Nous tenons à remercier Andrea Kremsreiter pour une excellente assistance technique. Travail dans notre laboratoire est soutenu par le NIH et le GM096088 Vilas confiance de l&#39;Université du Wisconsin - Madison.

Une. Méthodes de levure luminométrie Utilisez souche BYYT de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Il est un dérivé de tok1 yvc1 de BY4741 (Mata, ura3D0, his3D1, leu2D0, lys2D0, yvc1 :: HIS3, tok1 :: kanMX4). Transformer des cellules avec les pEVP1/Aeq plasmidiques Leu-sélectionnable aequorine exprimant et le rat-TRPV4 exprimant le plasmide d&#39;ura-sélectionnable p416GPDV4, comme décrit dans Batiza et al. 26 et Loukin et al. 24 utilisation des procédés classiques de construction de plasmide et la transformation 27 . La souche de levure et des plasmides sont disponibles sur demande. <ol><li> Culture 2 ml de cellules de levure pendant la nuit à la phase post-logarithmique dans un shaker 30 ° C dans leu-ura-&quot;DCD&quot; moyen de décrochage 28 (une variante de sulfate appauvri du milieu CMD-leu-ura 29), complété par du sorbitol 1 M . Ensemencer 200 ul de ces cultures dans 1,8 ml de milieu frais supplémenté avec 2 uM de la luciferin coelentérazine. Croître à l&#39;obscurité à la température ambiante pour un autre 24 heures sans agitation. </li><li> Mesurer l&#39;osmolarité de la culture (typiquement à 1 400 mOsM) et à d&#39;autres solutions (ci-dessous) à l&#39;aide d&#39;un osmomètre à pression de vapeur. </li><li> Aliquote de 20 ul de culture frais dans un tube de luminomètre 12 mm pour un même luminomètre du tube. </li><li> Pour le choc hypotonique, ajouter 200 ul d&#39;une solution contenant 25 mM NaEGTA (pH 7,2) ou des noms (pH 7,2) et NaCl 500-100, (osmolarité totale de 1,200-400 mOsM) selon le degré de choc souhaitée. Surveiller en permanence la luminescence avant et au moins 120 secondes après le downshock osmotique, interrompu seulement par la brève opération de dilution. Enregistrer la sortie de luminomètre sur un ordinateur de bureau sous forme d&#39;unités relatives de luminescence (RUL). </li></ol> Bien que n&#39;étant pas à l&#39;étude des TRPV4 transgénique, on a utilisé une variante du protocole ci-dessus dans un système automatisé d&#39;examiner les réponses d&#39;un grand nombre de souches de levure. Étude of les réponses à l&#39;hypo-30 ou 31 hyperosmotiques stimuli du deletome de levure (la collection de levures 4906 deletion de gène unique) en utilisant un luminomètre pour microplaques et analysées avec le logiciel correspondant a été couronnée de succès. 2. et 3. Ovocytes méthodes d&#39;électrophysiologie Électrophysiologie utilise des méthodes de base 32. Amplifier par PCR le cadre ouvert de lecture de type sauvage ou mutant TRPV4 utilisant la haute-fidélité PfuUtra polymérase et intégré dans pGH19 33. Cela implique une insertion précise de l&#39;ORF entre les 5 &#39;et 3&#39; UTR du gène de la β-globine de Xenopus et en aval d&#39;une T7 ARN-polymérase promoteur. Linéariser le produit d&#39;assemblage en aval de l&#39;UTR en 3 &#39;et utilisées comme matrices dans une réaction in vitro T7 ARN polymérase dans des. Utiliser des techniques de biologie moléculaire standards 34. Utilisez V-VI ovocytes stade de X. laevis. L&#39;élevage, ovariecto partiellemon enveloppe enlèvement defolliculation, et vitelline suivre les procédures standard 32,33,35. Injecter 2-40 ng de solution ARNc par ovocyte à l&#39;aide d&#39;un micro-injecteur automatique Drummond Nanoinject II. Injecter ~ 30 ovocytes pour chaque série d&#39;expériences. Après l&#39;injection de l&#39;ARNc-TRPV4, incuber les ovocytes dans le milieu ND96 avec de la gentamicine (100 pg / ml) et 1 uM de rouge de ruthénium 14. 2. Deux Voltage Clamp Electrode <ol><li> Tirez borosilicate pipettes d&#39;enregistrement de verre de précision jetables micropipettes 100 pi individuellement avec un extracteur de pipette. </li><li> Tirez la fois la tension de mesure et des électrodes de pipette d&#39;injection de courant sont tiré d&#39;avoir une ouverture d&#39;environ 1 um de diamètre à la pointe. </li><li> électrodes de remblayage avec 2 M KCl entraîne 0,1-0,2 résistance mQ. Monter sur headstages HS2A, qui avec une pince de bain virtuel-terre VG-2Ax100, sont connectés à une interface amplificateur GeneClamp 500 par un numériseur Digidata 1440. Acquérir<html> données à l&#39;aide du logiciel pClamp10. </li><li> Placez l&#39;ovocyte à tester dans un bain de 1 ml dans une chambre de plastique fabriqué monté sur la scène d&#39;un microscope binoculaire avec un grossissement de 20x. La solution de bain est à la masse virtuelle par un pont d&#39;agar 3 M de KCl et d&#39;un fil d&#39;argent chlorée placé à proximité de l&#39;ovocyte et relié à un étage de masse virtuel VG-2A. </li><li> Construire la chambre pour la perfusion continue avec tuyaux en plastique comme entrée de solution et de sortie. Raccorder la tubulure d&#39;entrée est relié à un système de perfusion fabriquée, qui est un multiple de six coquilles 50 ml de seringues, chacune remplie avec une solution différente. taux d&#39;une solution particulière d&#39;alimentation par gravité est contrôlée à ~ 2-3 ml / min à l&#39;aide &quot;Keck&quot; pinces de rampe sur les tuyaux. </li><li> Montez les deux électrodes avec leurs headstages sur micromanipulateurs. Effectuez des pénétrations d&#39;électrodes de l&#39;ovocyte par micromanipulation. </li></ol> 3. Patch Clamp examen de Direct mécanosensibilité »&gt; Les méthodes de base de patch clamp y compris la préparation de la pipette, formation GQ-joint, et la formation de cellules ou sur les modes excisées sont ceux Hamill et al. 36 et 32 Conn. <ol><li> Remplir des pipettes en verre de borosilicate ayant un diamètre d&#39;environ 1 um d&#39;ouverture à l&#39;extrémité (numéro de bulle 5-6) avec 98 mM de KCl, 1 mM de MgCl2 et 10 mM de K +-HEPES, pH 7,2. </li><li> Attacher la pipette de patch-clamp à travers un tube en plastique à une seringue de 5 ml et à travers un raccord en T, également à un manomètre. Utilisez un ordinateur pour gérer à la fois l&#39;électrode et les sorties de manomètre. Acquérir des données à 10 kHz, et ensuite à la lecture à travers un filtre huit pôles Bessel à 1 kHz pour analyse. </li><li> Différents patchs peuvent être excisées du même ovocyte à plusieurs reprises. Cette pratique fait l&#39;examen de l&#39;activité moléculaire de TRPV4 plus efficace et fiable. </li></ol>

<ol>
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U.S.A. 101, 396-401 (2004).</li><li>Vincent, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+novel+TRPV4+modulators.">Identification and characterization of novel TRPV4 modulators.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 389, 490-494 (2009).</li><li>Willette, R. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+activation+of+the+transient+receptor+potential+vanilloid+subtype+4+channel+causes+endothelial+failure+and+circulatory+collapse:+Part+2.">Systemic activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 channel causes endothelial failure and circulatory collapse: Part 2.</a> J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 326, 443-452 (2008).</li><li>Thorneloe, K. 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Les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

Comme indiqué dans l&#39;introduction, les méthodes couramment utilisées pour étudier les fonctions de TRPV4 parfois donné lieu à des incohérences et des controverses. Les deux ensembles de méthodes décrites ici offrent des avantages et peuvent compléter les méthodes existantes. Bien que nous décrivons seulement les études sur TRPV4, les méthodes peuvent être étendues à étudier d&#39;autres canaux ioniques ainsi. Une. Méthodes de levure luminométrie <p class="jove_conte...

PST (potentiels de récepteurs transitoires) comprennent sept sous-familles de canaux cationiques qui remplissent des fonctions sensorielles 1,2. Chez les mammifères, TRPV, la sous-famille vanilloid de PST, a six variétés. TRPV4 (type 4) 3,4 réagit à la chaleur, certains produits chimiques, gonflement osmotique, ou contrainte de cisaillement. Le gène a été maintes fois TRPV4 isolé par candidat-gène et / ou de clonage d&#39;expression 8.5. Cette dernière méthode suivie de la réponse du gène produit hypo-osmolarité. TRPV4 est exprimée dans presque tous les organes et les fonctions dans le développement, la physiologie, la pathologie ou de nombreux types de cellules disparates 3,4. Frappant sont les&gt; 50 autosomiques dominantes humaine mutations TRPV4, entraînant des neuropathies périphériques et / ou les dysplasies squelettiques (anomalies dans le développement du squelette) 9-11. Vont les dysplasies squelettiques de légère type brachyomia 3 (type 3 nanisme), la dysplasie spondylométaphysaire Type Kozlowski, de Sèvere dysplasies, certains causant la mort néonatale ou embryonnaire. Bien que toutes les manières de mécanismes semblent possibles, aucun explique la diversité, la complexité, la variabilité, et parfois des chevauchements de ces maladies 4. Comme les autres canaux TRP 1, TRPV4 est un tétramère. Chez le rat ou TRPV4 humaine, chaque sous-unité est composée de 871 résidus. Son élément central est le six hélices transmembranaires (S1 à S6), qui sont probablement disposés d&#39;une manière similaire à des canaux K + voltage-dépendants. Là, S1 à S4 forment un domaine périphérique et S5 et S6 forment le domaine perméation de pores. Entre S5 et S6 de TRPV4 est une hélice de pores court suivi par la séquence de LDLFKLTIGMGDL, quatre d&#39;entre elles convergent vraisemblablement pour former le filtre de cations. Le segment cytoplasmique N-terminal de 470 résidus contient 6 répétitions ankyrine, connus pour se lier des protéines ou des petits ligands. Le segment cytoplasmique de 152 résidus C-terminale comprend une séquence liant la calmoduline parmi d&#39;autres sites possibles qui se lient otses éléments 3. TRPV4 est un canal cationique qui exclut essentiellement des anions 1. Bien que sa fonction physiologique est de transduire des stimuli d&#39;influx de Ca2 +, il est également perméable à d&#39;autres cations avec une séquence de perméabilité Eisenman IV, favorisant divalent à un P Ca: P Na ~ 7 12. Monocanal conductance rectifie à ~ 90 pS vers l&#39;extérieur et vers l&#39;intérieur ~ 40 pS 6,13,14. Hétérologue exprimé actuel (ci-dessous) peut être activé par une hypo-osmotique gonflement, contrainte de cisaillement, ou la chaleur 15. Il est également activé par les acides gras poly-insaturés 16,17 et l&#39;ester synthétique phorbal 4αPDD 18. À l&#39;heure actuelle, l&#39;agoniste le plus puissant est GSK1016790A 19 et antagoniste est GSK2193874, efficace dans 10 -9 à 10 -8 M 20, à la fois découvert par haut débit écran, petit-moléculaire. Deux domaines clés de la recherche TRPV4 restent confus: (1) Même si TRPV4 est largement étudié pour son mécanosensibilité, sa base moléculaire est controversée. Un modèle décrit hypo-osmolarité active en quelque sorte la phospholipase A2 (PLA2) pour produire l&#39;acide gras polyinsaturé (AGPI) de l&#39;acide arachidonique (AA), qui est converti en époxyeicosatriénoïques acide (EET) par une époxygénase, et la liaison des EET active TRPV4 16, 17. Pourtant, TRPV4 s&#39;est montré à répondre directement à l&#39;étirement de la membrane 14 (ci-dessous), en fournissant une explication plus simple. (2) Les pathologies mutantes TRPV4 sont déconcertantes. À la base, il faut savoir si les maladies sont dues à la perte, la réduction ou l&#39;augmentation des activités de canal. Même ici, la littérature est loin d&#39;être claire. Alors que plusieurs allèles squelettique dysplasie ont été signalés à avoir des activités plus élevés, (gain de fonction, GOF) 4,21, plusieurs auraient réduit leurs activités (perte de fonction, LOF) 10,22. Une étude systématique de 14 allèles les a trouvéstoutes les mutations être GOF (ci-dessous) 23. L&#39;affirmation selon laquelle certains sont LOF semble contredire le phénotype de TRPV4-/ - souris knock-out, qui sont viables ou fertiles, avec seulement des défauts mineurs, en dépit d&#39;une perte complète de la fonction TRPV4. Une partie de ces controverses est d&#39;origine méthodologique. Les laboratoires utilisent des méthodes différentes, ou des variantes d&#39;une méthode, et utilisent différentes normes de jugement. Le plus souvent, TRPV4 est exprimé transitoirement dans des cellules de mammifères en culture (HEK, CHO, HeLa) et la montée de l&#39;intérieur [Ca 2 +] sur agoniste ou stimulation hypotonique est enregistré auprès de la Ca 2 + colorant fluorescent sensible, Fura-2. Le recours excessif à ce dosage fluorimétrique a été critiquée 1. Le niveau d&#39;expression dans les différentes populations, la distribution dans celui-ci, ainsi que la concentration de colorant efficace, doivent être contrôlés et documentés. Plus fiable est les examens électrophysiologiques directs. Même, comme commonly pratique, n&#39;est pas non plus sans problèmes. Etant donné que les niveaux d&#39;expression dans les cellules cultivées individuels sont difficiles à contrôler, les courants de cellules entières ont de grandes variations. En outre, parce que les courants sont faibles, des statistiques fiables devront s&#39;appuyer sur de grands échantillons, souvent pas pratiques. Examens de patch-clamp ont rarement été effectuées. Certains de ces enregistrements montrent des grappes de salves d&#39;activité qui font l&#39;évaluation statistique difficile 16,17. Pour mieux comprendre la mécanosensibilité moléculaire, nous avons développé deux systèmes supplémentaires pour examiner TRPV4. (1) Pour isoler TRPV4 loin de ses partenaires habituels de mammifères, nous avons exprimé TRPV4 rat dans la levure bourgeonnante 24. L&#39;expression fonctionnelle de TRPV4 dans ce contexte évolutif lointain a montré qu&#39;il pouvait encore répondre à la force osmotique sans ses partenaires habituels. Parce que la levure ne fait aucune AGPI tels que AA ou EET, et son génome a pas de gènes de PLA2 ou époxygénase, ce EXPREssion montre aussi qu&#39;ils ne sont pas tenus pour TRPV4 pour détecter la force. Avoir TRPV4 chez les eucaryotes biologiquement mieux gérées moléculaire permet également manipulations efficace avant ou inversée génétiques 25. (2) Pour les analyses biophysiques en profondeur de TRPV4, nous avons exprimé TRPV4 dans des ovocytes de Xenopus. Contrairement aux cellules en culture, qui donnent des sous-nA nA à (10 -10 et 10 -9 A) courants, un ovocyte exprime courants dans de pA (10 -6 à 10 -4 A). Beaucoup plus grand signal sur bruit permet une meilleure quantification et la comparaison plus confiant. TRPV4, ainsi exprimée, peut également être consultée en tant que molécules individuelles à l&#39;aide d&#39;un patch-clamp. Un seul ovocyte permet correctif échantillonnage répété, encore une fois faire une quantification plus fiable. Ces études ont montré que TRPV4 canal lui-même peut être directement activée par la force d&#39;étirement de la membrane 14. Les analyses ont aussi montré que 14 représentatifs allèles squelettique dysplasie sont toutes les mutations gain de fonction. En outre, le degree de ce Ca 2 + fuite constitutive est parallèle à la gravité des maladies du squelette 23. En raison de leur nouveauté et de l&#39;utilité, les procédures détaillées de ces deux méthodes sont réunis ici pour permettre à répétitions dans les recherches futures sur TRPV4 ou des canaux similaires.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="595">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vapor Pressure Osmometer</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Wescor</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Wescor 5500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Logan, UT, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sirius Single Tube Luminometer </td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Titertek-Berhold</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sirius </td>
			<td>Huntsville, LA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microplate luminometer</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Titertek-Berthold </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Mithras LB940</td>
			<td>Huntsville, LA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Luminometry software</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Titertek-Berthold</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MikroWin2000</td>
			<td>Huntsville, LA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:216px;">Patch clamp and software</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Axon Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HS2A headstage, VG-2Ax100 virtual grounded bath clamp, GeneClamp 500 amplifier, digidata 1440 digitizer, pClamp10 software </td>
			<td>Union City, CA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">manometer</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Bio-Tec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Winooski, VT, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Pipet puller</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Sutter Instrument Co</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model P-97</td>
			<td>Novata, CA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microinjector</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Drummond Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nanoinject II</td>
			<td>Broomall, PA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Material:</td>
			<td style="width:93px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">luciferin coelenterazine</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Carlsbad, CA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">T7 RNA polymerase reaction</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">mMessage mMachine</td>
			<td>Austin, TX, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ruthenium red </td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">micropipets </td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Drummond</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100 microliter micropipets</td>
			<td>Broomall, PA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">high-fidelity PfuUtra polymerase </td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Stratagene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>La Jolla, CA, USA</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

yeast luminometric and xenopus oocyte electrophysiological examinations of the molecular mechanosensitivity of trpv4

TRPV4 (Transient Receptor potentiels, famille vanilloid, type 4) est largement exprimée dans les tissus des vertébrés et est activée par plusieurs stimuli, y compris par des forces mécaniques. Certaines mutations de TRPV4 provoquent os héréditaire complexe ou pathologies neuronales chez l&#39;homme. De type sauvage ou mutant TRPV4 transgènes sont souvent exprimés dans des cellules de mammifères en culture et examinés par Fura-2 fluoro et par des électrodes. En termes de mécanisme de mécanosensibilité et les bases moléculaires des maladies, la littérature actuelle est confuse et controversée. Pour compléter les méthodes existantes, nous décrivons deux méthodes supplémentaires pour examiner les propriétés moléculaires de TRPV4. (1) Rat TRPV4 et un transgène de l&#39;aequorine sont transformées en levure bourgeonnante. Un choc de la population de transformants hypo-osmtic donne un signal de luminométrique due à la combinaison de l&#39;aequorine avec Ca 2 +, libéré par l&#39;intermédiaire du canal de TRPV4. Ici TRPV4 est isolé de ses protéines partenaires de mammifères habituelleset révèle sa propre mécanosensibilité. (2) l&#39;ARNc du TRPV4 est injecté dans des ovocytes de Xenopus. Après une période d&#39;incubation appropriée, le courant de TRPV4 macroscopique est examiné avec un voltage imposé à deux électrodes. La montée du courant lors de l&#39;enlèvement de osmoticum inerte du bain d&#39;ovocyte est indicative de mécanosensibilité. Les micro-ampère (10 -6 à 10 -4 A) courants de ovocytes sont beaucoup plus grandes que les subnano à nanoampère (10 -10 à 10 -9 A) courants de cellules en culture, ce qui donne quantifications plus claires et des évaluations plus confiants. Courants microscopiques reflétant les activités de protéines de canaux individuels peuvent aussi être directement enregistrés sous un patch-clamp, dans la cellule ou le mode excisée. Le même ovocyte fournit de multiples échantillons de brassage, permettant la réplication de meilleures données. Aspirateurs appliqués aux correctifs peuvent activer TRPV4 à évaluer directement mécanosensibilité. Ces méthodes devraient également être utiles dans l&#39;étude d&#39;autres types de canaux TRP.

Dans une expérience typique de la luminométrie, une gamme de 400-1,200 mOsm chocs hypotoniques vers le bas est réalisée en ajoutant 200 ul de solutions de choc de faible osmolarité différente de 20 ul de la culture à 1400 mOsM. L&#39;activité de TRPV4 est évident lorsque la RLU du expérimental est comparée à celle de deux témoins négatifs: les cellules de levure transformées avec le vide p416GPDV4 plasmide ou un qui contient le gène de la TRPV4 avec une mutation au niveau du filtre ioni...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Yeast Luminometric and Xenopus Oocyte Electrophysiological Examinations of the Molecular Mechanosensitivity of TRPV4 at JoVE.com

Yeast Luminometric and Xenopus Oocyte Electrophysiological Examinations of the Molecular Mechanosensitivity of TRPV4

Pour compléter les méthodes couramment utilisées pour étudier TRPV4 de, deux méthodes sont décrites: Son mécanosensibilité peut être étudiée par le Ca 2 + luminométrie-aequorine dans la levure transgénique lors de l&#39;épreuve de l&#39;hypo-osmotique. Il peut également être consultée en TRPV4-ARN injecté des ovocytes de Xenopus par cellule entière à deux électrodes de verrouillage de tension ou de patch clamp dans la cellule ou le mode excisé.

Levure et luminométrique<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; ovocytes électrophysiologiques examens de la mécanosensibilité moléculaire de TRPV4

TRPV4 (Transient Receptor Potentials, vanilloid family, type 4) is widely expressed in vertebrate tissues and is activated by several stimuli, including ...

yeast-luminometric-xenopus-oocyte-electrophysiological-examinations

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Yeast Luminometric and Xenopus Oocyte Electrophysiological Examinations of the Molecular Mechanosensitivity of TRPV4

10.0K vues.  University of Wisconsin – Madison.  Pour compléter les méthodes couramment utilisées pour étudier TRPV4 de, deux méthodes sont décrites: Son mécanosensibilité peut être étudiée par le Ca 2 + luminométrie-aequorine dans la levure transgénique lors de l'épreuve de l'hypo-osmotique. Il peut également être consultée en TRPV4-ARN injecté des ovocytes de Xenopus par cellule entière à deux électrodes de verrouillage de tension ou de patch clamp dans la cellule ou l...

Vidéo: Yeast Luminometric and Xenopus Oocyte Electrophysiological Examinations of the Molecular Mechanosensitivity of TRPV4

A Rapid Technique for the Visualization of Live Immobilized Yeast Cells

We present here a simple, rapid, and extremely flexible technique for the immobilization and visualization of growing yeast cells by epifluorescence microscopy. The technique is equally suited for visualization of static yeast populations, or time courses experiments up to ten hours in length. My microscopy investigates epigenetic inheritance at the silent mating loci in S. cerevisiae. There are two silent mating loci, HML and HMR, which are normally not expressed as they are packaged in heterochromatin. In the sir1 mutant background silencing is weakened such that each locus can either be in the expressed or silenced epigenetic state, so in the population as a whole there is a mix of cells of different epigenetic states for both HML and HMR. My microscopy demonstrated that there is no relationship between the epigenetic state of HML and HMR in an individual cell. sir1 cells stochastically switch epigenetic states, establishing silencing at a previously expressed locus or expressing a previously silenced locus. My time course microscopy tracked individual sir1 cells and their offspring to score the frequency of each of the four possible epigenetic switches, and thus the stability of each of the epigenetic states in sir1 cells. See also  Xu et al., Mol. Cell 2006.

A rapid technique for the visualization of growing immobilized yeast cells, here applied to fluorescent reporters at the silent mating loci HML and HMR

Une technique rapide pour la visualisation de Live cellules de levure immobilisées

We present here a simple, rapid, and extremely flexible technique for the immobilization and visualization of growing yeast cells by epifluorescence ...

Recherche

Biologie

Patch Clamp Recording of Ion Channels Expressed in  Xenopus Oocytes

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological measurement of single or multiple ion channels in cells. This technique can be applied to ion channels in both their native environment and expressed in heterologous cells, such as oocytes harvested from the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Here, we describe the well-established technique of patch clamp recording from Xenopus oocytes. This technique is used to measure the properties of expressed ion channels either in populations (macropatch) or individually (single-channel recording). We focus on techniques to maximize the quality of oocyte preparation and seal generation. With all factors optimized, this technique gives a probability of successful seal generation over 90 percent. The process may be optimized differently by every researcher based on the factors he or she finds most important, and we present the approach that have lead to the greatest success in our hands.

This is intended as an introduction to patch clamp recording from Xenopus laevis oocytes. It covers vitelline membrane removal, formation of a gigaohm seal (gigaseal), and the optional conversion of the patch to the outside-out topology.

Enregistrement Patch Clamp des canaux ioniques exprimés dans les oocytes de Xenopus

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological ...

Visualizing RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes

RNA localization is a conserved mechanism of establishing cell polarity. Vg1 mRNA localizes to the vegetal pole of Xenopus laevis oocytes and acts to spatially restrict gene expression of Vg1 protein. Tight control of Vg1 distribution in this manner is required for proper germ layer specification in the developing embryo. RNA sequence elements in the 3' UTR of the mRNA, the Vg1 localization element (VLE) are required and sufficient to direct transport. To study the recognition and transport of Vg1 mRNA in vivo, we have developed an imaging technique that allows extensive analysis of trans-factor directed transport mechanisms via a simple visual readout. 
To visualize RNA localization, we synthesize fluorescently labeled VLE RNA and microinject this transcript into individual oocytes. After oocyte culture to allow transport of the injected RNA, oocytes are fixed and dehydrated prior to imaging by confocal microscopy. Visualization of mRNA localization patterns provides a readout for monitoring the complete pathway of RNA transport and for identifying roles in directing RNA transport for cis-acting elements within the transcript and trans-acting factors that bind to the VLE (Lewis et al., 2008, Messitt et al., 2008). We have extended this technique through co-localization with additional RNAs and proteins (Gagnon and Mowry, 2009, Messitt et al., 2008), and in combination with disruption of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton (Messitt et al., 2008) to probe mechanisms underlying mRNA localization.

Visualizing RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes

Visualization of in vivo RNA transport is accomplished by microinjection of fluorescently labeled RNA transcripts into Xenopus oocytes, followed by confocal microscopy.

Visualisation de localisation de l&#39;ARN Xenopus Les ovocytes

RNA localization is a conserved mechanism of establishing cell polarity.  Vg1 mRNA localizes to the vegetal pole of Xenopus laevis oocytes and acts to ...

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a quality control mechanism that can target and selectively degrade cellular material including organelles1-4. For example, damaged or redundant mitochondria (Fig. 1), not disposed of by autophagy, can represent a threat to cellular homeostasis and cell survival. In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nutrient deprivation (e.g., nitrogen starvation) or damage can promote selective turnover of mitochondria by autophagy in a process termed mitophagy 5-9.
We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy approach to assess autophagy. For clarity we restrict our description here to show how the approach can be used to monitor mitophagy in yeast cells. The assay makes use of a fluorescent reporter, Rosella, which is a dual-emission biosensor comprising a relatively pH-stable red fluorescent protein linked to a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein. The operation of this reporter relies on differences in pH between the vacuole (pH ~ 5.0-5.5) and mitochondria (pH ~ 8.2) in living cells. Under growing conditions, wild type cells exhibit both red and green fluorescence distributed in a manner characteristic of the mitochondria. Fluorescence emission is not associated with the vacuole. When subjected to nitrogen starvation, a condition which induces mitophagy, in addition to red and green fluorescence labeling the mitochondria, cells exhibit the accumulation of red, but not green fluorescence, in the acidic vacuolar lumen representing the delivery of mitochondria to the vacuole. Scoring cells with red, but not green fluorescent vacuoles can be used as a measure of mitophagic activity in cells5,10-12.

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A robust approach to monitor the delivery of organelles to the acidic lumen of the yeast vacuole for degradation and recycling is described. The method relies on the specific labeling of target organelles with a genetically encoded dual-emission fluorescence pH-biosensor, and visualization of individual cells using fluorescence microscopy.

Un test microscopie de fluorescence pour Mitophagy surveillance dans la levure<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a ...

Mouse Oocyte Microinjection, Maturation and Ploidy Assessment

Mistakes in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploid cells. In somatic cells, aneuploidy is associated with cancer but in gametes, aneuploidy leads to infertility, miscarriages or developmental disorders like Down syndrome. Haploid gametes form through species-specific developmental programs that are coupled to meiosis. The first meiotic division (MI) is unique to meiosis because sister chromatids remain attached while homologous chromosomes are segregated. For reasons not fully understood, this reductional division is prone to errors and is more commonly the source of aneuploidy than errors in meiosis II (MII) or than errors in male meiosis 1,2. 
In mammals, oocytes arrest at prophase of MI with a large, intact germinal vesicle (GV; nucleus) and only resume meiosis when they receive ovulatory cues. Once meiosis resumes, oocytes complete MI and undergo an asymmetric cell division, arresting again at metaphase of MII. Eggs will not complete MII until they are fertilized by sperm. Oocytes also can undergo meiotic maturation using established in vitro culture conditions 3. Because generation of transgenic and gene-targeted mouse mutants is costly and can take long periods of time, manipulation of female gametes in vitro is a more economical and time-saving strategy. 
Here, we describe methods to isolate prophase-arrested oocytes from mice and for microinjection. Any material of choice may be introduced into the oocyte, but because meiotically-competent oocytes are transcriptionally silent 4,5 cRNA, and not DNA, must be injected for ectopic expression studies. To assess ploidy, we describe our conditions for in vitro maturation of oocytes to MII eggs. Historically, chromosome-spreading techniques are used for counting chromosome number 6. This method is technically challenging and is limited to only identifying hyperploidies. Here, we describe a method to determine hypo-and hyperploidies using intact eggs 7-8. This method uses monastrol, a kinesin-5 inhibitor, that collapses the bipolar spindle into a monopolar spindle 9 thus separating chromosomes such that individual kinetochores can readily be detected and counted by using an anti-CREST autoimmune serum. Because this method is performed in intact eggs, chromosomes are not lost due to operator error.

Oocytes are prone to aneuploidy due to errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic maturation. Aneuploid eggs can cause infertility, miscarriages or developmental disorders like Down syndrome. Here, we describe methods to introduce materials of choice into oocytes and methods to study meiotic maturation and assess ploidy.

Évaluation microinjection des ovocytes de souris, la maturation et de ploïdie

Mistakes in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploid cells.  In somatic cells, aneuploidy is associated with cancer but in gametes, aneuploidy leads to ...

Competitive Genomic Screens of Barcoded Yeast Libraries

By virtue of advances in next generation sequencing technologies, we have access to new genome sequences almost daily. The tempo of these advances is accelerating, promising greater depth and breadth. In light of these extraordinary advances, the need for fast, parallel methods to define gene function becomes ever more important. Collections of genome-wide deletion mutants in yeasts and E. coli have served as workhorses for functional characterization of gene function, but this approach is not scalable, current gene-deletion approaches require each of the thousands of genes that comprise a genome to be deleted and verified. Only after this work is complete can we pursue high-throughput phenotyping. Over the past decade, our laboratory has refined a portfolio of competitive, miniaturized, high-throughput genome-wide assays that can be performed in parallel. This parallelization is possible because of the inclusion of DNA 'tags', or 'barcodes,' into each mutant, with the barcode serving as a proxy for the mutation and one can measure the barcode abundance to assess mutant fitness. In this study, we seek to fill the gap between DNA sequence and barcoded mutant collections. To accomplish this we introduce a combined transposon disruption-barcoding approach that opens up parallel barcode assays to newly sequenced, but poorly characterized microbes. To illustrate this approach we present a new Candida albicans barcoded disruption collection and describe how both microarray-based and next generation sequencing-based platforms can be used to collect 10,000 - 1,000,000 gene-gene and drug-gene interactions in a single experiment.

We have developed comprehensive, unbiased genome-wide screens to understand gene-drug and gene-environment interactions. Methods for screening these mutant collections are presented.

Écrans concurrentiel des bibliothèques génomiques de levure Barcoded

By virtue of advances in next generation sequencing technologies, we have access to new genome sequences almost daily.  The tempo of these advances is ...

Chromatographic Purification of Highly Active Yeast Ribosomes

Eukaryotic ribosomes are much more labile as compared to their eubacterial and archael counterparts, thus posing a significant challenge to researchers. Particularly troublesome is the fact that lysis of cells releases a large number of proteases and nucleases which can degrade ribosomes. Thus, it is important to separate ribosomes from these enzymes as quickly as possible. Unfortunately, conventional differential ultracentrifugation methods leaves ribosomes exposed to these enzymes for unacceptably long periods of time, impacting their structural integrity and functionality. To address this problem, we utilize a chromatographic method using a cysteine charged Sulfolink resin. This simple and rapid application significantly reduces co-purifying proteolytic and nucleolytic activities, producing high yields of intact, highly biochemically active yeast ribosomes. We suggest that this method should also be applicable to mammalian ribosomes. The simplicity of the method, and the enhanced purity and activity of chromatographically purified ribosome represents a significant technical advancement for the study of eukaryotic ribosomes.

Contamination of preparations of eukaryotic ribosomes purified by traditional methods by co-purifying nucleases and proteases negatively impacts on downstream biochemical and structural analyses. A rapid and simple chromatographic purification method is used to solve this problem using yeast ribosomes as a model system.

Purification chromatographique des ribosomes de levure hautement active

Eukaryotic ribosomes are much more labile as compared to their eubacterial and archael counterparts, thus posing a significant challenge to researchers.  ...

The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions

Phenotypes for a gene deletion are often revealed only when the mutation is tested in a particular genetic background or environmental condition1,2. There are examples where many genes need to be deleted to unmask hidden gene functions3,4. Despite the potential for important discoveries, genetic interactions involving three or more genes are largely unexplored. Exhaustive searches of multi-mutant interactions would be impractical due to the sheer number of possible combinations of deletions. However, studies of selected sets of genes, such as sets of paralogs with a greater a priori chance of sharing a common function, would be informative.
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gene knockout is accomplished by replacing a gene with a selectable marker via homologous recombination. Because the number of markers is limited, methods have been developed for removing and reusing the same marker5,6,7,8,9,10. However, sequentially engineering multiple mutations using these methods is time-consuming because the time required scales linearly with the number of deletions to be generated.
Here we describe the Green Monster method for routinely engineering multiple deletions in yeast11. In this method, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter integrated into deletions is used to quantitatively label strains according to the number of deletions contained in each strain (Figure 1). Repeated rounds of assortment of GFP-marked deletions via yeast mating and meiosis coupled with flow-cytometric enrichment of strains carrying more of these deletions lead to the accumulation of deletions in strains (Figure 2). Performing multiple processes in parallel, with each process incorporating one or more deletions per round, reduces the time required for strain construction.
The first step is to prepare haploid single-mutants termed 'ProMonsters,' each of which carries a GFP reporter in a deleted locus and one of the 'toolkit' loci&#x2014;either Green Monster GMToolkit-a or GMToolkit-&alpha; at the can1&Delta; locus (Figure 3). Using strains from the yeast deletion collection12, GFP-marked deletions can be conveniently generated by replacing the common KanMX4 cassette existing in these strains with a universal GFP-URA3 fragment. Each GMToolkit contains: either the a- or &alpha;-mating-type-specific haploid selection marker1 and exactly one of the two markers that, when both GMToolkits are present, collectively allow for selection of diploids.
The second step is to carry out the sexual cycling through which deletion loci can be combined within a single cell by the random assortment and/or meiotic recombination that accompanies each cycle of mating and sporulation.

The Green Monster method enables the rapid assembly of multiple deletions marked with a reporter gene encoding green fluorescent protein. This method is based on driving yeast strains through repeated cycles of sexual assortment of deletions and fluorescence-based enrichment of cells carrying more deletions.

Le processus de monstre vert pour la génération de souches de levure portant la délétion de gènes multiples

Phenotypes  for a gene deletion are often revealed only when the mutation is tested in a  particular genetic background or environmental condition1,2. ...

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion channels in oocytes. Recordings from the cut-open setup are particularly useful for resolving low magnitude gating currents, rapid ionic current activation, and deactivation. The main benefits over the two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique include increased clamp speed, improved signal-to-noise ratio, and the ability to modulate the intracellular and extracellular milieu.
Here, we employ the human cardiac sodium channel (hNaV1.5), expressed in Xenopus oocytes, to demonstrate the cut-open setup and protocol as well as modifications that are required to add voltage clamp fluorometry capability.
The properties of fast activating ion channels, such as hNaV1.5, cannot be fully resolved near room temperature using TEVC, in which the entirety of the oocyte membrane is clamped, making voltage control difficult. However, in the cut-open technique, isolation of only a small portion of the cell membrane allows for the rapid clamping required to accurately record fast kinetics while preventing channel run-down associated with patch clamp techniques.
In conjunction with the COVG technique, ion channel kinetics and electrophysiological properties can be further assayed by using voltage clamp fluorometry, where protein motion is tracked via cysteine conjugation of extracellularly applied fluorophores, insertion of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, or the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into the region of interest1. This additional data yields kinetic information about voltage-dependent conformational rearrangements of the protein via changes in the microenvironment surrounding the fluorescent molecule.

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open Vaseline gap approach is used to obtain low noise recordings of ionic and gating currents from voltage-dependent ion channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes with high resolution of fast channel kinetics. With minor modification, voltage clamp fluorometry can be coupled to the cut-open oocyte protocol.

La<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Ovocytes Cut-ouvert vaseline Gap voltage-clamp Technique Avec Fluorimétrie

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion ...

Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

The small size of nuclei of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae limits the utility of light microscopy for analysis of the subnuclear distribution of chromatin-bound proteins. Surface spreading of yeast nuclei results in expansion of chromatin without loss of bound proteins. A method for surface spreading balances fixation of DNA bound proteins with detergent treatment. The method demonstrated is slightly modified from that described by Josef Loidl and Franz Klein1,2. The method has been used to characterize the localization of many chromatin-bound proteins at various stages of the mitotic cell cycle, but is especially useful for the study of meiotic chromosome structures such as meiotic recombinosomes and the synaptonemal complex. We also describe a modification that does not require use of Lipsol, a proprietary detergent, which was called for in the original procedure, but no longer commercially available. An immunostaining protocol that is compatible with the chromosome spreading method is also described.

A method for surface-spreading chromosomes from budding yeast is presented. This method is derived from a method previously described by Loidl and Klein. In addition, we demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining of spread chromosomes.

Répandre surface et Immunocoloration des chromosomes de levure

The small size of nuclei of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae limits the utility of light microscopy for analysis of the subnuclear distribution ...