Ce travail a été financé par le Wellcome Trust et la British Heart Foundation.

Toutes les étapes sont réalisées à température ambiante, sauf indication contraire. 1. Énucléation et la fixation des Yeux postnatale <ol><li> Placez la souris euthanasiés chiot de son côté, enlever la peau qui recouvre l&#39;œil avec des ciseaux. </li><li> Utilisez des ciseaux et des pinces pour énucléer l&#39;œil. </li><li> Placez les ciseaux sous l&#39;œil énucléé, couper le nerf optique et des tissus environnants et soulever l&#39;œil. Transfert à une plaque de 24 puits contenant du paraformaldéhyde 4% (PFA) constitué en 2x PBS à température ambiante. </li><li> Permettre à chaque œil pour fixer pendant 10 - 15 min, puis transfert à froid 2x PBS sur la glace pendant 5 - 10 min. Il est préférable d&#39;échelonner les énucléations et la fixation subséquente à assurer le degré de fixation est égale pour chaque œil. </li></ol> 2. Dissection de rétines murins postnatale <ol><li> Transfert yeux dans une boîte de Pétri contenant 2x PBS à l&#39;aide d&#39;une pipette Pasteur en plastique qui a été coupé pour élargir l&#39;alésage et le placez sous une dissection du microscope. </li><li> Enlevez tout le gras autour de l&#39;œil en utilisant des pinces et ciseaux. </li><li> Pierce au bord de la cornée avec des ciseaux pointus et coupez autour de la cornée et de l&#39;iris et le jeter. </li><li> Insérez forceps entre la rétine et la sclérotique et enlever la sclérotique en prenant soin de ne pas déchirer la rétine. La couche choroïde peut également être retiré, mais si il ya un risque de dommages à la rétine survenant au cours de cette étape, la couche choroïde peut être laissé sur que cela ne devrait pas affecter de manière significative la qualité de l&#39;immunomarquage. </li><li> Retirez la lentille et l&#39;humeur vitrée aide d&#39;une pince. </li><li> Retirez les vaisseaux de hyaloids en les rassemblant dans le centre de l&#39;œil avec une pince fine, puis rapidement se détacher du centre de la rétine (alternativement snip à la base des navires hyaloid avec des ciseaux fins). </li><li> Rincer la rétine en forme de cuvette avec du PBS dans une boîte de Petri propre. </li><li> Ajouter 4 à 5 incisions radiaires atteignant environ 2/3 du rayon de la rétine à l&#39;aide de ressort scissors pour créer une forme de «pétale». </li><li> Prélever de PBS à l&#39;aide d&#39;une pipette Pasteur pour aplatir la rétine, puis enlever l&#39;excédent PBS avec un petit morceau de papier absorbant. </li><li> Lentement pipette froid (-20 ° C) baisse de méthanol à goutte sur la surface de la rétine jusqu&#39;à totalement couvert puis inondation avec du méthanol supplémentaire. Cela aidera à fixer les rétines et facilitera la perméabilisation. Les rétines deviennent blancs. </li><li> Transférer dans un tube de 2 ml à l&#39;aide d&#39;une pipette Pasteur plastique qui a été coupée pour élargir l&#39;alésage. </li><li> Laisser rétine dans le méthanol froid pendant au moins 20 min avant de procéder à immunomarquage. Parmi les anticorps utilisés ici, seulement la VE-cadhérine ne peut pas être utilisée avec succès sur des rétines fixes de méthanol. Dans ce cas rétines doivent procéder directement à immunologique après l&#39;étape 9. </li><li> Si nécessaire, la rétine peut être stocké dans le méthanol à -20 ° C pendant plusieurs mois avant la coloration. </li></ol> 3. Immuno / coloration isolectine de la rétine Vasculature <ol><li> Retirez délicatement / versez le méthanol et rincer doucement rétines brièvement dans du PBS (à ce stade, la rétine est toujours dans le même tube de 2 ml de l&#39;étape 11 ci-dessus). </li><li> Retirer du PBS et couverture rétines avec 100 pi de solution de Perm / Block (PBS + 0,3% de Triton + 0,2% BSA) + 5% de sérum approprié (voir tableau 1) et agiter doucement pendant 1 heure. </li><li> Retirer Perm / Bloquer et incuber rétines en agitant doucement la nuit à 4 ° C avec 100 pi d&#39;anticorps primaires (voir le tableau 1) et / ou IsolectinB4, tous préparés par dilution dans Perm / Block. </li><li> Eliminer l&#39;anticorps / isolectine et laver rétines 4 x 10 min dans du PBS + 0,3% de Triton (PBSTx). </li><li> Dans certains cas, par exemple après coloration avec IsolectinB4-Alexa488 ou un anticorps primaire directement conjugué, un anticorps secondaire n&#39;est pas obligatoire et la rétine peut être monté directement (étape 7). Quand un anticorps primaire non conjugué a été utilisé dans l&#39;étape 3, puis 100 ml de l&#39;fluor appropriéanticorps secondaire escent (dilué à 1/200 dans PBSTx) est ajouté et laissé à incuber pendant la nuit à 4 ° C ou pendant 4 heures à température ambiante. </li><li> Eliminer l&#39;anticorps secondaire et laver rétines 4 x 15 min dans 2 ml PBSTx. </li><li> Transfert rétines sur des lames en utilisant un large trou en plastique pipette Pasteur et enlever l&#39;excédent PBSTx avec le tissu absorbant. Mont rétines en ajoutant 50 pl de milieu de montage Prolongez sur une lamelle et la position doucement sur la rétine. </li><li> Transfert glisse au réfrigérateur pendant la nuit à 4 ° C, en s&#39;assurant qu&#39;ils sont bien à plat et à l&#39;abri de la lumière, afin de permettre le prolonger milieu de montage pour valider. </li><li> rétine de l&#39;image à l&#39;aide d&#39;un microscope confocal ou d&#39;un microscope à épifluorescence. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Carmeliet, P., Jain, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+and+clinical+applications+of+angiogenesis.">Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of angiogenesis.</a> Nature. 473 (7347), 298-307 (2011).</li><li>Staton, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+methods+for+assaying+angiogenesis+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Current methods for assaying angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.</a> Int J. Exp. Pathol. 85 (5), 233-248 (2004).</li><li>Goodwin, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+assays+of+angiogenesis+for+assessment+of+angiogenic+and+anti-angiogenic+agents.">In vitro assays of angiogenesis for assessment of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic agents.</a> Microvasc. Res. 74 (2-3), 172-183 (2007).</li><li>Lawson, N. D., Weinstein, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+embryonic+vascular+development+using+transgenic+zebrafish.">In vivo imaging of embryonic vascular development using transgenic zebrafish.</a> Dev. Biol. 248 (2), 307-318 (2002).</li><li>Fruttiger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+retinal+vasculature.">Development of the retinal vasculature.</a> Angiogenesis. 10 (2), 77-88 (2007).</li><li>Sawamiphak, S., Ritter, M., Acker-Palmer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+retinal+explant+cultures+to+study+ex+vivo+tip+endothelial+cell+responses.">Preparation of retinal explant cultures to study ex vivo tip endothelial cell responses.</a> Nat. Protoc. 5 (10), 1659-1665 (1038).</li><li>Mahajan, V. B., Skeie, J. M., Assefnia, A. H., Mahajan, M., Tsang, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+eye+enucleation+for+remote+high-throughput+phenotyping.">Mouse eye enucleation for remote high-throughput phenotyping.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (57), e3184 (2011).</li><li>Pitulescu, M. E., Schmidt, I., Benedito, R., Adams, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+gene+targeting+in+the+neonatal+vasculature+and+analysis+of+retinal+angiogenesis+in+mice.">Inducible gene targeting in the neonatal vasculature and analysis of retinal angiogenesis in mice.</a> Nat. Protoc. 5 (9), 1518-1534 (2010).</li><li>Allinson, K. R., Lee, H. S., Fruttiger, M., McCarty, J., Arthur, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+expression+of+TGFbeta+type+II+receptor+is+required+to+maintain+vascular+integrity+during+postnatal+development+of+the+central+nervous+system.">Endothelial expression of TGFbeta type II receptor is required to maintain vascular integrity during postnatal development of the central nervous system.</a> PLoS One. 7 (9), e39336 (2012).</li><li>Mahmoud, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+of+arteriovenous+malformations+in+the+absence+of+endoglin.">Pathogenesis of arteriovenous malformations in the absence of endoglin.</a> Circ. Res. 106 (8), 1425-1433 (2010).</li><li>Lebrin, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalidomide+stimulates+vessel+maturation+and+reduces+epistaxis+in+individuals+with+hereditary+hemorrhagic+telangiectasia.">Thalidomide stimulates vessel maturation and reduces epistaxis in individuals with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.</a> Nat. Med. 16 (4), 420-428 (2010).</li><li>Pi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+connective+tissue+growth+factor+in+the+retinal+vasculature+during+development+and+ischemia.">Role of connective tissue growth factor in the retinal vasculature during development and ischemia.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52 (12), 8701-8710 (2011).</li><li>Powner, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+gene+expression+in+whole+mouse+retina+by+in+situ+hybridization.">Visualization of gene expression in whole mouse retina by in situ hybridization.</a> Nat. Protoc. 7 (6), 1086-1096 (2012).</li></ol>

Les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

La méthode présentée ici offre un moyen simple et efficace pour obtenir des images de préparations colorées de montage entières de rétines de souris néonatales, ce qui en fait un modèle facilement quantifiable et physiologiquement pertinents de l&#39;angiogenèse. Initialement, l&#39;œil de la souris peut être assez difficile à disséquer en raison de sa petite taille et la forme du globe, alors un peu de pratique et de bons outils de dissection sont nécessaires pour obtenir des résultats fiables. Dissecti...

L&#39;angiogenèse est un processus complexe du développement définie par la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins à partir d&#39;un réseau de vaisseaux préexistants et est réglementé par plusieurs voies de signalisation. Le plus important d&#39;entre eux est la voie du VEGF. VEGF est libéré par les cellules ischémiques et conduit à l&#39;initiation de la germination angiogénique dans les vaisseaux sanguins avoisinants. Les cellules endothéliales de premier plan à partir d&#39;une nouvelle pousse vasculaire est une cellule «pointe», qui produit filopodes qui atteignent en direction de la source de VEGF, et est suivie par des cellules endothéliales proliférantes &quot;tige&quot;. De cette façon, les cellules endothéliales activées migrent et prolifèrent vers une région avasculaire où ils forment de nouveaux tubes vasculaires. Afin de stabiliser ces tubes pour soutenir la circulation sanguine, les cellules endothéliales interagissent avec les péricytes et les cellules musculaires lisses qui entourent les nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins 1. L&#39;angiogenèse est essentielle pour la vascularisation de l&#39;embryon et des tissus en croissance. Cependant, il contribue également à de nombreux pathologiqueques troubles tels que le cancer, tandis que les défauts de l&#39;angiogenèse sont associés à des maladies ischémiques. Le développement de traitements médicamenteux efficaces pour réguler l&#39;angiogenèse comme un moyen de traiter la maladie est donc d&#39;un grand intérêt. Par exemple, les facteurs anti-angiogéniques efficaces réduiront la croissance du cancer, tandis que les stratégies pro-angiogéniques peuvent être utilisés pour traiter la maladie ischémique. Ainsi, les modèles d&#39;angiogenèse sont essentielles pour mieux comprendre la régulation de la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux et de développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour améliorer ou diminuer la croissance vasculaire. Un élément fondamental de la recherche sur l&#39;angiogenèse est le choix d&#39;un modèle vasculaire approprié. Plusieurs modèles in vitro ont été conçus pour reproduire les étapes de base de l&#39;angiogenèse tels que la migration cellulaire endothéliale, la prolifération et la survie 2,3. Un fréquemment utilisé dans l&#39;essai in vitro est la formation d&#39;un réseau ramifié de cellules endothéliales sur une matrice de Matrigel, même si tson n&#39;est pas spécifique des cellules endothéliales, ni intègrent généralement le soutien de péricytes ou des cellules musculaires lisses. L&#39;évaluation de l&#39;angiogenèse germination ex vivo à l&#39;aide de cultures d&#39;organes de souris telles que le dosage de corps embryoïdes, le dosage de l&#39;anneau aortique et le dosage du métatarse foetal permet l&#39;analyse de l&#39;angiogenèse des cellules endothéliales dans le cadre de cellules de soutien supplémentaires. Cependant, les principales limites de ces essais comprennent le manque de flux sanguin et la régression des navires de plus de temps, ce qui donne une fenêtre limitée pour l&#39;analyse. Par conséquent, pour comprendre la régulation de l&#39;angiogenèse avec plus de précision, dans des modèles in vivo sont nécessaires tels que ceux développés chez la souris en utilisant des éponges sous-cutanée implantés ou des bouchons matrigel, ainsi que le modèle d&#39;ischémie des membres postérieurs. Cependant, ces modèles sont difficiles à analyser en raison de l&#39;architecture 3D complexe du néovaisseaux. En revanche, l&#39;embryon de poisson zèbre s&#39;est avéré un excellent modèle pour l&#39;angiogenèse visualiser dans l&#39;ensembleorganisme 4. Toutefois, la souris est évolutif beaucoup plus étroitement lié à l&#39;homme que le poisson-zèbre, rendant le modèle préféré dans de nombreux cas la souris. Par conséquent angiogenèse de la rétine postnatal de la souris représente une méthode bien caractérisé de choix pour la recherche sur l&#39;angiogenèse. Il fournit non seulement un paramètre physiologique, mais aussi un plexus vasculaire 2D qui peuvent être facilement visualisées en utilisant des colorants fluorescents appropriés. L&#39;architecture du réseau de vaisseaux, de la prolifération endothéliale, la germination, le recrutement des cellules périvasculaires et le remodelage vasculaire peuvent tous être étudiée en utilisant cette technique. Dans la rétine néonatale de la souris, le développement des vaisseaux sanguins de la rétine se produit dans la première semaine de vie postnatale. Souris, contrairement aux humains, naissent aveugles et les rétines ne deviennent vascularisée après la naissance. Vaisseaux rétiniens surgissent du centre de la fermeture de la rétine au nerf optique à jour postnatal 0 (P0), et se développent par l&#39;angiogenèse pour former un très organisentd plexus vasculaire qui atteint la périphérie de la rétine d&#39;environ 5 P8. Les vaisseaux sanguins se développent d&#39;une manière caractéristique avec le plexus capillaire croissant progressivement vers l&#39;extérieur du disque optique vers la périphérie pour générer un modèle alternatif régulier des artères et des veines avec un réseau capillaire d&#39;intervenir. La vascularisation rétinienne est un modèle idéal pour étudier l&#39;angiogenèse que les navires peuvent être facilement identifiés à mesure qu&#39;ils grandissent dans ce qui est essentiellement un plan 2D, ce qui rend relativement facile d&#39;examiner la vascularisation rétinienne dans les préparations plate-montage 5. Procédé pour isoler la rétine néonatale de la souris pour l&#39;analyse des réponses des cellules endothéliales de bout de plusieurs heures ex vivo a été rapporté 6. Sinon, un examen plus détaillé de l&#39;ensemble du système vasculaire rétinienne et des marqueurs vasculaires associées nécessite immunologique des spécimens de la rétine fixes à différents stades de développement. Ici, nous fournissonsune description détaillée d&#39;une méthode fiable et techniquement simple que nous utilisons pour toute coloration de montage de la murine rétinienne plexus vasculaire, de l&#39;énucléation initiale de l&#39;œil postnatal (voir aussi 7) à travers les protocoles de coloration à l&#39;imagerie finale sous le microscope.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic pipettes 3 ml</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>PIP4210</td>
			<td>Remove tip with scissors to create a wide bore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Falcon 24-well plates</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>353226</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Select Petri dishes TV 90 mm</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>SLS2002</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histobond slides</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631-0624</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips 22 x 22 mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631-1336</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Tweezers #5</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>14095</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring scissors 10.5 cm long, with straight 8 mm blades</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>501235</td>
			<td>Used for enucleation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas scissors 8.5 cm long, with straight 7 mm blades, and 0.025 x 0.015 mm superfine tips</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>500086</td>
			<td>Used for dissecting retina</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfine vannas scissors 8 cm long with straight 3 mm blades, and 0.015 x 0.015 mm superfine tips</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>501778</td>
			<td>Used for dissecting retina</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>crystal clear' tubes 2 ml</td>
			<td>Starlab</td>
			<td>E1420-2000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0876</td>
			<td>PBS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>PBS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9625</td>
			<td>PBS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>Make up in 2x PBS and store at -20 &deg;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7638</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9663</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat serum</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>S-1000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolectin GS-IB4-alexa 594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>I21413</td>
			<td>Use at 1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolectin GS-IB4-alexa 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>I21411</td>
			<td>Use at 1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-NG2 (rabbit polyclonal )</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB5320</td>
			<td>Detects pericytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFAP (clone GA5, mouse monoclonal)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB360</td>
			<td>Detects astrocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Desmin (clone Y66, rabbit monoclonal)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>04-585</td>
			<td>Detects pericytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Collagen IV (rabbit polyclonal )</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>AB756P</td>
			<td>Detects vascular basement membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha smooth muscle actin-Cy3 (clone 1A4, mouse monoclonal)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6198</td>
			<td>Detects vascular smooth muscle cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Endoglin (clone MJ7/18, rat monoclonal)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>550546</td>
			<td>Detects endothelial cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD31 (clone MEC13.3, rat monoclonal)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>553370</td>
			<td>Detects endothelial cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-VE-Cadherin (clone 11D4.1, rat monoclonal)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>550548</td>
			<td>Detects endothelial cell junctions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Alk1 (goat polyclonal)</td>
			<td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
			<td>AF770</td>
			<td>Detects endothelial cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit-Alexa594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11012</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat-Alexa488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11006</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat-Alexa594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11007</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse-Alexa488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-goat-Alexa594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11058</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Microscopes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi SV6</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiocam HRc</td>
			<td>Camera for dissection microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epifluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axioimager with Apotome</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiocam HRm</td>
			<td>Camera for Axioimager</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>A1R</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole mount immunofluorescent staining of the neonatal mouse retina to investigate angiogenesis in vivo

L&#39;angiogenèse est le processus complexe de la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins défini par la germination de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins à partir d&#39;un réseau de vaisseaux préexistants. L&#39;angiogenèse joue un rôle essentiel non seulement dans le développement normal des organes et des tissus, mais aussi dans de nombreuses maladies dans lesquelles la formation de vaisseaux sanguins est déréglée, comme le cancer, la cécité et les maladies ischémiques. Dans la vie adulte, les vaisseaux sanguins sont généralement repos si l&#39;angiogenèse est une cible importante pour le développement de médicaments nouveaux pour essayer de réguler la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux spécifiquement dans la maladie. Afin de mieux comprendre l&#39;angiogenèse et d&#39;élaborer des stratégies appropriées pour réglementer cela, les modèles sont nécessaires, qui reflètent avec précision les différentes étapes biologiques qui sont impliqués. La rétine de la souris néonatale constitue un excellent modèle de l&#39;angiogenèse, car les artères, les veines et les capillaires se développent pour former un plexus vasculaire au cours de la première semaine après la naissance. Ce modèle a également l&#39;avantage d&#39;avoir un deux-didimensionnelle (2D) la structure qui rend l&#39;analyse directe par rapport à l&#39;anatomie 3D complexe d&#39;autres réseaux vasculaires. En analysant le plexus vasculaire rétinienne à différents moments après la naissance, il est possible d&#39;observer les différentes étapes de l&#39;angiogenèse sous le microscope. Cet article montre une procédure simple pour analyser la vascularisation de la rétine de la souris en utilisant une coloration fluorescente avec des anticorps spécifiques isolectine et vasculaire.

Après dissection de la rétine devrait ressembler à une fleur plat (Figure 1). En utilisant le protocole décrit ci-dessus, les cellules endothéliales peuvent être vus à l&#39;aide isolectine coloration B4-Alexa488 et en soutenant les cellules musculaires vasculaires sont visualisés à l&#39;aide anti-alpha actine musculaire lisse (Figure 2). Le point de vue de faible puissance utilisant un objectif 5X dans la figure 2 permet une vue d&#39;ensemble de l&#39;organi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo at JoVE.com

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

La rétine murin néonatal fournit un modèle physiologique bien caractérisé de l&#39;angiogenèse, qui permet à des enquêtes sur les rôles des différents gènes ou des médicaments qui modulent l&#39;angiogenèse dans un<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Contexte. Immunofluorescence de visualiser avec précision le plexus vasculaire est essentielle à la réussite de ce type d&#39;études.

Mont entiers immunofluorescence de la rétine de souris néonatal chargé d&#39;enquêter sur l&#39;angiogenèse<em&gt; In vivo</em

Angiogenesis  is the complex process of new blood vessel formation defined by the sprouting  of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vessel network. ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

45.3K vues.  Newcastle University. La rétine murin néonatal fournit un modèle physiologique bien caractérisé de l'angiogenèse, qui permet à des enquêtes sur les rôles des différents gènes ou des médicaments qui modulent l'angiogenèse dans un In vivo Contexte. Immunofluorescence de visualiser avec précision le plexus vasculaire est essentielle à la réussite de ce type d'études.

Vidéo: Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

The Drosophila embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the procedure for the visualization of Drosophila embryonic nervous system using antibodies to neuronal proteins. Since the entire embryonic peripheral nervous and central nervous systems are well characterized at the level of individual cells (Dambly-Chaudi&egrave;re et al., 1986; Bodmer et al., 1987; Bodmer et al., 1989), any aberrations to these systems can be easily identified using antibodies to different neuronal proteins. The developing embryos are collected at certain times to ensure that the embryos are in the proper developmental stages for visualization. After collection, the outer layers of the embryo, the chorion membrane and the vitelline envelope that surrounds the embryo, are removed before fixation. Embryos are then incubated with neuronal antibodies and visualized using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies. Embryos at stages 12-17 are visualized to access the embryonic nervous system. At stage 12 the CNS germ band starts shortening and by stage 15 the definitive pattern of the commissure has been achieved. By stage 17 the CNS contracts and the PNS is fully developed (Campos-Ortega et al. 1985). Thus changes in the pattern of the PNS and CNS can be easily observed during these developmental stages.

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

We describe the procedure to prepare staged Drosophila embryos for the visualization of the embryonic nervous system during embryogenesis.

La visualisation du système nerveux embryonnaire, en totalité montage Drosophile Embryons

The Drosophila embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Dissection d&#39;un oeil de la souris pour un mont entiers de l&#39;épithélium pigmentaire rétinien

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

En électroporation in vivo de la rétine de souris en développement

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

Tout le mont immunomarquage des récepteurs olfactifs neurones dans le<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Antenne

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Whole-mount Imaging of Mouse Embryo Sensory Axon Projections

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we describe a method to label in situ a subset of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axon projections to assess their phenotypic characteristics using several genetically manipulated mouse lines. The TrkA-positive neurons are nociceptor neurons, dedicated to the transmission of pain signals. We utilize a TrkAtaulacZ mouse line to label the trajectories of all TrkA-positive peripheral axons in the intact mouse embryo. We further breed the TrkAtaulacZ line onto a Bax null background, which essentially abolishes neuronal apoptosis, in order to assess growth-related questions independently of possible effects of genetic manipulations on neuronal survival. Subsequently, genetically modified mice of interest are bred with the TrkAtaulacZ/Bax null line and are then ready for study using the techniques described herein. This presentation includes detailed information on mouse breeding plans, genotyping at the time of dissection, tissue preparation, staining and clearing to allow for visualization of full-length axonal trajectories in whole-mount preparation.

We present here an optimized protocol to genotype, stain and prepare fetal mice for the imaging of peripheral nociceptor axon projections in the whole animal, as an effective method to assess sensory axon growth phenotypes in developing genetically engineered mice.

Whole-monter imagerie de l&#39;embryon de souris projections sensorielles Axon

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we ...

Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a spiral shape and have a tonotopic gradient for sound detection. The mouse cochlea is approximately 6 mm long and often divided into three turns (apex, middle, and base) for analysis. To investigate cell loss, cell division, or mosaic gene expression, the whole mount or surface preparation of the cochlea is useful. This dissection method allows visualization of all cells within the organ of Corti when combined with immunostaining and confocal microscopy to image cells at different planes in the z-axis. Multiple optical cross-sections can also be obtained from these z-stack images. In addition, the whole mount dissection method can be used for scanning electron microscopy, although a different fixation method is needed. Here, we present a method to isolate the organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). This method can be used for mice ranging from one week of age through adulthood and differs from the technique used for neonatal samples where calcification of the cochlea is incomplete. A slightly modified version can be used for dissection of the rat cochlea. We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies.

We present a method to isolate the adult organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together these techniques allow the study of hair cells, supporting cells, and other cell types found in the cochlea.

Mont entiers Dissection et immunofluorescence de la cochlée de souris adultes

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a ...

Patch Clamp Recording of Starburst Amacrine Cells in a Flat-mount Preparation of Deafferentated Mouse Retina

The mammalian retina is a layered tissue composed of multiple neuronal types. To understand how visual signals are processed within its intricate synaptic network, electrophysiological recordings are frequently used to study connections among individual neurons. We have optimized a flat-mount preparation for patch clamp recording of genetically marked neurons in both GCL (ganglion cell layer) and INL (inner nuclear layer) of mouse retinas. Recording INL neurons in flat-mounts is favored over slices because both vertical and lateral connections are preserved in the former configuration, allowing retinal circuits with large lateral components to be studied. We have used this procedure to compare responses of mirror-partnered neurons in retinas such as the cholinergic starburst amacrine cells (SACs).

This protocol demonstrates how to perform whole-cell patch clamp recording on retinal neurons from a flat-mount preparation.

Patch Clamp Enregistrement de cellules amacrines Starburst dans un plat de montage Préparation de Deafferentated Souris Retina

The mammalian retina is a layered tissue composed of multiple neuronal types. To understand how visual signals are processed within its intricate synaptic ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

Une seule étape simple protocole Dissection pour Whole-mount Préparation des adultes<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent and cause visual impairment and blindness. Understanding how such diseases progress is critical to formulating new treatments. In vivo&#160;microscopy in animal models of disease is a powerful tool for understanding neurodegeneration and has led to important progress towards treatments of conditions ranging from Alzheimer&#39;s disease to stroke. Given that the retina is the only central nervous system structure inherently accessible by optical approaches, it naturally lends itself towards in vivo imaging. However, the native optics of the lens and cornea present some challenges for effective imaging access.
This protocol outlines methods for in vivo two-photon imaging of cellular cohorts and structures in the mouse retina at cellular resolution, applicable for both acute- and chronic-duration imaging experiments. It presents examples of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), amacrine cell, microglial, and vascular imaging using a suite of labeling techniques including adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, transgenic mice, and inorganic dyes. Importantly, these techniques extend to all cell types of the retina, and suggested methods for accessing other cellular populations of interest are described. Also detailed are example strategies for manual image postprocessing for display and quantification. These techniques are directly applicable to studies of retinal function in health and disease.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool for the study of biology in health and disease. This protocol describes transpupillary imaging of the mouse retina with a standard two-photon microscope. It also demonstrates different in vivoimaging methods to fluorescently label multiple cellular cohorts of the retina.

Transpupillaire Imagerie in vivo à deux photons de la rétine de souris

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds

Taste buds are collections of taste-transducing cells specialized to detect subsets of chemical stimuli in the oral cavity. These transducing cells communicate with nerve fibers that carry this information to the brain. Because taste-transducing cells continuously die and are replaced throughout adulthood, the taste-bud environment is both complex and dynamic, requiring detailed analyses of its cell types, their locations, and any physical relationships between them. Detailed analyses have been limited by tongue-tissue heterogeneity and density that have significantly reduced antibody permeability. These obstacles require sectioning protocols that result in splitting taste buds across sections so that measurements are only approximated, and cell relationships are lost. To overcome these challenges, the methods described herein involve collecting, imaging, and analyzing whole taste buds and individual terminal arbors from three taste regions: fungiform papillae, circumvallate papillae, and the palate. Collecting whole taste buds reduces bias and technical variability and can be used to report absolute numbers for features including taste-bud volume, total taste-bud innervation, transducing-cell counts, and the morphology of individual terminal arbors. To demonstrate the advantages of this method, this paper provides comparisons of taste bud and innervation volumes between fungiform and circumvallate taste buds using a general taste-bud marker and a label for all taste fibers. A workflow for the use of sparse-cell genetic labeling of taste neurons (with labeled subsets of taste-transducing cells) is also provided. This workflow analyzes the structures of individual taste-nerve arbors, cell type numbers, and the physical relationships between cells using image analysis software. Together, these workflows provide a novel approach for tissue preparation and analysis of both whole taste buds and the complete morphology of their innervating arbors.

This paper describes methods for tissue preparation, staining, and analysis of whole fungiform, circumvallate, and palate taste buds that consistently yield whole and intact taste buds (including the nerve fibers that innervate them) and maintain the relationships between structures within taste buds and the surrounding papilla.

Coloration, visualisation et analyse en monture entière des papilles gustatives fongiformes, circonvallates et palatines

Taste buds are collections of taste-transducing cells specialized to detect subsets of chemical stimuli in the oral cavity. These transducing cells ...