UCSF Diabetes Center. NIH UCSF DERC Islet Core. FRDJ. LifeScan Inc Johnson &amp; Johnson Company.

Préparation des îlots pour la transplantation (Tx) <ol><li> Sous un microscope inversé, la main-pick îlots en utilisant un Pipetman P200 et embout de la pipette directement à partir des îlots de culture dans une plaque de 100mm. </li><li> Comptez 100 îlots à un moment et le transfert dans chaque tube à centrifuger (~ 500 îlots / tube / souris). </li><li> Autoriser îlots pour se déposent au fond des tubes à centrifuger. </li><li> Dessinez un îlot granulés dans un Pipetman P200 (fixé à 130ul) en utilisant une pipette droite paroi mince. </li><li> Placer un adaptateur de tube silicone sur le bout de la seringue. Insérer une longueur de tube PE50 dans l&#39;adaptateur en silicone. </li><li> Accrochez le Pipetman sur le côté de la hotte et le ruban du tube PE50 au mur capuche supérieur des îlots à la pointe. Cela permettra de régler les îlots seulement dans la pointe de la pipette. </li><li> Transfert des îlots dans la tubulure PE50 par lentement composant le Pipetman et en déplaçant les îlots dans la tubulure PE50, en faisant attention de ne pas expulser les îlots de la fin. </li><li> Faire un coude dans l&#39;extrémité biseautée du tube PE50. Tout en conservant le pli, débrancher le tube adaptateur en silicone du Pipetman et sécuriser le pli avec l&#39;adaptateur en silicone. </li><li> Placez les îlots, dans le tube PE50, côté silicone tube plié l&#39;adaptateur vers le bas, dans un coniques de 15 ml avec une pipette de réduire de 5 ml et bande les tubes PE50 sur le côté de la pipette 5 ml d&#39;éviter de curling du tube PE50 tandis centrifugation. </li><li> Centrifuger les Coniques PE50/15mL à 1000 rpm et éteindre la centrifugeuse. (Ne jamais préparer plus de 10 préparations d&#39;îlots à un moment). </li><li> Placer le tube sur la glace. </li></ol> Préparation de la souris pour la transplantation <ol><li> Anesthésier la souris avec isofluorane ou avec la kétamine / Xylexene (voir protocole de préparation). </li><li> Après anesthésie a pris affectent, se raser le flanc gauche de la souris. </li><li> Swab la peau de souris, le centre-out, avec un tampon povidone iodée et puis essuyez avec un tampon d&#39;EtOH. </li><li> Localisez le rein gauche (juste à droite de la rate). Faire une petite incision dans la peau, ce qui expose le péritoine. </li><li> Faire une petite incision dans le péritoine d&#39;exposer le rein. Garder la petite incision aidera à garder les reins soulevés et exposés. </li><li> Appliquez une légère pression des deux côtés de l&#39;incision, d&#39;augmenter ou de pop le rein de la souris. </li><li> Gardez l&#39;humidité du rein en appliquant une solution saline normale avec un coton-tige. </li><li> En utilisant une seringue 23 ou 25 aiguille de la jauge, faire une petite rayure sur le flanc droit du rein, créant une entaille dans la capsule du rein; pas trop profond ou trop grand. </li></ol> Transplantation d&#39;îlots Note: Bien que la souris est en préparation pour Tx, la deuxième personne devrait préparer le Hamilton-vis de greffe d&#39;îlots entraînement de la seringue. <ol><li> Lentement retirer le tube de silicone adaptateur de la tubulure PE50 tout en gardant le coude dans le tube. </li><li> Placez l&#39;extrémité opposée du tube PE50 dans le tube adaptateur en silicone et placez le tube adaptateur en silicone sur la pointe de la pipette attaché à la «vis-lecteur&quot; seringue en verre de Hamilton. Relâchez doucement le pli dans le tube PE50, en s&#39;assurant que les îles ne s&#39;échappent. </li><li> Advance les îlots lentement vers l&#39;extrémité du tube PE50 utilisant la &quot;vis&quot; mécanisme, mais garder une petite bulle d&#39;air à l&#39;avant des îlots dans la tubulure PE50. </li><li> Into the nick faite dans les reins, glissez soigneusement le tube PE50 sous la capsule, ce qui rend une petite poche. Soyez très prudent pour ne pas crever le rein ou la perforation grâce à la capsule. </li><li> Il aide à garder la zone humide et capsule avec une solution saline normale-Gentamycine coton imbibé-tige; une capsule sèche va se déchirer facilement. </li><li> Déplacez doucement le tube dans toutes les directions, créant une «poche» pour les îlots transplantés pour se reposer. N&#39;oubliez pas de réappliquer supplémentaires sérum physiologique pour garder la zone humide. </li><li> Sous la direction de la personne qui a ouvert la souris et qui a placé le tube PE50 sous la capsule rénale, la deuxième personne, qui a préparé la souris et d&#39;une seringue Hamilton de greffe, va avancer lentement îlots sous la capsule, l&#39;intérieur de la «poche», derrière une petite bulle d&#39;air délivré par le tube PE50, jusqu&#39;à ce que tous les îlots sont transplantés. </li><li> Retirer lentement le tube PE50, sécher la zone avec un écouvillon sec et soigneusement cautériser le nick à basse température. </li><li> En utilisant un coton-tige sec, s&#39;assurer que tous les saignements ont cessé. Une fois l&#39;arrêt du saignement, ré-humidifier les reins avec une solution saline stérile, et doucement remplacer les reins dans le péritoine avant la clôture de la souris avec suture et des agrafes cutanées. </li></ol> Fermeture / Relance de la souris <ol><li> Fermer le péritoine avec un point en cours en utilisant 5-0 sutures de soie w / une aiguille 19mm C-6. </li><li> En utilisant une pince tirer des deux côtés de l&#39;incision cutanée ensemble. </li><li> Agrafer la peau avec 2 ou 3 agrafes. </li><li> Nettoyer la peau de la souris de tout le sang, à l&#39;aide d&#39;un coton-tige et Saline. </li><li> Traiter immédiatement de la souris avec une injection sous-cutanée de flunixine et la buprénorphine. </li><li> Placez la souris dans une cage, qui est placé sur un coussin chauffant ou en dessous d&#39;une lampe chauffante, jusqu&#39;à ce que la souris est pleinement active. </li><li> Retirez les agrafes cutanées dans 2 semaines. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Tang, Q., Henriksen, K. J., Bi, M., Finger, E. B., Szot, G., Ye, J., Masteller, E. L., McDevitt, H., Bonyhadi, M., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro-expanded+antigen-specific+regulatory+T+cells+suppress+autoimmune+diabetes.">In vitro-expanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes.</a> J Exp Med. 199, 1455-1465 (2004).</li><li>Rulifson, I. C., Szot, G. L., Palmer, E., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inability+to+induce+tolerance+through+direct+antigen+presentation.">Inability to induce tolerance through direct antigen presentation.</a> Am J Transplant. 2, 510-519 (2002).</li><li>Lenschow, D. J., Zeng, Y., Hathcock, K. S., Zuckerman, L. A., Freeman, G., Thistlethwaite, J. R., Gray, G. S., Hodes, R. J., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+transplant+rejection+following+treatment+with+anti-B7-2+and+anti-B7-1+antibodies.+Transplantation.">Inhibition of transplant rejection following treatment with anti-B7-2 and anti-B7-1 antibodies. Transplantation.</a> Transplantation. 60, 1171-1178 (1995).</li><li>Lenschow, D. J., Zeng, Y., Thistlethwaite, J. R., Montag, A., Brady, W., Gibson, M. G., Linsley, P. S., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+survival+of+xenogeneic+pancreatic+islet+grafts+induced+by+CTLA4lg.">Long-term survival of xenogeneic pancreatic islet grafts induced by CTLA4lg.</a> Science. 257, 789-792 (1992).</li></ol>

Ce protocole prévoit une option pratique et efficace pour la prestation proprement et facilement les îlots ou de cellules sous la capsule rénale de souris diabétiques ou normale. La technique de concentration et de granulation des îlots ou de cellules dans la tubulure de livraison finale (PE50) utilisé pour la transplantation des cellules sous la capsule rénale offre une méthode facile et efficace de la transplantation de cellules, tout en réduisant les stress indu aux cellules ou à la souris.

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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>Surgical gloves</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>11-394-95(sz)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Surgical scrub sponges</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore medical</td>
<td>42940AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltex</td>
<td>6-114 and 6-26</td>
<td>2 with teeth, 2 straight</td>
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<tr>
<td>Dissecting scissors n=2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltex</td>
<td>5-290</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oster razor (sz. 40 blade)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>01-305-10B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>4x4 Sterile gauze pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>08252AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Povidone Iodine pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>08486AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Alcohol pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-819-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Heating pad</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>42508AK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>23G or 25G needles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1" long</td>
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<tr>
<td>Cidex solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>07535AK</td>
<td>for cleaning/santizing instruments</td>
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<tr>
<td>PE50 polyethylene tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>427411</td>
<td>PE50, 0.965mm O.D. x 0.58mm I.D.</td>
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<td>Cidex + 28 day soln</td>
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<td>Moore</td>
<td>35625AK</td>
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<td>Silicone tubing</td>
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<td>Spectrum Chromat.</td>
<td>123732</td>
<td>5/32&#x201D;OD x 1/32&#x201D; ID</td>
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<td>Instrument sterilizing container</td>
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<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>39074AK</td>
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<td>Straight Pipet Tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>TipOne</td>
<td>1111-0810</td>
<td>sterile</td>
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<td>Glass syringe w/screw-drive</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hamilton</td>
<td>1001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Cauterizing tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roboz</td>
<td>RS230</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Needle Holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>41-067</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>5-0 silk</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Look</td>
<td>754B</td>
<td>for suture (6-C) </td>
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<td>Cotton tipped swab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Moore Medical</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>9mm autoclip stapler</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>7630</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>9mm staples</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>7631</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>9mm staple remover</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>7637</td>
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transplantation of pancreatic islets into the kidney capsule of diabetic mice

Notre protocole a été développé pour offrir proprement et facilement les îlots ou de cellules sous la capsule rénale de souris diabétiques ou normale. Nous avons trouvé qu&#39;il était plus facile de concentrer les îlots ou de cellules en granules dans le tube de livraison finale (PE50) utilisé pour la transplantation des cellules sous la capsule rénale. Cette technique offre à la fois rapidité et la facilité tout en réduisant les stress indu aux cellules ou à la souris. Chargement: Installé, cueillies à la main, d&#39;îlots ou de cellules granulées sont soigneusement aspiré au fond d&#39;un microtube de 1,5 ml en utilisant un pipetteman P200 et une droite, à paroi fine pointe de la pipette. Une longueur de tube PE50 est attaché à la pointe de la pipette en utilisant un tube en silicone petites adaptateur. Les cellules sont autorisés à s&#39;installer, dans la pointe, puis sont transférés à la tubulure PE50 par lentement composant le pipetteman. Une fois les cellules vers la fin du tube PE50, un coude est faite et le tube de silicone adaptateur est placé sur le pli. Le tube PE50 est transféré à un 15 ml conique contenant une pipette ml couper 5, et le tube PE50 est enregistrée sur le côté de la pipette 5 ml d&#39;éviter de curling lors de la centrifugation. Les cellules sont autorisés à atteindre 1000 rpm et s&#39;arrêta. Transplantation: souris receveuses sont anesthésiés, rasés et nettoyés. Une petite incision est faite sur le flanc gauche de la souris et le rein est exposé. Le rein, la graisse et les tissus sont maintenus humides avec un tampon saline normale. L&#39;extrémité distale de la PE50 est attachée à une seringue Hamilton entraînement à vis, contenant une pipette, en utilisant le tube adaptateur en silicone. Une petite incision est faite sur le côté flanc droit du rein, pas trop grand ni trop profonde. L&#39;extrémité biseautée du tube PE50, plus proche des cellules, est soigneusement placé sous la capsule, le tube est déplacé autour doucement pour faire de l&#39;espace tout en tamponnant une solution saline normale; une capsule sèche peut se déchirer facilement. Une petite bulle d&#39;air est livré sous la capsule par lentement numérotation du lecteur vis de la seringue. Les îlots sont ensuite lentement livré derrière la bulle d&#39;air. Une fois l&#39;homéostasie du rein les îlots ont été livrés est maintenue et le bric est cautérisée à basse température. Le rein est placé dans la cavité et le péritoine et la peau sont suturés et agrafées. Les souris sont immédiatement traités avec flunixine et la buprénorphine carrés et placé dans une cage sur un coussin chauffant.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice at JoVE.com

Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice

Notre protocole a été développé pour offrir proprement et facilement les îlots ou de cellules sous la capsule rénale de souris. Les cellules sont concentrées en granules dans le tube final utilisé pour la transplantation des cellules sous la capsule rénale. La facilité de cette technique réduit le stress pour les cellules et la souris.

Transplantation d&#39;îlots pancréatiques dans la capsule du rein de souris diabétiques

Our protocol was developed to cleanly and easily deliver islets or cells under the kidney capsule of diabetic or normal mice.  We found that it was easier ...

transplantation-pancreatic-islets-into-kidney-capsule-diabetic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

27.1K vues.  University of California, San Francisco - UCSF. Notre protocole a été développé pour offrir proprement et facilement les îlots ou de cellules sous la capsule rénale de souris. Les cellules sont concentrées en granules dans le tube final utilisé pour la transplantation des cellules sous la capsule rénale. La facilité de cette technique réduit le stress pour les cellules et la souris.

Vidéo: Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice

Transplantation of Whole Kidney Marrow in Adult Zebrafish

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an organism. The functional definition of a HSC is a transplanted cell that has the ability to reconstitute all the blood lineages of an irradiated recipient long term. This designation was established by decades of seminal work in mammalian systems. Using hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and reverse genetic manipulations in the mouse, the underlying regulatory factors of HSC biology are beginning to be unveiled, but are still largely under-explored. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic model to study vertebrate hematopoiesis. Establishing HCT in zebrafish will allow scientists to utilize the large-scale genetic and chemical screening methodologies available in zebrafish to reveal novel mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish. We show the dissection and preparation of zebrafish whole kidney marrow, the site of adult hematopoiesis in the zebrafish, and the introduction of these donor cells into the circulation of irradiated recipient fish via intracardiac injection. Additionally, we describe the post-transplant care of fish in an "ICU" to increase their long-term health. In general, gentle care of the fish before, during, and after the transplant is critical to increase the number of fish that will survive more than one month following the procedure, which is essential for assessment of long term (&lt;3 month) engraftment. The experimental data used to establish this protocol will be published elsewhere. The establishment of this protocol will allow for the merger of large-scale zebrafish genetics and transplant biology.

In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish.

La transplantation de moelle rein entier chez le poisson zèbre pour adultes

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an ...

Recherche

Biologie

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

Transplantation cardiaque hétérotopique chez la souris

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

Transplantation de l&#39;intestin chez les souris

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murin procédure transplantation rénale

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Human Pancreatic Islet Isolation: Part II: Purification and Culture of Human Islets

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of glucose monitoring and new insulin formulations, many individuals still develop devastating secondary complications. Pancreatic islet transplantation can restore near normal glucose control in diabetic patients 1, without the risk of serious hypoglycemic episodes that are associated with intensive insulin therapy. Providing sufficient islet mass is important for successful islet transplantation. However, donor characteristics, organ procurement and preservation affect the isolation outcome 2. At University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) we developed a successful isolation protocol with an improved purification gradient 3. The program started in January 2004 and more than 300 isolations were performed up to November 2008. The pancreata were sent in cold preservation solutions (UW, University of Wisconsin or HTK, Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate) 4-7 to the Cell Isolation Laboratory at UIC for islet isolation. Pancreatic islets were isolated using the UIC method, which is a modified version of the method originally described by Ricordi et al 8. As described in Part I: Digestion and Collection of Pancreatic Tissue, human pancreas was trimmed, cannulated, perfused, and digested. After collection and at least 30 minutes of incubation in UW solution, the tissue was loaded in the cell separator (COBE 2991, Cobe, Lakewood, CO) for purification 3. Following purification, islet yield (expressed as islet equivalents, IEQ), tissue volume, and purity was determined according to standard methods 9. Isolated islets were cultured in CMRL-1066 media (Mediatech, Herndon, VA), supplemented with 1.5% human albumin, 0.1% insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), 1 ml of Ciprofloxacin, 5 ml o f 1M HEPES, and 14.5 ml of 7.5% Sodium Bicarbonate in T175 flasks at 37&deg;C overnight culture before islets were transplanted or used for research.

Achieving high quality and appropriate quantity of human islets is one of the prominent prerequisites for successful islet transplantation. In this video, we describe step by step the procedures for human pancreatic islet isolation (part II: purification and culture of human islets) using a modified automated method.

Isolement îlots pancréatiques humaines: Partie II: Purification et culture d&#39;îlots humains

Management of Type 1 diabetes is burdensome, both to the individual and society, costing over 100 billion dollars annually. Despite the widespread use of ...

In situ Quantification of Pancreatic Beta-cell Mass in Mice

Tracing changes of specific cell populations in health and disease is an important goal of biomedical research. The process of monitoring pancreatic beta-cell proliferation and islet growth is particularly challenging. We have developed a method to capture the distribution of beta-cells in the intact pancreas of transgenic mice with fluorescence-tagged beta-cells with a macro written for ImageJ (rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). Following pancreatic dissection and tissue clearing, the entire pancreas is captured as a virtual slice, after which the GFP-tagged beta-cells are examined. The analysis includes the quantification of total beta-cell area, islet number and size distribution with reference to specific parameters and locations for each islet and for small clusters of beta-cells. The entire distribution of islets can be plotted in three dimensions, and the information from the distribution on the size and shape of each islet allows a quantitative and qualitative comparison of changes in overall beta-cell area at a glance.

In situ Quantification of Pancreatic Beta-cell Mass in Mice

The following protocol outlines the process of pancreatic dissection for virtual slice imaging, and the subsequent quantification of all GFP-tagged beta-cells in the entire pancreas.

Dans la quantification in situ des cellules bêta pancréatiques chez des souris de masse

Tracing changes of specific cell populations in health and disease is an important goal of biomedical research. The process of monitoring pancreatic ...

Computer-assisted Large-scale Visualization and Quantification of Pancreatic Islet Mass, Size Distribution and Architecture

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), and delta-cells (somatostatin) that are embedded in the exocrine tissues and comprise 1-2% of the entire pancreas. There is a close correlation between body and pancreas weight. Total beta-cell mass also increases proportionately to compensate for the demand for insulin in the body. What escapes this proportionate expansion is the size distribution of islets. Large animals such as humans share similar islet size distributions with mice, suggesting that this micro-organ has a certain size limit to be functional. The inability of large animal pancreata to generate proportionately larger islets is compensated for by an increase in the number of islets and by an increase in the proportion of larger islets in their overall islet size distribution. Furthermore, islets exhibit a striking plasticity in cellular composition and architecture among different species and also within the same species under various pathophysiological conditions. In the present study, we describe novel approaches for the analysis of biological image data in order to facilitate the automation of analytic processes, which allow for the analysis of large and heterogeneous data collections in the study of such dynamic biological processes and complex structures. Such studies have been hampered due to technical difficulties of unbiased sampling and generating large-scale data sets to precisely capture the complexity of biological processes of islet biology. Here we show methods to collect unbiased "representative" data within the limited availability of samples (or to minimize the sample collection) and the standard experimental settings, and to precisely analyze the complex three-dimensional structure of the islet. Computer-assisted automation allows for the collection and analysis of large-scale data sets and also assures unbiased interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the precise quantification of islet size distribution and spatial coordinates (i.e. X, Y, Z-positions) not only leads to an accurate visualization of pancreatic islet structure and composition, but also allows us to identify patterns during development and adaptation to altering conditions through mathematical modeling. The methods developed in this study are applicable to studies of many other systems and organisms as well.

Novel computer-assisted methods of large-scale procurement and analysis of immunohistochemically stained pancreatic specimens are described: (1) Virtual Slice capture of the entire section; (2) Mass analysis of large-scale data; (3) Reconstruction of 2D Virtual Slices; (4) 3D islet mapping; and (5) Mathematical analysis.

Assistée par ordinateur à grande échelle de visualisation et quantification de la messe des îlots pancréatiques, distribution de taille et d&#39;architecture

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), ...

Transplantation of Cells Directly into the Kidney of Adult Zebrafish

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic diseases1. However, most organs are not easily accessible, necessitating the need to develop surgical methods to gain access to these structures. In this video article, we describe a method for transplanting cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish, a popular model to study regeneration and disease2. Recipient fish are pre-conditioned by irradiation to suppress the immune rejection of the injected cells3. We demonstrate how the head kidney can be exposed by a lateral incision in the flank of the fish, followed by the injection of cells directly in to the organ. Using fluorescently labeled whole kidney marrow cells comprising a mixed population of renal and hematopoietic precursors, we show that nephron progenitors can engraft and differentiate into new renal tissue - the gold standard of any cell-based regenerative therapy. This technique can be adapted to deliver purified stem or progenitor cells and/or small molecules to the kidney as well as other internal organs and further enhances the zebrafish as a versatile model to study regenerative medicine.

Cell transplantation is an essential technique for studying tissue regeneration and for developing cell-based therapies of disease. We demonstrate here a microsurgical technique that permits the transplantation of genetically labeled cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish fish.

La transplantation de cellules directement dans le rein de poisson zèbre adulte

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

Dissection du rein Zebrafish adultes

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

Germ Cell Transplantation and Testis Tissue Xenografting in Mice

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies showed that microinjection of germ cells from fertile donor mice into the seminiferous tubules of infertile recipient mice results in donor-derived spermatogenesis and sperm production by the recipient animal2. The use of donor males carrying the bacterial &beta;-galactosidase gene allowed identification of donor-derived spermatogenesis and transmission of the donor haplotype to the offspring by recipient animals1. Surprisingly, after transplantation into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, transplanted germ cells were able to move from the luminal compartment to the basement membrane where spermatogonia are located3. It is generally accepted that only SSCs are able to colonize the niche and re-establish spermatogenesis in the recipient testis. Therefore, germ cell transplantation provides a functional approach to study the stem cell niche in the testis and to characterize putative spermatogonial stem cells. To date, germ cell transplantation is used to elucidate basic stem cell biology, to produce transgenic animals through genetic manipulation of germ cells prior to transplantation4,5, to study Sertoli cell-germ cell interaction6,7, SSC homing and colonization3,8, as well as SSC self-renewal and differentiation9,10.
Germ cell transplantation is also feasible in large species11. In these, the main applications are preservation of fertility, dissemination of elite genetics in animal populations, and generation of transgenic animals as the study of spermatogenesis and SSC biology with this technique is logistically more difficult and expensive than in rodents. Transplantation of germ cells from large species into the seminiferous tubules of mice results in colonization of donor cells and spermatogonial expansion, but not in their full differentiation presumably due to incompatibility of the recipient somatic cell compartment with the germ cells from phylogenetically distant species12. An alternative approach is transplantation of germ cells from large species together with their surrounding somatic compartment. We first reported in 2002, that small fragments of testis tissue from immature males transplanted under the dorsal skin of immunodeficient mice are able to survive and undergo full development with the production of fertilization competent sperm13. Since then testis tissue xenografting has been shown to be successful in many species and emerged as a valuable alternative to study testis development and spermatogenesis of large animals in mice14.

Protocols for germ cell transplantation and testis tissue xenografting are described. Germ cell transplantation results in donor-derived spermatogenesis in recipient testes and represents a functional reconstitution assay for identification of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Testis tissue xenografting reproduces testis development and spermatogenesis of various donor species in recipient mice.

Transplantation des cellules germinales et de tissus testiculaire xénogreffe chez la souris

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies ...

Methods Article

Transplantation d'îlots pancréatiques dans la capsule du rein de souris diabétiques