Ce travail a été soutenu par les Instituts canadiens de recherche en santé à travers un catalyseur Co-infections et des co-morbidités de subvention. Érythrocytes humains ont été fournies par le Centre Hospitalier de l&#39;Université de banque de sang à Laval.

<ol>
	<li>WHO. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> World Malaria Report. , (2005).</li><li>Kublin, J. G., Patnaik, P., Jere, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+malaria+on+concentration+of+HIV-1-RNA+in+the+blood+of+adults+in+rural+Malawi:+a+prospective+cohort+study.">Effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on concentration of HIV-1-RNA in the blood of adults in rural Malawi: a prospective cohort study.</a> Lancet. 365, 233-240 (2005).</li><li>Cuadros, D. F., Branscum, A. J., Crowley, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-malaria+co-infection:+effects+of+malaria+on+the+prevalence+of+HIV+in+East+sub-Saharan+Africa.">HIV-malaria co-infection: effects of malaria on the prevalence of HIV in East sub-Saharan Africa.</a> Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 931-939 (2011).</li><li>Xiao, L., Owen, S. M., Rudolph, D. L., Lal, R. B., Lal, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmodium+falciparum+antigen-induced+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+replication+is+mediated+through+induction+of+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha.">Plasmodium falciparum antigen-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication is mediated through induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.</a> J. Infect. Dis. 177, 437-445 (1998).</li><li>Froebel, K., Howard, W., Schafer, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+by+malaria+antigens+renders+mononuclear+cells+susceptible+to+HIV+infection+and+re-activates+replication+of+endogenous+HIV+in+cells+from+HIV-infected+adults.">Activation by malaria antigens renders mononuclear cells susceptible to HIV infection and re-activates replication of endogenous HIV in cells from HIV-infected adults.</a> Parasite Immunol. 26, 213-217 (2004).</li><li>Diou, J., Tardif, M. R., Barat, C., Tremblay, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cells+derived+from+hemozoin-loaded+monocytes+display+a+partial+maturation+phenotype+that+promotes+HIV-1+trans-infection+of+CD4++T+cells+and+virus+replication.">Dendritic cells derived from hemozoin-loaded monocytes display a partial maturation phenotype that promotes HIV-1 trans-infection of CD4+ T cells and virus replication.</a> J. Immunol. 184, 2899-2907 (2010).</li><li>Diou, J., Tardif, M. R., Barat, C., Tremblay, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Malaria+hemozoin+modulates+susceptibility+of+immature+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells+to+HIV-1+infection+by+inducing+a+mature-like+phenotype.">Malaria hemozoin modulates susceptibility of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells to HIV-1 infection by inducing a mature-like phenotype.</a> Cell Microbiol. 12, 615-625 (2010).</li><li>Diou, J., Gauthier, S., Tardif, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ingestion+of+the+malaria+pigment+hemozoin+renders+human+macrophages+less+permissive+to+HIV-1+infection.">Ingestion of the malaria pigment hemozoin renders human macrophages less permissive to HIV-1 infection.</a> Virology. 395, 56-66 (2009).</li><li>Davies, J. Q., Gordon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+human+macrophages.">Isolation and culture of human macrophages.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 290, 105-116 (2005).</li><li>Fortin, J. F., Cantin, R., Lamontagne, G., Tremblay, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host-derived+ICAM-1+glycoproteins+incorporated+on+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+are+biologically+active+and+enhance+viral+infectivity.">Host-derived ICAM-1 glycoproteins incorporated on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are biologically active and enhance viral infectivity.</a> J. Virol. 71, 3588-3596 (1997).</li><li>Bounou, S., Leclerc, J. E., Tremblay, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presence+of+host+ICAM-1+in+laboratory+and+clinical+strains+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+increases+virus+infectivity+and+CD4(+)-T-cell+depletion+in+human+lymphoid+tissue,+a+major+site+of+replication+in+vivo.">Presence of host ICAM-1 in laboratory and clinical strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 increases virus infectivity and CD4(+)-T-cell depletion in human lymphoid tissue, a major site of replication in vivo.</a> J. Virol. 76, 1004-1014 (2002).</li><li>Wei, X., Decker, J. M., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+of+resistant+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+in+patients+receiving+fusion+inhibitor+(T-20)+monotherapy.">Emergence of resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients receiving fusion inhibitor (T-20) monotherapy.</a> Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 1896-1905 (2002).</li><li>Trager, W., Jensen, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+malaria+parasites+in+continuous+culture.">Human malaria parasites in continuous culture.</a> Science. 193, 673-675 (1976).</li><li>Turrini, F., Ginsburg, H., Bussolino, F., Pescarmona, G. P., Serra, M. V., Arese, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phagocytosis+of+Plasmodium+falciparum-infected+human+red+blood+cells+by+human+monocytes:+involvement+of+immune+and+nonimmune+determinants+and+dependence+on+parasite+developmental+stage.">Phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum-infected human red blood cells by human monocytes: involvement of immune and nonimmune determinants and dependence on parasite developmental stage.</a> Blood. 80, 801-808 (1992).</li><li>Akkina, R. K., Walton, R. M., Chen, M. L., Li, Q. X., Planelles, V., Chen, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+gene+transfer+into+CD34++cells+with+a+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1-based+retroviral+vector+pseudotyped+with+vesicular+stomatitis+virus+envelope+glycoprotein+G.">High-efficiency gene transfer into CD34+ cells with a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based retroviral vector pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein G.</a> J. Virol. 70, 2581-2585 (1996).</li><li>Zhao, C., Papadopoulou, B., Tremblay, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leishmania+infantum+enhances+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type-1+replication+in+primary+human+macrophages+through+a+complex+cytokine+network.">Leishmania infantum enhances human immunodeficiency virus type-1 replication in primary human macrophages through a complex cytokine network.</a> Clinical Immunol. 113, 81-88 (2004).</li></ol>

Pas de conflits d&#39;intérêt déclarés.

Nous avons illustré ici deux approches différentes pour analyser l&#39;impact du parasite du paludisme sur le VIH-1 cycle viral, c&#39;est à dire en analysant soit l&#39;expression du gène viral ou la production de virus et la réplication dans la descendance des monocytes-macrophages dérivés. Des approches similaires ont été utilisés pour d&#39;autres le VIH-1-parasite co-infections 16. Toutefois, ces nouvelles données sont un pas en avant dans l&#39;enquête sur le paludisme et le VIH-1 co-infections. . En effet, Diou et al 8 ont étudié l&#39;effet de l&#39;hémozoïne, les parasites vivent pas, sur le VIH-1 de réplication, en accord avec nos résultats, ils ont observé que l&#39;hemozoin était elle-même suffisante pour inhiber la production virale par MDM, et non MDM. Utilisation de la mise en page décrit expérimentale, nous avons observé que P. falciparum exerce un effet néfaste sur la claire du cycle réplicatif du VIH-1 dans les macrophages: une inhibition significative de la production virale est observée dans les macrophages pré-exposés aux parasites (Figure 2A) et un impact spécifique du parasite sur la transcription virale est illustré dans la figure 2B. Cependant, nous ne pouvons pas laisser de côté les effets additionnels du parasite sur l&#39;entrée du virus ou de fusion (décapsidation), ou sur la post-intégration des mécanismes, tels que la synthèse des protéines ou l&#39;assemblage et le bourgeonnement de particules virales. En outre, il est possible que un impact différent sur le VIH-1 de réplication qui serait obtenu si le parasite ont été ajoutés, soit au moment même ou d&#39;une infection MDM suivante avec le virus. Notre in vitro la co-infection modèle fournit un outil puissant pour effectuer des enquêtes approfondies de VIH-1 / P. interactions falciparum dans la cellule hôte. Par exemple, la combinaison de ce dispositif expérimental avec d&#39;autres techniques telles que quantitative PCR en temps réel, ce qui permet de cibler et de quantifier des mesures spécifiques dans rétrotranscription virale et l&#39;intégration du génome viral dans le génome cellule hôte, sont tout à fait faisable et devrait apporter d&#39;autres INSISMTG dans les mécanismes impliqués dans les co-infections. Par ailleurs, des essais spécifiques pour évaluer les étapes précoces du cycle viral (virus de fusion, la quantification d&#39;entrée décapsidation,) peut être appliquée à ce protocole de base pour analyser plus en détail l&#39;effet sur la réplication virale. Ces modifications montrent la souplesse de ce protocole est sur le VIH-1 quantification et de détection: en effet, même standards du VIH-1 inverse tests de quantification de la transcriptase utilisant marqué au tritium nucléotides pourrait éventuellement remplacer le test ELISA pour le VIH-1 p24. En plus de MDM, nous nous attendons à notre système pour être adaptable à d&#39;autres types cellulaires pertinents pour le VIH-1-paludisme interactions, telles que les monocytes et les cellules dendritiques. Le fait que MDM sont des cellules adhérentes facilite leur manipulation, ce qui facilite le lavage de CISR qui n&#39;ont pas été prises, ou qui sont en contact avec MDM, sans pour autant éliminer les macrophages. Un tel avantage ne s&#39;applique pas aux cellules dendritiques et les monocytes, qui sont cultivées en suspension, ce qui complique la soiparation de la CISR URBC et libre avec de telles cellules et nous sommes en train de traiter cette question. Notre système pourrait également être utile pour étudier les interactions plus complexes tels que les effets de Plasmodium-exposés dérivées de monocytes des cellules sur le cycle viral du VIH-1 dans d&#39;autres cellules immunitaires telles que CD4-positifs dans les lymphocytes T de co-culture des expériences. Enfin, notre protocole pourrait être adaptée pour des expériences qui cherchent à l&#39;effet de P. iRBCs falciparum sur le VIH-1 dans la réactivation des PBMC pour le VIH-1 des individus infectés. Déclaration d&#39;éthique Human PBMC ont été obtenues à partir du sang de donneurs sains, conformément aux directives du Comité de bioéthique du Centre Hospitalier de l&#39;Université Centre de recherche de Laval. Un consentement écrit a été obtenu à partir de tous les donneurs de sang.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nom du réactif </td><td> Entreprise </td><td> Numéro de catalogue </td><td> Commentaires </td></tr><tr><td> RPMI 1640 </td><td> Multicell </td><td> 350-000-CL </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PBS-endotoxines </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D8662 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Wisent </td><td> 080-150 </td><td> Inactivé par la chaleur à 56 ° C pendant 30 min </td></tr><tr><td> Accutase </td><td> eBiosciences </td><td> 00-4555-56 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Albumax II </td><td> Gibco </td><td> 11021-037 </td><td> Dissous dans du RPMI 1640, stérilisée par filtration </td></tr><tr><td> Milieu de séparation des lymphocytes </td><td> Multicell </td><td> 305-010-CL </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Plaques blanches luminomètre </td><td> Promega </td><td> Z3291 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CS séparation Mac columms </td><td> Miltenyi Biotech </td><td> 130-041-305 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Séparateur VarioMacs </td><td> Miltenyi Biotech </td><td> 130-090-282 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pénicilline / streptomycine solution </td><td> Wisent </td><td> 450-201-EL </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> D-sorbitol </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> S1876 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Grattoir à cellules (25 cm) </td><td> Sarstedt </td><td> 83.1830 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Plaques à 24 puits de culture cellulaire </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 353047 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 150 x 20 mm boîte de culture </td><td> Sarstedt </td><td> 83.1803.003 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> M-CSF </td><td> GenScript </td><td> Z02001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> H4034 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sérum humain AB + </td><td> Vallée biomédicale </td><td> HP1022 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HBSS </td><td> Wisent </td><td> 311-505-CL </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> La gentamicine </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G1397 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hypoxanthine </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> H9636 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NaHCO 3 </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> S5761 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Luciferase Assay System </td><td> Promega </td><td> E1500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Des globules rouges humains </td><td></td><td></td><td> Obtenu purifiée à partir de la banque de sang du CHUL. </td></tr></tbody></table>

an in vitro co-infection model to study plasmodium falciparum-hiv-1 interactions in human primary monocyte-derived immune cells

Plasmodium falciparum, l&#39;agent causal de la forme la plus mortelle du paludisme, et virus d&#39;immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) sont parmi les problèmes de santé les plus importants à travers le monde, étant responsable d&#39;un total de 4 millions de décès annuels 1. En raison de leurs chevauchement important dans les régions en développement, en particulier en Afrique subsaharienne, les co-infections avec le paludisme et le VIH-1 sont communs, mais l&#39;interaction entre les deux maladies est mal comprise. Les rapports épidémiologiques ont suggéré que l&#39;infection palustre augmente transitoirement la réplication du VIH-1 et augmente la charge virale VIH-1 dans les personnes co-infectées 2,3. Parce que cette virémie reste élevée pendant plusieurs semaines après le traitement par des antipaludiques, ce phénomène pourrait avoir un impact sur la progression de la maladie et la transmission. Les mécanismes immunologiques cellulaires sous-tendent ces observations ont été étudié uniquement à peine. Les quelques études in vitro InvestigUTILISER LE impact du paludisme sur le VIH-1 ont démontré que l&#39;exposition à antigènes solubles du paludisme peut augmenter le VIH-1 infection et de réactivation dans les cellules immunitaires. Cependant, ces études ont utilisé des extraits de cellules entières de P. falciparum stade schizonte et les cellules mononucléées du sang périphérique (PBMC), ce qui rend difficile à déchiffrer quel composant du paludisme (s) était responsable des effets observés et quelles sont les cellules hôtes cibles étaient 4,5. Des travaux récents ont démontré que l&#39;exposition de cellules dendritiques immatures dérivées de monocytes à le pigment palustre hémozoïne augmenté leur capacité à transférer le VIH-1 à cellules T CD4 + 6,7, mais qu&#39;il a diminué le VIH-1 infection des macrophages 8. Pour faire la lumière sur ce processus complexe, une analyse systématique des interactions entre le parasite du paludisme et le VIH-1 dans différentes populations cellulaires de l&#39;homme pertinents primaires est extrêmement nécessaire. Plusieurs techniques pour enquêter sur l&#39;impact de HIV-1 sur la phagocytose des micro-organismes et l&#39;effet de ces agents pathogènes sur le VIH-1 de réplication ont été décrits. Nous présentons ici une méthode pour étudier les effets de P. érythrocytes infectés par P. falciparum sur la réplication du VIH-1 chez l&#39;humain primaires dérivées de monocytes macrophages. L&#39;impact de l&#39;exposition du parasite sur le VIH-1 transcription / traduction événements est surveillée en utilisant des virus à cycle unique pseudotypés dans lequel un gène rapporteur luciférase a remplacé le gène Env tandis que l&#39;effet de la quantité de virus libérés par les macrophages infectés est déterminée en mesurant la VIH-1 protéine de capside p24 par ELISA dans les surnageants cellulaires.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells at JoVE.com

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Nous avons développé un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Le paludisme et le VIH-1 co-infection modèle pour étudier l&#39;impact de la<em&gt; Plasmodium falciparum</em&gt; Sur le cycle réplicatif du VIH-1 dans les primaires humaines dérivées de monocytes macrophages. Ce système polyvalent peut facilement être adapté à d&#39;autres types de cellules primaires sensibles à l&#39;infection VIH-1.

Un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Co-infection modèle pour étudier<em&gt; Plasmodium falciparum</em&gt;-VIH-1 dans les interactions de l&#39;homme primaires dérivées de monocytes cellules immunitaires

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

13.6K vues.  CHUL (CHUQ), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Nous avons développé un In vitro Le paludisme et le VIH-1 co-infection modèle pour étudier l'impact de la Plasmodium falciparum Sur le cycle réplicatif du VIH-1 dans les primaires humaines dérivées de monocytes macrophages. Ce système polyvalent peut facilement être adapté à d'autres types de cellules primaires sensibles à l'infection VIH-1.

Vidéo: An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes1,2. Stellate cells are derived from bone marrow precursors and store up to 80% of the total body vitamin A1, 2. Upon activation, stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix, thus contributing to liver fibrosis3. Based on their ability to contract, myofibroblastic stellate cells can regulate the vascular tone associated with portal hypertension4. Recently, we demonstrated that hepatic stellate cells are potent antigen presenting cells and can activate NKT cells as well as conventional T lymphocytes5. 

 Here we present a method for the efficient preparation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. Due to their perisinusoidal localization, the isolation of hepatic stellate cells is a multi-step process. In order to render stellate cells accessible to isolation from the space of Disse, mouse livers are perfused in situ with the digestive enzymes Pronase E and Collagenase P. Following perfusion, the liver tissue is subjected to additional enzymatic treatment with Pronase E and Collagenase P in vitro. Subsequently, the method takes advantage of the massive amount of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. This feature allows the separation of stellate cells from other hepatic cell types by centrifugation on an 8% Nycodenz gradient. The protocol described here yields a highly pure and homogenous population of stellate cells. Purity of preparations can be assessed by staining for the marker molecule glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), prior to analysis by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Further, light microscopy reveals the unique appearance of star-shaped hepatic stellate cells that harbor high amounts of lipid droplets. 


 Taken together, we present a detailed protocol for the efficient isolation of hepatic stellate cells, including representative images of their morphological appearance and GFAP expression that help to define the stellate cell entity.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. For stellate cell purification, mouse livers are digested in situ and in vitro by pronase-collagenase treatment prior to density gradient centrifugation. This technique yields highly pure hepatic stellate cells.

Sept étapes pour Stellate Cellules

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

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Immunologie et infection

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most commonly utilizing two plasmids with one expressing the piggyBac transposase enzyme and a transposon plasmid harboring the gene(s) of interest between inverted repeat elements which are required for gene transfer activity. PiggyBac mediates gene transfer through a "cut and paste" mechanism whereby the transposase integrates the transposon segment into the genome of the target cell(s) of interest. PiggyBac has demonstrated efficient gene delivery activity in a wide variety of insect1,2, mammalian3-5, and human cells6 including primary human T cells7,8. Recently, a hyperactive piggyBac transposase was generated improving gene transfer efficiency9,10.
Human T lymphocytes are of clinical interest for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer11. Of note, the first clinical trial involving transposon modification of human T cells using the Sleeping beauty transposon system has been approved12. We have previously evaluated the utility of piggyBac as a non-viral methodology for genetic modification of human T cells. We found piggyBac to be efficient in genetic modification of human T cells with a reporter gene and a non-immunogenic inducible suicide gene7. Analysis of genomic integration sites revealed a lack of preference for integration into or near known proto-oncogenes13. We used piggyBac to gene-modify cytotoxic T lymphocytes to carry a chimeric antigen receptor directed against the tumor antigen HER2, and found that gene-modified T cells mediated targeted killing of HER2-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model14. We have also used piggyBac to generate human T cells resistant to rapamycin, which should be useful in cancer therapies where rapamycin is utilized15.
Herein, we describe a method for using piggyBac to genetically modify primary human T cells. This includes isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human blood followed by culture, gene modification, and activation of T cells. For the purpose of this report, T cells were modified with a reporter gene (eGFP) for analysis and quantification of gene expression by flow cytometry.
PiggyBac can be used to modify human T cells with a variety of genes of interest. Although we have used piggyBac to direct T cells to tumor antigens14, we have also used piggyBac to add an inducible safety switch in order to eliminate gene modified cells if needed7. The large cargo capacity of piggyBac has also enabled gene transfer of a large rapamycin resistant mTOR molecule (15 kb)15. Therefore, we present a non-viral methodology for stable gene-modification of primary human T cells for a wide variety of purposes.

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

We describe a method to genetically modify primary human T cells with a transgene using the non-viral piggyBac transposon system. T cells modified to using the piggyBac transposon system exhibit stable transgene expression.

Modification piggyBac système transposon des cellules T humaines primaires

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the phenotypic and functional differences between murine and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we here describe an in vitro model to generate and study primary human macrophages. Briefly, after density gradient centrifugation of peripheral blood drawn from a forearm vein, monocytes are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using negative magnetic bead isolation. These monocytes are then cultured for six days under specific conditions to induce different types of macrophage differentiation or polarization. The model is easy to use and circumvents the problems caused by species-specific differences between mouse and man. Furthermore, it is closer to the in vivo conditions than the use of immortalized cell lines. In conclusion, the model described here is suitable to study macrophage biology, identify disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Even though not fully replacing experiments with animals or human tissues obtained post mortem, the model described here allows identification and validation of disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may be highly relevant to various human diseases.

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system. Here, we describe an easy to use in vitro model to generate these cells. Using gradient centrifugation, negative bead isolation and specific cell culture conditions, monocyte-derived macrophages can be generated for phenotypic and functional studies.

Une<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modèle pour étudier l&#39;hétérogénéité de la différenciation des macrophages humains et de la polarisation

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

The vascular endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are activated by host mediators or directly by conserved microbial components or host-derived danger molecules. Activated ECs express cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules that mobilize, activate and retain leukocytes at the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive, and adhere to the endothelium through a variety of adhesion molecules present on the surfaces of both cells. The main functions of neutrophils are to directly eliminate microbial threats, promote the recruitment of other leukocytes through the release of additional factors, and initiate wound repair. Therefore, their recruitment and attachment to the endothelium is a critical step in the initiation of the inflammatory response. In this report, we describe an in vitro neutrophil adhesion assay using calcein AM-labeled primary human neutrophils to quantitate the extent of microvascular endothelial cell activation under static conditions. This method has the additional advantage that the same samples quantitated by fluorescence spectrophotometry can also be visualized directly using fluorescence microscopy for a more qualitative assessment of neutrophil binding.

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

Neutrophil adherence to the activated endothelium at sites of infection is an integral component of the host's inflammatory response. Described in this report is a neutrophil binding assay that allows for the in vitro quantitation of primary human neutrophil binding to endothelial cells activated by inflammatory mediators under static conditions.

Quantitative<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Test pour mesurer l&#39;adhésion des neutrophiles à Activé cellules endothéliales microvasculaires humaines primaires dans des conditions statiques

The vascular  endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the  acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are ...

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. An important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology.	Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an HRSV infection. First, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of HRSV. Subsequently, we describe a human in vitro model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated with live HRSV. This model system can be used to study multiple parameters that may contribute to disease severity, including the innate and adaptive immune response. These responses can be measured at the transcriptional and translational level. Moreover, viral infection of cells can easily be measured using flow cytometry. Taken together, stimulation of PBMC with live HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to examine mechanisms involved in HRSV-induced disease.

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) can cause severe bronchiolitis in young infants. Part of the pathogenesis of severe HRSV disease is caused by the host immune response. Stimulation of primary human immune cells with HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to study activation of inflammatory pathways and infection.

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

Un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modèle de mesure de réponses immunitaires contre le paludisme dans le contexte du VIH co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

Génération de cellules humaines dérivées de monocytes dendritiques du sang total

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Human Colonoid Monolayers to Study Interactions Between Pathogens, Commensals, and Host Intestinal Epithelium

Human 3-dimensional (3D) enteroid or colonoid cultures derived from crypt base stem cells are currently the most advanced ex vivo model of the intestinal epithelium. Due to their closed structures and significant supporting extracellular matrix, 3D cultures are not ideal for host-pathogen studies. Enteroids or colonoids can be grown as epithelial monolayers on permeable tissue culture membranes to allow manipulation of both luminal and basolateral cell surfaces and accompanying fluids. This enhanced luminal surface accessibility facilitates modeling bacterial-host epithelial interactions such as the mucus-degrading ability of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) on colonic epithelium. A method for 3D culture fragmentation, monolayer seeding, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurements to monitor the progress towards confluency and differentiation are described. Colonoid monolayer differentiation yields secreted mucus that can be studied by the immunofluorescence or immunoblotting techniques. More generally, enteroid or colonoid monolayers enable a physiologically-relevant platform to evaluate specific cell populations that may be targeted by pathogenic or commensal microbiota.

Here, we present a protocol to culture human enteroid or colonoid monolayers that have intact barrier function to study host epithelial-microbiota interactions at the cellular and biochemical level.

Monocouches de Colonoid humain pour étudier les Interactions entre les pathogènes, germes commensaux et hôte épithélium Intestinal

Human 3-dimensional (3D) enteroid or colonoid cultures derived from crypt base stem cells are currently the most advanced ex vivo model of the intestinal ...

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by islet-specific autoimmunity leading to beta cell destruction and absolute loss of insulin production. In the spontaneous non-obese diabetes (NOD) mouse model, insulin is the primary target, and genetic manipulation of these animals to remove a single key insulin epitope prevents disease. Thus, selective elimination of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) bearing this pathogenic epitope is an approach to inhibit the unwanted insulin-specific autoimmune responses, and likely has greater translational potential.
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can redirect T cells to selectively target disease-causing antigens. This technique is fundamental to recent attempts to use cellular engineering for adoptive cell therapy to treat multiple cancers. In this protocol, we describe an optimized T-cell retrovirus (RV) transduction and in vitro expansion protocol that generates high numbers of functional antigen-specific CD8 CAR-T cells starting from a low number of naive cells. Previously multiple CAR-T cell protocols have been described, but typically with relatively low transduction efficiency and cell viability following transduction. In contrast, our protocol provides up to 90% transduction efficiency, and the cells generated can survive more than two weeks in vivo and significantly delay disease onset following a single infusion. We provide a detailed description of the cell maintenance and transduction protocol, so that the critical steps can be easily followed. The whole procedure from primary cell isolation to CAR expression can be performed within 14 days. The general method may be applied to any mouse disease model in which the target is known. Similarly, the specific application (targeting a pathogenic peptide/MHC class II complex) is applicable to any other autoimmune disease model for which a key complex has been identified.

This article describes a protocol for the generation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells, and their expansion in vitro, with the aim of yielding high numbers of functional T cells for use in vitro and in vivo.

Génération à haut rendement de cellules T cytotoxiques cytotoxiques de souris primaires spécifiques à l'antigène pour les tests fonctionnels dans un modèle de diabète auto-immun

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by islet-specific autoimmunity leading to beta cell destruction and absolute loss of insulin production. In the ...

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) induces autophagy in both, immature dendritic cells (iDCs) as well as mature dendritic cells (mDCs), whereas autophagic flux is only observed in iDCs. To gain mechanistic insights, we developed efficient strategies to interfere with HSV-1-induced autophagic turnover. An inhibitor-based strategy, to modulate HSV-1-induced autophagy, constitutes the first choice, since it is an easy and fast method. To circumvent potential unspecific off-target effects of such compounds, we developed an alternative siRNA-based strategy, to modulate autophagic turnover in iDCs upon HSV-1 infection. Indeed, electroporation of iDCs with FIP200-specific siRNA prior to HSV-1 infection is a very specific and successful method to ablate FIP200 protein expression and thereby to inhibit autophagic flux. Both presented methods result in the efficient inhibition of HSV-1-induced autophagic turnover in iDCs, whereby the siRNA-based technique is more target specific. An additional siRNA-based approach was developed to selectively silence the protein expression of KIF1B and KIF2A, facilitating autophagic turnover upon HSV-1 infection in mDCs. In conclusion, the technique of siRNA electroporation represents a promising strategy, to selectively ablate the expression of distinct proteins and to analyze their influence upon an HSV-1 infection.

In this study, we present inhibitor- and siRNA-based strategies to interfere with autophagic flux in Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1)-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells SiRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagie in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells