scalable Model to Study the Effects of Blunt-Force Injury in Adult Zebrafish

Blunt-force traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the most common form of head trauma, which spans a range of severities and results in complex and heterogenous secondary effects. While there is no mechanism to replace or regenerate the lost neurons following a TBI in humans, zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate neurons throughout their body, including the brain. To examine the breadth of pathologies exhibited in zebrafish following a blunt-force TBI and to study the mechanisms underlying the subsequent neuronal regenerative response, we modified the commonly used rodent Marmarou weight drop for the use in adult zebrafish. Our simple blunt-force TBI model is scalable, inducing a mild, moderate, or severe TBI, and recapitulates many of the phenotypes observed following human TBI, such as contact- and post-traumatic seizures, edema, subdural and intracerebral hematomas, and cognitive impairments, each displayed in an injury severity-dependent manner. TBI sequelae, which begin to appear within minutes of the injury, subside and return to near undamaged control levels within 7 days post-injury. The regenerative process begins as early as 48 hours post-injury (hpi), with the peak cell proliferation observed by 60 hpi. Thus, our zebrafish blunt-force TBI model produces characteristic primary and secondary injury TBI pathologies similar to human TBI, which allows for investigating disease onset and progression, along with the mechanisms of neuronal regeneration that is unique to zebrafish.

We modified the Marmarou weight drop model for adult zebrafish to examine a breadth of pathologies following blunt-force traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the mechanisms underlying subsequent neuronal regeneration. This blunt-force TBI model is scalable, induces a mild, moderate, or severe TBI, and recapitulates injury heterogeneity observed in human TBI.