Les auteurs remercient Michael Lacerte pour le support technique. MP-L. reconnaît l&#39;Institut canadien de recherches avancées (ICRA), en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada (CRSNG), la Fondation canadienne pour l&#39;innovation (FCI) et le Fonds de Recherche Québec - Nature et technologies (FRQNT) pour leur soutien financier. Le dispositif présenté ici a été fabriqué à CRN2 et IMDQ installations, financées en partie par NanoQuébec. Les GaAs / AlGaAs substrat a été fabriqué par ZR Wasilewski de l&#39;Institut des sciences des microstructures au Conseil national de recherches Canada. JCL et CB-O. reconnaître CRSNG et FRQNT d&#39;un soutien financier.

<ol>
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V., Loss, D., Glazman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+Spin+Decoherence+in+Quantum+Dots+Due+to+Interaction+with+Nuclei.">Electron Spin Decoherence in Quantum Dots Due to Interaction with Nuclei.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (18), 186802 (2002).</li><li>Sakr, M. R., Jiang, H. W., Yablonovitch, E., Croke, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+and+characterization+of+electrostatic+Si/SiGe+Quantum+Dots+with+an+Integrated+Read-Out+Channel.">Fabrication and characterization of electrostatic Si/SiGe Quantum Dots with an Integrated Read-Out Channel.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 (22), 223104 (2005).</li><li>Liu, X. L., Hug, D., Vandersypen, L. M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gate-Defined+Graphene+Double+Quantum+Dot+and+Excited+State+Spectroscopy.">Gate-Defined Graphene Double Quantum Dot and Excited State Spectroscopy.</a> Nano Lett. 10 (5), 1623-1627 (2010).</li><li>Frey, T., Leek, P. J., Beck, M., Blais, A., Ihn, T., Ensslin, K., Wallraff, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dipole+Coupling+of+a+Double+Quantum+Dot+to+a+Microwave+Resonator.">Dipole Coupling of a Double Quantum Dot to a Microwave Resonator.</a> Phys. Rev. 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Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

Le processus présenté ci-dessus décrit le protocole de fabrication d&#39;un double point quantique capable d&#39;atteindre le régime quelques électrons. Toutefois, les paramètres indiqués peuvent varier selon le modèle et l&#39;étalonnage de l&#39;équipement utilisé. Par conséquent, les paramètres tels que les doses pour les expositions durant les étapes e-beam et photolithographie devront être étalonné avant la fabrication de dispositifs. Le processus peut facilement être adapté à la fabrication de ...

Quantum sciences de l&#39;information a attiré beaucoup d&#39;attention depuis qu&#39;il a été montré que les algorithmes quantiques peuvent être utilisés pour résoudre certains problèmes de façon exponentielle plus rapide qu&#39;avec les meilleurs algorithmes classiques connus 1. Un candidat évident pour un bit quantique (qubit) est le spin de l&#39;électron unique confiné dans une boîte quantique, car il s&#39;agit d&#39;un système à deux niveaux. De nombreuses architectures ont été proposées pour la mise en œuvre des points quantiques, y compris les semi-conducteurs nanofils 2, nanotubes de carbone 3, les points quantiques auto-assemblées 4 et 5 semi-conducteurs verticaux et les points quantiques latéraux 6. Points quantiques latéraux porte-définies dans GaAs / AlGaAs hétérostructures ont eu beaucoup de succès en raison de leur polyvalence et de leur processus de fabrication est au centre du présent document. Dans les boîtes quantiques latéraux, le confinement des électrons dans la direction perpendiculaire à la surface de l&#39;échantillon (direction z) is obtenu en choisissant le substrat approprié. La modulation hétérostructure GaAs dopé / AlGaAs présente un gaz d&#39;électrons bidimensionnel (2 DEG) confiné à l&#39;interface entre les AlGaAs et les couches de GaAs. Ces échantillons sont cultivés par épitaxie par jets moléculaires pour obtenir une faible densité d&#39;impuretés qui, combinée à la technique de modulation-dopage, conduit à une forte mobilité des électrons dans le 2DEG. Un schéma des différentes couches de l&#39;hétérostructure ainsi que sa structure de bande sont présentés dans la figure 1. Une grande mobilité électronique est nécessaire dans le 2DEG pour assurer la cohérence des états électroniques sur toute la surface de la boîte quantique. Le substrat utilisé pour le processus de fabrication décrit ci-dessous a été acheté par le Conseil national de recherches du Canada et présente une densité d&#39;électrons de 2,2 x 10 11 cm -2 et une mobilité des électrons de 1,69 x 10 6 cm 2 / Vsec. Le confinement des électrons dans les directions Parallel à la surface de l&#39;échantillon est obtenue en plaçant des électrodes métalliques sur la surface du substrat. Lorsque ces électrodes sont déposées sur la surface de l&#39;échantillon de GaAs, les barrières de Schottky sont formées 7. Tensions négatives appliquées à ces électrodes conduisent à des obstacles locaux dans le 2DEG dessous de laquelle seuls les électrons avec une énergie suffisante peut traverser. L&#39;appauvrissement de la 2DEG se produit lorsque la tension appliquée est assez négatif qu&#39;aucun électrons ont assez d&#39;énergie pour franchir la barrière. Par conséquent, en choisissant soigneusement la géométrie des électrodes, il est possible de piéger un petit nombre d&#39;électrons entre les régions appauvries de l&#39;échantillon. Le contrôle du nombre d&#39;électrons sur le point, ainsi que l&#39;énergie à effet tunnel entre le point et la 2DEG dans le reste de l&#39;échantillon peut être obtenue par réglage fin des tensions sur les électrodes. Un schéma des électrodes de grille et le gaz d&#39;électrons appauvri est montré à la figure 2. Le design des structures de grille formant le point se trouve dansinspiré par le design utilisé par Barthel et al. 8 Pour contrôler et consulter les informations concernant le nombre d&#39;électrons sur le point, il est utile pour induire et mesurer le courant à travers la dot. Lecture peut aussi être fait en utilisant un Quantum Point de Contact (QPC), qui exige également un courant à travers le 2DEG. Le contact entre les sources 2DEG et la tension est assurée par les contacts ohmiques. Ce sont des tampons métalliques qui sont diffusés à partir de la surface de l&#39;échantillon tout en bas de la 2DEG l&#39;aide d&#39;un rapide processus de recuit thermique standard 7 (voir figures 3a et 4b). Pour éviter les courts-circuits entre la source et le drain, la surface de l&#39;échantillon est gravée de manière que le 2DEG est épuisée dans certaines régions et le courant est forcé de voyager à travers certains canaux spécifiques (voir les figures 3b et 4a). La région où le 2DEG reste est considéré comme le «Mesa». Les détails du protocole ci-après l&#39;intégralité du processus de fabrication d&#39;un porte-défini de points quantiques latéraux sur un substrat de GaAs / AlGaAs. Le processus est évolutif, car il reste le même, peu importe si le dispositif est fabriqué est un simple, double, triple ou quantum dot ou même un réseau de points quantiques. Manipulation, la mesure, et les résultats de doubles points quantiques fabriqués en utilisant cette méthode sont décrits dans d&#39;autres sections.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent/material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Product number</td>
 <td>CAS number</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Acetone - CH3COCH3</td>
 <td>Anachemia</td>
 <td>AC-0150</td>
 <td>67-64-1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) - (CH3)2CHOH</td>
 <td>Anachemia</td>
 <td>AC-7830</td>
 <td>67-63-0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1165 Remover</td>
 <td>MicroChem Corp</td>
 <td>G050200</td>
 <td>872-50-4</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microposit MF-319 Developer</td>
 <td>Shipley</td>
 <td>38460</td>
 <td>75-59-2</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4</td>
 <td>Anachemia</td>
 <td>AC-8750</td>
 <td>766-93-9</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hydrogen Peroxide (30%) - H2O2</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>7722-84-1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>LOR 5A Lift-off resist</td>
 <td>MicroChem Corp</td>
 <td>G516608</td>
 <td>120-92-3</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microposit S1813 Photo Resist</td>
 <td>Shipley</td>
 <td>41280</td>
 <td>108-65-6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microposit S1818 Photo Resist</td>
 <td>Shipley</td>
 <td>41340</td>
 <td>108-65-6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PMMA LMW 4% in anisole</td>
 <td>MicroChem Corp</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>100-66-3, 9011-14-7</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PMMA HMW 2% in anisole</td>
 <td>MicroChem Corp</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>100-66-3, 9011-14-7</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >GaAs/AlGaAs wafer</td>
 <td>National Research Council Canada</td>
 <td>See detailed layer structure in Figure 1.</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ni (99.0%)</td>
 <td>Anachemia</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ge (99.999%)</td>
 <td>CERAC inc. </td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Au (99.999%)</td>
 <td>Kamis inc. </td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ti (99.995%)</td>
 <td>Kurt J Lesker</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Al</td>
 <td>Kamis inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Silver Epoxy</td>
 <td>Epoxy Technology</td>
 <td>H20E</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
	 </tbody>
 </table>

nanofabrication of gate-defined gaas/algaas lateral quantum dots

Un ordinateur quantique est un ordinateur composé de bits quantiques (qubits) qui tire profit des effets quantiques, comme superposition d&#39;états et l&#39;intrication, de résoudre certains problèmes de façon exponentielle plus rapide qu&#39;avec les meilleurs algorithmes connus sur un ordinateur classique. Porte-défini points quantiques latéraux sur GaAs / AlGaAs sont l&#39;une des nombreuses pistes explorées pour la mise en œuvre d&#39;un qubit. Lorsqu&#39;il est correctement fabriqué, un tel dispositif est capable de piéger un petit nombre d&#39;électrons dans une certaine région de l&#39;espace. Les états de spin de ces électrons peuvent alors être utilisés pour mettre en œuvre la logique 0 et 1 du bit quantique. Compte tenu de l&#39;échelle nanométrique de ces quantum dots, les installations salles blanches offrant des équipements, tels spécialisé comme microscopes électroniques à balayage et par faisceau d&#39;électrons évaporateurs sont nécessaires à leur fabrication. Un grand soin doit être pris tout au long du processus de fabrication pour maintenir la propreté de la surface de l&#39;échantillon et pour éviter d&#39;endommager les portes fragiles de la structure. Ce papierprésente le protocole de fabrication détaillés de la porte définis par les points quantiques latéraux de la plaquette à un dispositif de travail. Méthodes de caractérisation et les résultats représentatifs sont également brièvement discuté. Bien que ce document se concentre sur les doubles points quantiques, le processus de fabrication reste le même pour les points uniques ou triple ou même les tableaux de points quantiques. Par ailleurs, le protocole peut être adapté pour la fabrication de points quantiques latéraux sur d&#39;autres substrats, tels que Si / SiGe.

L&#39;une des étapes cruciales du processus décrit ci-dessus est la gravure de la mesa (étape 1). Il est important de suffisamment de gravure pour enlever le dessous 2DEG tout en évitant de sur-gravure. Par conséquent, il est recommandé d&#39;utiliser un échantillon de GaAs factice essentiel de tester la solution de gravure avant d&#39;effectuer la gravure sur les GaAs / AlGaAs échantillon. La vitesse de gravure du GaAs / AlGaAs est plus grande que celle de GaAs, mais la gravure du mannequin peut donner une indi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots at JoVE.com

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Cet article présente un protocole de fabrication détaillé pour porte-définies semi-conducteurs latéraux points quantiques sur des hétérostructures d&#39;arséniure de gallium. Ces dispositifs nanométriques sont utilisés pour piéger quelques électrons pour être utilisé comme bits quantiques dans le traitement quantique de l&#39;information ou pour d&#39;autres expériences mésoscopiques telles que les mesures de conductance cohérentes.

Nanofabrication de la porte définis-GaAs / AlGaAs latéraux Quantum Dots

A quantum computer is a computer composed of quantum bits (qubits) that takes advantage of quantum effects, such as superposition of states and ...

nanofabrication-of-gate-defined-gaasalgaas-lateral-quantum-dots

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16.0K vues.  Université de Sherbrooke. Cet article présente un protocole de fabrication détaillé pour porte-définies semi-conducteurs latéraux points quantiques sur des hétérostructures d'arséniure de gallium. Ces dispositifs nanométriques sont utilisés pour piéger quelques électrons pour être utilisé comme bits quantiques dans le traitement quantique de l'information ou pour d'autres expériences mésoscopiques telles que les mesures de conductance cohérentes.

Vidéo: Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of molecular behaviors that underlie cellular biology 1-4. To image an individual molecule of interest, it is typically conjugated to a fluorescent tag (dye, protein, bead, or quantum dot) and observed with epifluorescence or total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. While dyes and fluorescent proteins have been the mainstay of fluorescence imaging for decades, their fluorescence is unstable under high photon fluxes necessary to observe individual molecules, yielding only a few seconds of observation before complete loss of signal. Latex beads and dye-labeled beads provide improved signal stability but at the expense of drastically larger hydrodynamic size, which can deleteriously alter the diffusion and behavior of the molecule under study.
Quantum dots (QDs) offer a balance between these two problematic regimes. These nanoparticles are composed of semiconductor materials and can be engineered with a hydrodynamically compact size with exceptional resistance to photodegradation 5. Thus in recent years QDs have been instrumental in enabling long-term observation of complex macromolecular behavior on the single molecule level. However these particles have still been found to exhibit impaired diffusion in crowded molecular environments such as the cellular cytoplasm and the neuronal synaptic cleft, where their sizes are still too large 4,6,7.
Recently we have engineered the cores and surface coatings of QDs for minimized hydrodynamic size, while balancing offsets to colloidal stability, photostability, brightness, and nonspecific binding that have hindered the utility of compact QDs in the past 8,9. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the synthesis, modification, and characterization of these optimized nanocrystals, composed of an alloyed HgxCd1-xSe core coated with an insulating CdyZn1-yS shell, further coated with a multidentate polymer ligand modified with short polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains (Figure 1). Compared with conventional CdSe nanocrystals, HgxCd1-xSe alloys offer greater quantum yields of fluorescence, fluorescence at red and near-infrared wavelengths for enhanced signal-to-noise in cells, and excitation at non-cytotoxic visible wavelengths. Multidentate polymer coatings bind to the nanocrystal surface in a closed and flat conformation to minimize hydrodynamic size, and PEG neutralizes the surface charge to minimize nonspecific binding to cells and biomolecules. The end result is a brightly fluorescent nanocrystal with emission between 550-800 nm and a total hydrodynamic size near 12 nm. This is in the same size range as many soluble globular proteins in cells, and substantially smaller than conventional PEGylated QDs (25-35 nm).

We describe the preparation of colloidal quantum dots with minimized hydrodynamic size for single-molecule fluorescence imaging. Compared to conventional quantum dots, these nanoparticles are similar in size to globular proteins and are optimized for single-molecule brightness, stability against photodegradation, and resistance to nonspecific binding to proteins and cells.

Compact points quantiques pour une seule molécule d&#39;imagerie

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for  understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the  spatial and temporal ...

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Ingénierie

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology is that quantum key distribution (QKD), which uses Heisenberg uncertainty to guarantee security of cryptographic keys, is limited in transmission distance. The development of a quantum repeater is a possible path to extend QKD range, but a repeater will need a quantum memory. In our experiments we use a gas of rubidium 87 vapor that is contained in a warm gas cell. This makes the scheme particularly simple. It is also a highly versatile scheme that enables in-memory refinement of the stored state, such as frequency shifting and bandwidth manipulation. The basis of the GEM protocol is to absorb the light into an ensemble of atoms that has been prepared in a magnetic field gradient. The reversal of this gradient leads to rephasing of the atomic polarization and thus recall of the stored optical state. We will outline how we prepare the atoms and this gradient and also describe some of the pitfalls that need to be avoided, in particular four-wave mixing, which can give rise to optical gain.

The gradient echo memory is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. Quantum memory is a key element of a quantum repeater, which can extend the range of quantum key distribution. We outline the operation of the scheme when implemented in a 3-level atomic ensemble.

Gradient Echo Quantum Mémoire chaud atomique de vapeur

Gradient  echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in  atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology ...

Analysis of Contact Interfaces for Single GaN Nanowire Devices

Single GaN nanowire (NW) devices fabricated on SiO2 can exhibit a strong degradation after annealing due to the occurrence of void formation at the contact/SiO2 interface. This void formation can cause cracking and delamination of the metal film, which can increase the resistance or lead to a complete failure of the NW device. In order to address issues associated with void formation, a technique was developed that removes Ni/Au contact metal films from the substrates to allow for the examination and characterization of the contact/substrate and contact/NW interfaces of single GaN NW devices. This procedure determines the degree of adhesion of the contact films to the substrate and NWs and allows for the characterization of the morphology and composition of the contact interface with the substrate and nanowires. This technique is also useful for assessing the amount of residual contamination that remains from the NW suspension and from photolithographic processes on the NW-SiO2 surface prior to metal deposition. The detailed steps of this procedure are presented for the removal of annealed Ni/Au contacts to Mg-doped GaN NWs on a SiO2 substrate.

A technique was developed that removes Ni/Au contact metal films from their substrate to allow for the examination and characterization of the contact/substrate and contact/NW interfaces of single GaN nanowire devices.

Analyse des Interfaces de contact pour GaN appareils nanofils

Single GaN nanowire (NW) devices fabricated on SiO2 can exhibit  a strong degradation after annealing due to the  occurrence of void formation at the ...

Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics

Since their development in the late 1980s, cheap, reliable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have replaced complex and expensive traditional dye and Titanium Sapphire lasers as the workhorse laser of atomic physics labs1,2. Their versatility and prolific use throughout atomic physics in applications such as absorption spectroscopy and laser cooling1,2 makes it imperative for incoming students to gain a firm practical understanding of these lasers. This publication builds upon the seminal work by Wieman3, updating components, and providing a video tutorial. The setup, frequency locking and performance characterization of an ECDL will be described. Discussion of component selection and proper mounting of both diodes and gratings, the factors affecting mode selection within the cavity, proper alignment for optimal external feedback, optics setup for coarse and fine frequency sensitive measurements, a brief overview of laser locking techniques, and laser linewidth measurements are included.

This is an instructional paper to guide the construction and diagnostics of external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs), including component selection and optical alignment, as well as the basics of frequency reference spectroscopy and laser linewidth measurements for applications in the field of atomic physics.

Construction et caractérisation des lasers externes cavité Diode de physique atomique

Since their development in the late 1980s, cheap, reliable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have replaced complex and expensive traditional dye and ...

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states are indeed the resources for implementing various protocols, ranging from enhanced metrology to quantum communication and computing. A variety of devices can be used to generate non-classical states, such as single emitters, light-matter interfaces or non-linear systems3. We focus here on the use of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator3,4. This system is based on a non-linear &#967;2 crystal inserted inside an optical cavity and it is now well-known as a very efficient source of non-classical light, such as single-mode or two-mode squeezed vacuum depending on the crystal phase matching. 
Squeezed vacuum is a Gaussian state as its quadrature distributions follow a Gaussian statistics. However, it has been shown that number of protocols require non-Gaussian states5. Generating directly such states is a difficult task and would require strong &#967;3 non-linearities. Another procedure, probabilistic but heralded, consists in using a measurement-induced non-linearity via a conditional preparation technique operated on Gaussian states. Here, we detail this generation protocol for two non-Gaussian states, the single-photon state and a superposition of coherent states, using two differently phase-matched parametric oscillators as primary resources. This technique enables achievement of a high fidelity with the targeted state and generation of the state in a well-controlled spatiotemporal mode.

We describe the reliable generation of non-Gaussian states of traveling optical fields, including single-photon states and coherent state superpositions, using a conditional preparation method operated on the non-classical light emitted by optical parametric oscillators. Type-I and type-II phase-matched oscillators are considered and common procedures, such as the required frequency filtering or the high-efficiency quantum state characterization by homodyning, are detailed.

Quantum État génie de la lumière avec continu-ondes optiques paramétriques oscillateurs

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states ...

Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of biosensing devices. We report on a protocol of using KrF and ArF lasers irradiating Si (001) samples immersed in a liquid environment with low number of pulses and operating at moderately low pulse fluences to induce Si wettability modification. Wafers immersed for up to 4 hr in a 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution did not show measurable change in their initial contact angle (CA) ~75&#176;. However, the 500-pulse KrF and ArF lasers irradiation of such wafers in a microchamber filled with 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution at 250 and 65 mJ/cm2, respectively, has decreased the CA to near 15&#176;, indicating the formation of a superhydrophilic surface. The formation of OH-terminated Si (001), with no measurable change of the wafer&#8217;s surface morphology, has been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. The selective area irradiated samples were then immersed in a biotin-conjugated fluorescein-stained nanospheres solution for 2 hr, resulting in a successful immobilization of the nanospheres in the non-irradiated area. This illustrates the potential of&#160;the method for selective area biofunctionalization and fabrication of advanced Si-based biosensing architectures. We also describe a similar protocol of irradiation of wafers immersed in methanol (CH3OH) using ArF laser operating at pulse fluence of 65 mJ/cm2 and in situ formation of a strongly hydrophobic surface of Si (001) with the CA of 103&#176;. The XPS results indicate ArF laser induced formation of Si&#8211;(OCH3)x compounds responsible for the observed hydrophobicity. However, no such compounds were found by XPS on the Si surface irradiated by KrF laser in methanol, demonstrating the inability of the KrF laser to photodissociate methanol and create -OCH3 radicals.

We report on a process of in situ alteration of HF treated Si (001) surface into a hydrophilic or hydrophobic state by irradiating samples in microfluidic chambers filled with&#160;H2O2/H2O solution (0.01%-0.5%) or methanol solutions using pulsed UV laser of a relative low pulse fluence.

Selective Area Modification de la Silicon mouillabilité de surface par irradiation laser pulsé UV en milieu liquide

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of ...

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

As mass-produced silicon transistors have reached the nano-scale, their behavior and performances are increasingly affected, and often deteriorated, by quantum mechanical effects such as tunneling through single dopants, scattering via interface defects, and discrete trap charge states. However, progress in silicon technology has shown that these phenomena can be harnessed and exploited for a new class of quantum-based electronics. Among others, multi-layer-gated silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology can be used to control single charge or spin confined in electrostatically-defined quantum dots (QD). These QD-based devices are an excellent platform for quantum computing applications and, recently, it has been demonstrated that they can also be used as single-electron pumps, which are accurate sources of quantized current for metrological purposes. Here, we discuss in detail the fabrication protocol for silicon MOS QDs which is relevant to both quantum computing and quantum metrology applications. Moreover, we describe characterization methods to test the integrity of the devices after fabrication. Finally, we give a brief description of the measurement set-up used for charge pumping experiments and show representative results of electric current quantization.

The fabrication process and experimental characterization techniques relevant to single-electron pumps based on silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dots are discussed.

Silicium métal-oxyde-semiconducteur Quantum Dots pour le pompage mono-électronique

As mass-produced silicon transistors have reached the nano-scale, their behavior and performances are increasingly affected, and often deteriorated, by ...

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit manipulation, and integrated single-photon detectors. Here, we present the key aspects of preparing and testing a silicon photonic quantum chip with an integrated photon source and two-photon interferometer. The most important aspect of an integrated quantum circuit is minimizing loss so that all of the generated photons are detected with the highest possible fidelity. Here, we describe how to perform low-loss edge coupling by using an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber to closely match the mode of the silicon waveguides. By using an optimized fusion splicing recipe, the UHNA fiber is seamlessly interfaced with a standard single-mode fiber. This low-loss coupling allows the measurement of high-fidelity photon production in an integrated silicon ring resonator and the subsequent two-photon interference of the produced photons in a closely integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This paper describes the essential procedures for the preparation and characterization of high-performance and scalable silicon quantum photonic circuits.

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum systems. Presented here is a method for preparing and testing a silicon photonic chip for quantum measurements.

Mesure de l&#39;interférence quantique dans un anneau de silicium Résonateur Photon Source

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit ...

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

Ions trapped in a quadrupole Paul trap have been considered one of the strong physical candidates to implement quantum information processing. This is due to their long coherence time and their capability to manipulate and detect individual quantum bits (qubits). In more recent years, microfabricated surface ion traps have received more attention for large-scale integrated qubit platforms. This paper presents a microfabrication methodology for ion traps using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, including the fabrication method for a 14 &#181;m-thick dielectric layer and metal overhang structures atop the dielectric layer. In addition, an experimental procedure for trapping ytterbium (Yb) ions of isotope 174 (174Yb+) using 369.5 nm, 399 nm, and 935 nm diode lasers is described. These methodologies and procedures involve many scientific and engineering disciplines, and this paper first presents the detailed experimental procedures. The methods discussed in this paper can easily be extended to the trapping of Yb ions of isotope 171 (171Yb+) and to the manipulation of qubits.

This paper presents a microfabrication methodology for surface ion traps, as well as a detailed experimental procedure for trapping ytterbium ions in a room-temperature environment.

Méthodes expérimentales de piégeage d’Ions à l’aide de microfabriques pièges à ions de Surface

Ions trapped in a quadrupole Paul trap have been considered one of the strong physical candidates to implement quantum information processing. This is due ...

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

The ability to perform simultaneous resonant excitation and fluorescence detection is important for quantum optical measurements of quantum dots (QDs). Resonant excitation without fluorescence detection &#8211; for example, a differential transmission measurement &#8211; can determine some properties of the emitting system, but does not allow applications or measurements based on the emitted photons. For example, the measurement of photon correlations, observation of the Mollow triplet, and realization of single photon sources all require collection of the fluorescence. Incoherent excitation with fluorescence detection &#8211; for example, above band-gap excitation &#8211; can be used to create single photon sources, but the disturbance of the environment due to the excitation reduces the indistinguishability of the photons. Single photon sources based on QDs will have to be resonantly excited to have high photon indistinguishability, and simultaneous collection of the photons will be necessary to make use of them. We demonstrate a method to resonantly excite a single QD embedded in a planar cavity by coupling the excitation beam into this cavity from the cleaved face of the sample while collecting the fluorescence along the sample&#39;s surface normal direction. By carefully matching the excitation beam to the waveguide mode of the cavity, the excitation light can couple into the cavity and interact with the QD. The scattered photons can couple to the Fabry-Perot mode of the cavity and escape in the surface normal direction. This method allows complete freedom in the detection polarization, but the excitation polarization is restricted by the propagation direction of the excitation beam. The fluorescence from the wetting layer provides a guide to align the collection path with respect to the excitation beam. The orthogonality of the excitation and detection modes enables resonant excitation of a single QD with negligible laser scattering background.

Resonant excitation of a single self-assembled quantum dot can be achieved using an excitation mode orthogonal to the fluorescence collection mode. We demonstrate a method using the waveguide and Fabry-Perot modes of a planar microcavity surrounding the quantum dots. The method allows complete freedom in the detection polarization.

Fluorescence de résonance d’un point de InGaAs quantique dans une cavité plane à l’aide de détection et Excitation Orthogonal

The ability to perform simultaneous resonant excitation and fluorescence detection is important for quantum optical measurements of quantum dots (QDs). ...