Ce travail a été soutenu par une subvention de la Fondation Simons (SFARI n 89638 RB).

Le protocole suivant est conforme aux lignes directrices de la commission d&#39;examen institutionnel de l&#39;Université de Washington. 1. Évaluation électrophysiologique <ol><li> Préparation de la session <ol><li> Préparation de la salle: lieu manipulandum (voir la figure 1), un bloc de bois avec un capteur fixé, qui envoie un marqueur horodaté au logiciel d&#39;acquisition quand il est saisi, sur la table dans saisissant portée du participant. Activer le logiciel d&#39;acquisition EEG et commencer &quot;nouvelle session&quot; (figure S1). </li><li> Préparation net: solution chaude de l&#39;eau distillée (1 L), le chlorure de potassium (1 cuillère à soupe), et du shampoing pour bébé (1 cuillère à café) à 104 ° C. Faire tremper 128 électrode dense réseau système EEG dans la solution saline chauffée. </li><li> préparation des participants: veiller à ce que le participant est assis confortablement environ 75 cm de l&#39;écran de présentation du stimulus et entièrement en vue de la caméra vidéoère. Trouver et marquer le sommet sur la tête du participant avec un marqueur de la peau. Mesurer le vertex en trouvant l&#39;intersection du point médian entre le nasion et l&#39;inion et le point médian entre preauriculars. </li><li> Net: Placez le bouchon EEG sur la tête du participant de telle sorte que l&#39;électrode de sommet est placé directement au-dessus de la marque de sommet. Vérifiez impédances et veiller à ce que les impédances sont en dessous du seuil approprié pour le système EEG utilisé (figure S2). </li><li> Démarrer une session vidéo taping. </li></ol></li><li> Configuration de l&#39;enregistrement: signal de référence à l&#39;électrode de sommet. filtre analogique entre 0,1 et 100 Hz, le signal amplifier, de numériser et de 500 échantillons / s. </li><li> présentation de stimulation: présente participant avec 3 conditions: observer, exécuter et de repos, adapté du paradigme développé par Muthukumaraswamy et ses collègues 5. <ol><li> Respecter condition: Demandez participant à s&#39;asseoir tranquillement et regarderune vidéo d&#39;une personne saisissant le manipulandum. Chaque essai doit durer 6 sec. Durée de la vidéo pré-enregistré pour les essais d&#39;observer avec précision pour garantir que la portée observé se produit exactement à 3 sec. Surveillance de l&#39;attention visuelle des participants au cours de la tâche, et marquer des essais au cours de laquelle ils ne participent pas à l&#39;écran pour être éliminée au cours de post-traitement. </li><li> Exécuter état: Demandez participant à s&#39;asseoir tranquillement avec repos de la main droite juste en dessous de la manipulandum et, après avoir entendu un signal auditif préenregistrée, d&#39;imiter la benne de manipulandum de la condition clip observer. Chaque essai doit durer 6 sec. Assurez-vous que le signal auditif est présenté exactement 3 secondes par préenregistrement une piste sonore qui maintient une constante chronométré exécuter repère et l&#39;intervalle entre les essais. Utiliser un capteur sur le manipulandum pour enregistrer avec précision le temps que la compréhension du participant se produit (figure S3). </li><li> État de repos: Demandez participant à s&#39;asseoir quieTLY les yeux ouverts et observer passivement une petite croix sur le moniteur de relance. Fiche EEG continu pendant l&#39;état de repos pendant 3 min. </li><li> Pour les deux observer et exécuter conditions, présents blocs aléatoires de dix essais, pour un total de quarante essais par condition. Assurez-vous que l&#39;image de la manipulandum reste à l&#39;écran tout au long des blocs observer et exécuter, y compris entre les essais. Administrer l&#39;état de repos à la fin des conditions observer et exécuter. </li></ol></li><li> Traitement des données <ol><li> Après la collecte de données, vérifiez impédances. Notez tout changement à des niveaux d&#39;impédance. Terminer l&#39;enregistrement du logiciel d&#39;acquisition. </li><li> Post-traitement: le signal Rereference EEG à la moyenne. Segment données EEG continu dans quarante essais 6 sec pour chaque condition (figure S4). </li><li> Effectuer la détection d&#39;artefact automatisé. Utiliser des algorithmes automatisés pour inspecter segments pour des artefacts de mouvement en identifiant amplitudes moyennes rapides exceeding 200 mV, différentiel amplitudes moyennes supérieures à 100 mV, et la variance zéro dans un essai donné (Figure S5). </li><li> Effectuer la détection manuelle d&#39;artefact par inspection visuelle des données et de confirmer un avis vidéo de la session à supprimer tous les essais dans l&#39;état d&#39;observation contaminé par un artefact de mouvement et tous les essais dans l&#39;état d&#39;exécution contaminé par un artefact de mouvement sans rapport avec le geste de la main. Exclure essais avec artefact important de l&#39;analyse. Jeter les essais qui ont été signalées lors de l&#39;acquisition comme pas assisté. Examiner et noter taux de rejet d&#39;essai pour chaque groupe de diagnostic en cours d&#39;analyse. </li></ol></li><li> L&#39;analyse des données <ol><li> Par Muthukumaraswamy et al. Cinq, segments essais nettoyés dans deux époques sec consistant en une seconde de données avant de l&#39;emprise, et une seconde après que les deux états observer (tel que marqué par la cellule photo-électrique) et exécuter (comme indiqué par le capteur de manipulandum). Segment cpenché 2 époques sec de l&#39;état de repos. </li><li> Transformée de Fourier rapide (FFT) de chaque segment. Sélectionnez un groupe de huit électrodes sur chaque hémisphère entourant les positions C3 et C4 standard pour les analyses statistiques (ci-après Muthukumaraswamy et al. 5 et Bernier et al. 3) (figure 2). Pour chaque condition, la moyenne de la puissance dans les essais inclus pour calculer des spectres de puissance. </li><li> Calculer l&#39;atténuation mu par l&#39;examen de la puissance moyenne pendant l&#39;exécution soit d&#39;une observation ou d&#39;action du moteur, par rapport à la puissance moyenne pendant la condition de repos, à travers la gamme de 8 à 13 Hz. Utilisez le journal de ce rapport pour déterminer le degré d&#39;atténuation. Remarque: une valeur négative représente une atténuation lors de l&#39;exécution ou de l&#39;observation, tandis qu&#39;une valeur positive représente une augmentation. Cette méthode prend en compte la variabilité entre les individus, et la non-normalité des valeurs exprimées sous forme de rapport. &lt;br /&gt; Note: Ce protocole a été développé en utilisant un réseau dense système EEG 128-électrode avec la version du logiciel Net Station 4.1. Bien que les étapes de base sont similaires à travers les systèmes EEG, protocoles d&#39;acquisition et d&#39;analyse peuvent varier. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Caractérisation échantillon <ol><li> Identifiez population potentielle du patient pour la participation de paradigme à travers les registres de recherche, listes de participants précédents, ou des références de cliniques de la région et les cliniciens. </li><li> Écran participants potentiels pour la probabilité d&#39;atteindre les critères de diagnostic pour construction clinique (par exemple de troubles du spectre autistique) et d&#39;identifier les critères d&#39;exclusion, tels que la présence d&#39;un traumatisme crânien, tumeur, l&#39;histoire de la saisie, ou l&#39;utilisation de médicaments anti-convulsivant ou d&#39;un barbiturique qui peut fausser la signal électrophysiologique. </li><li> Confirmer le statut de diagnostic de la population des patients grâce à l&#39;utilisation d&#39;instruments de diagnostic standard d&#39;or (par exemple Autism Diagnostic Interview-ReVISED (ADI-R 11) et le diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic autisme (ADOS-G, 12) administrés par le clinicien expert à la suite du Manuel diagnostique et statistique - 5 e édition (DSM-5) critères 13. </li><li> Identifiez échantillon témoin apparié sur les variables pertinentes d&#39;intérêt, tels que l&#39;âge, le sexe, la capacité cognitive, etc </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kuhl, P. K., Coffey-Corina, S., Padden, D., Dawson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Links+between+social+and+linguistic+processing+of+speech+in+preschool+children+with+autism:+behavioral+and+electrophysiological.">Links between social and linguistic processing of speech in preschool children with autism: behavioral and electrophysiological.</a> 8, (2005).</li><li>McPartland, J., Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., Panagiotides, H., Carver, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-related+brain+potentials+reveal+anomalies+in+temporal+processing+of+faces+in+autism+spectrum+disorder.">Event-related brain potentials reveal anomalies in temporal processing of faces in autism spectrum disorder.</a> J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 45, 1235-1245 (2004).</li><li>Bernier, R., Dawson, G., Webb, S., Murias, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+mu+rhythm+and+imitation+impairments+in+individuals+with+autism+spectrum+disorder.">EEG mu rhythm and imitation impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.</a> Brain Cogn. 64, 228-237 .</li><li>Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., Fogassi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Premotor+cortex+and+the+recognition+of+motor+actions.">Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions.</a> Brain Res. Cogn. Brain. 3, 131-141 (1996).</li><li>Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Johnson, B. W., McNair, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mu+rhythm+modulation+during+observation+of+an+object-directed+grasp.">Mu rhythm modulation during observation of an object-directed grasp.</a> Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 19, 195-201 .</li><li>Pineda, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functional+significance+of+mu+rhythms:+translating+&amp;#34;seeing&amp;#34;+and+&amp;#34;hearing&amp;#34;+into+&amp;#34;doing&amp;#34.">The functional significance of mu rhythms: translating &amp;#34;seeing&amp;#34; and &amp;#34;hearing&amp;#34; into &amp;#34;doing&amp;#34.</a> Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 50, 57-68 (2005).</li><li>Vanderwert, R. E., Fox, N. A., Ferrari, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mirror+mechanism+and+mu+rhythm+in+social+development.">The mirror mechanism and mu rhythm in social development.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 540, 15-20 (2013).</li><li>Keuken, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+left+inferior+frontal+gyrus+in+social+perception:+an+rTMS+study.">The role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in social perception: an rTMS study.</a> Brain Res. , 1383-13196 (2011).</li><li>Braadbaart, L., Williams, J. H., Waiter, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+mirror+neuron+areas+mediate+mu+rhythm+suppression+during+imitation+and+action+observation.">Do mirror neuron areas mediate mu rhythm suppression during imitation and action observation.</a> Int. J. Psychophysiol. , 99-105 (2013).</li><li>Rogers, S., Cook, I., Greiss-Hess, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Mature Imitation Task. Unpublished coding manual. , .</li><li>Lord, C., Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autism+Diagnostic+Interview-Revised:+a+revised+version+of+a+diagnostic+interview+for+caregivers+of+individuals+with+possible+pervasive+developmental+disorders.">Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders.</a> J. Autism Disord. 24, 659-685 (1994).</li><li>Lord, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+autism+diagnostic+observation+schedule-generic:+a+standard+measure+of+social+and+communication+deficits+associated+with+the+spectrum+of+autism.">The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism.</a> J. Autism Dev. Disord. 30, 205-223 (2000).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+Psychiatric+Association+(APA).+Diagnostic+and+statistical+manual+of+mental.">American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental.</a> disorders, Edition. , .</li><li>Gastaut, H. J., Bert, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+changes+during+cinematographic+presentation;+moving+picture+activation.">EEG changes during cinematographic presentation; moving picture activation.</a> of the EEG. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 6, 433-444 (1954).</li><li>Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Johnson, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+rolandic+mu+rhythm+during+observation+of+a+precision+grip.">Changes in rolandic mu rhythm during observation of a precision grip.</a> Psychophysiology. 41, 152-156 (2004).</li><li>Chatrian, G. E., Petersen, M. C., Lazarte, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blocking+of+the+rolandic+wicket+rhythm+and+some+central+changes+related+to+movement.">The blocking of the rolandic wicket rhythm and some central changes related to movement.</a> Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 11, 497-510 (1959).</li><li>Pfurtscheller, G., Neuper, C., Andrew, C., Edlinger, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foot+and+hand+area+mu+rhythms.">Foot and hand area mu rhythms.</a> Int. J. Psychophysiol. 26, 121-135 (1997).</li><li>Arroyo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+significance+of+the+mu+rhythm+of+human+cortex:+an+electrophysiologic+study+with+subdural+electrodes.">Functional significance of the mu rhythm of human cortex: an electrophysiologic study with subdural electrodes.</a> Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 87, 76-87 (1993).</li><li>Babiloni, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+cortical+electroencephalography+(EEG)+rhythms+during+the+observation+of+simple+aimless+movements:+a+high-resolution+EEG+study.">Human cortical electroencephalography (EEG) rhythms during the observation of simple aimless movements: a high-resolution EEG study.</a> Neuroimage. 17, 559-572 (2002).</li><li>Babiloni, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+movement-related+potentials+vs+desynchronization+of+EEG+alpha+rhythm:+a+high-resolution+EEG+study.">Human movement-related potentials vs desynchronization of EEG alpha rhythm: a high-resolution EEG study.</a> Neuroimage. 10, 658-665 (1999).</li><li>Babiloni, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+human+cortical+responses+during+the+observation+of+simple+finger+movements:+a+high-resolution+EEG+study.">Transient human cortical responses during the observation of simple finger movements: a high-resolution EEG study.</a> Hum. Brain. 20, 148-157 (2003).</li><li>Cochin, S., Barthelemy, C., Lejeune, B., Roux, S., Martineau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perception+of+motion+and+qEEG+activity+in+human+adults.">Perception of motion and qEEG activity in human adults.</a> Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 107, 287-295 (1998).</li><li>Cochin, S., Barthelemy, C., Roux, S., Martineau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+and+execution+of+movement:+similarities+demonstrated+by+quantified+electroencephalography.">Observation and execution of movement: similarities demonstrated by quantified electroencephalography.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 1839-1842 (1999).</li><li>Cochin, S., Barthelemy, C., Roux, S., Martineau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroencephalographic+activity+during+perception+of+motion+in+childhood.">Electroencephalographic activity during perception of motion in childhood.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 13, 1791-1796 (2001).</li><li>Martineau, J., Cochin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+perception+in+children:+human,+animal+and+virtual+movement+activates+different+cortical+areas.">Visual perception in children: human, animal and virtual movement activates different cortical areas.</a> Int. J. Psychophysiol. 51, 37-44 (2003).</li><li>Lepage, J. F., Theoret, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+evidence+for+the+presence+of+an+action+observation-execution+matching+system+in+children.">EEG evidence for the presence of an action observation-execution matching system in children.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 23, 2505-2510 (2006).</li><li>Marshall, P. J., Bar-Haim, Y., Fox, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+EEG+from+5+months+to+4+years+of+age.">Development of the EEG from 5 months to 4 years of age.</a> Clin. Neurophysiol. 113, 1199-1208 (2002).</li><li>Southgate, V., Johnson, M. H., El Karoui, I., Csibra, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+system+activation+reveals+infants'+on-line+prediction+of+others'+goals.">Motor system activation reveals infants' on-line prediction of others' goals.</a> Psychol. Sci. 21, 355-359 (2010).</li><li>Nystrom, P., Ljunghammar, T., Rosander, K., von Hofsten, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+mu+rhythm+desynchronization+to+measure+mirror+neuron+activity+in+infants.">Using mu rhythm desynchronization to measure mirror neuron activity in infants.</a> Dev. Sci. 14, 327-335 (2011).</li><li>Southgate, V., Johnson, M. H., Osborne, T., Csibra, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictive+motor+activation+during+action+observation+in+human+infants.">Predictive motor activation during action observation in human infants.</a> Biol. , 769-772 (2009).</li><li>Oberman, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+evidence+for+mirror+neuron+dysfunction+in+autism+spectrum+disorders.">EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders.</a> Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 24, 190-198 (2005).</li><li>Martineau, J., Cochin, S., Magne, R., Barthelemy, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+cortical+activation+in+autistic+children:+is+the+mirror+neuron+system+involved.">Impaired cortical activation in autistic children: is the mirror neuron system involved.</a> Int. J. Psychophysiol. 68, 35-40 (2008).</li><li>Oberman, L. M., Ramachandran, V. S., Pineda, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+mu+suppression+in+children+with+autism+spectrum+disorders+in+response+to+familiar+or+unfamiliar+stimuli:+the+mirror+neuron+hypothesis.">Modulation of mu suppression in children with autism spectrum disorders in response to familiar or unfamiliar stimuli: the mirror neuron hypothesis.</a> Neuropsychologia. 46, 1558-1565 (2008).</li><li>Raymaekers, R., Wiersema, J. R., Roeyers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> EEG Study of the Mirror Neuron System in Children with High Functioning Autism. Brain Res. , 113-121 (2009).</li><li>Fan, Y. T., Decety, J., Yang, C. Y., Liu, J. L., Cheng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unbroken+mirror+neurons+in+autism+spectrum+disorders.">Unbroken mirror neurons in autism spectrum disorders.</a> J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 51, 981-988 (2010).</li><li>Bernier, R., Aaronson, B., McPartland, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+imitation+in+the+observed+heterogeneity+in+EEG+mu+rhythm+in+autism+and+typical+development.">The role of imitation in the observed heterogeneity in EEG mu rhythm in autism and typical development.</a> Brain Cogn. 82, 69-75 (2013).</li><li>Pfurtscheller, G., Lopesda Silva, ., H, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-related+EEG/MEG+synchronization+and+desynchronization:+basic+principles.">Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles.</a> Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 1842-1857 (1999).</li><li>Marshall, P. J., Young, T., Meltzoff, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+action+observation+and+execution+in+14&#8208;month&#8208;old+infants:+An+event&#8208;related+EEG+desynchronization+study.">Neural correlates of action observation and execution in 14&#8208;month&#8208;old infants: An event&#8208;related EEG desynchronization study.</a> Dev. Sci. , 474-480 (2011).</li><li>Marshall, P. J., Meltzoff, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mirroring+systems:+Exploring+the+EEG+mu+rhythm+in+human+infancy.">Neural mirroring systems: Exploring the EEG mu rhythm in human infancy.</a> Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. , 110-123 (2011).</li><li>Oberman, L., McCleery, J., Hubbard, E., Bernier, R., Pineda, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+changes+in+mu+suppression+to+observed+actions+in+individuals+with+autism+spectrum+disorders.">Developmental changes in mu suppression to observed actions in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.</a> Soc. Cogn. Affective Neurosci. 8, 300-304 .</li></ol>

Les auteurs déclarent aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

Le succès de l&#39;acquisition, le traitement et l&#39;analyse des données électrophysiologiques liés au rythme mu et l&#39;application de populations cliniques nécessite 1) l&#39;application d&#39;outils méthodologiques EEG, 2) la détection d&#39;artefact attention et la réduction des données, 3) l&#39;identification précise du rythme mu, et 4) la caractérisation précise de la population clinique et l&#39;identification de groupes de contrôle appropriés. <p class="jove_cont...

L&#39;électroencéphalographie (EEG) est une méthode efficace, efficace, et non invasive d&#39;évaluation et enregistrement de l&#39;activité cérébrale. Comme les neurones feu dans le cerveau, la tension qui en résulte peut être amplifié, enregistré, et représenté graphiquement. La résolution temporelle de l&#39;EEG permet l&#39;analyse de même de brèves modifications de la configuration d&#39;oscillation du cerveau, ainsi que l&#39;analyse de la réponse du cerveau à des stimuli spécifiques. En dépit d&#39;être la plus ancienne technique d&#39;imagerie du cerveau, datant de la fin du 19 e siècle, l&#39;EEG a encore applicabilité large. Bien que l&#39;imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) a une excellente résolution spatiale, il a la résolution temporelle relativement pauvre. Ceci constitue une limitation majeure de l&#39;évaluation IRMf compte tenu de la vitesse incroyable à laquelle les processus se produisent dans le cerveau. EEG a la capacité d&#39;évaluer l&#39;activité électrique du cerveau à l&#39;échelle de la milliseconde, fournissant i potentielnSight dans les phases de traitement du cerveau. L&#39;évolution des technologies ont également élargi l&#39;applicabilité de l&#39;EEG. Une augmentation de la densité des systèmes d&#39;enregistrement a permis le développement de techniques de localisation de la source, d&#39;atténuer certaines des limites de l&#39;EEG concernant la résolution spatiale. En outre, les systèmes modernes ont réduit le participant le temps d&#39;installation de manière significative, permettant l&#39;évaluation des populations auparavant inaccessibles, comme infantile et des échantillons cliniques 1-3,28-30. Compte tenu de l&#39;excellente résolution temporelle, EEG peut être utilisé pour examiner la réponse neuronale liée à des comportements spécifiques, états, ou des stimuli externes. Un exemple de cet utilitaire est l&#39;évaluation du système des neurones miroirs (MNS) chez l&#39;homme. Les neurones miroirs ont été identifiés à l&#39;origine chez les singes à l&#39;aide unique d&#39;enregistrement des neurones 4, attestant d&#39;un groupe deneurones qui ont répondu à la fois à l&#39;exécution et l&#39;observation des actions motrices. Ce procédé d&#39;enregistrement direct de placer les électrodes dans le cerveau est rarement utilisée chez l&#39;homme, et que dans des cas cliniques graves. EEG a fourni une méthode pour évaluer les MNS en surveillant le rythme EEG mu. Ce motif d&#39;oscillation dans la plage de 8 à 12 Hz a été montré pour atténuer la puissance d&#39;EEG en réponse à l&#39;exécution et à l&#39;observation des actions motrices, similaire à la configuration de l&#39;activation observée chez les singes 7.5. De même, la stimulation des régions putatives du cerveau MNS par stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (par exemple, le frontal gyrus inférieur) abolit EEG mu rythme 8 et suppression de rythme EEG mu en corrélation avec les signaux BOLD de l&#39;IRMf dans les régions miroir de neurones putatifs dans les sujets 9, fournir un soutien supplémentaire que ce rythme indices, au moins en partie, l&#39;activité MNS. Évaluation du rythme EEG mu a permis une évaluation non invasive de neurone miroir acteivité chez l&#39;homme. EEG fournit une méthodologie unique pour examiner l&#39;activité cérébrale et lorsqu&#39;il est combiné avec des analyses basées comportemental, il peut être un outil puissant pour élucider certains aspects de la cognition sociale, tels que l&#39;imitation, dans les populations cliniques. En outre, l&#39;applicabilité de l&#39;EEG pour une utilisation avec les populations souffrant de déficiences cognitives ou linguistiques permet de mieux comprendre les capacités des personnes pour qui les autres techniques d&#39;imagerie ou paradigmes comportementaux peuvent être utiliser moins de succès. Le protocole décrit fournit un moyen d&#39;examiner les fonctions cognitives sociales théoriquement liés au système des neurones miroir chez les personnes atteintes développement typique et atypique, comme le trouble du spectre autistique.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="994">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Geodesic EEG System</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EGI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:539px;">Any EEG system, not only EGI based systems, is applicable for the described study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">MATLAB software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any mathematical, statistical software that can work with matrices is applicable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Netstation software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EGI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any EEG acquisition software is applicable for the described study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Manipulandum</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">custom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any object that is co-registered with data acquisition software to signal a successful grasp</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

eeg mu rhythm in typical and atypical development

L&#39;électroencéphalographie (EEG) est une méthode efficace, efficace, et non invasive d&#39;évaluation et enregistrement de l&#39;activité cérébrale. Compte tenu de l&#39;excellente résolution temporelle, EEG peut être utilisé pour examiner la réponse neuronale liée à des comportements spécifiques, états, ou des stimuli externes. Un exemple de cet utilitaire est l&#39;évaluation du système des neurones miroirs (MNS) chez l&#39;homme à travers l&#39;examen du rythme EEG mu. Le rythme EEG mu, l&#39;activité oscillatoire dans la gamme de fréquence 8-12 Hz enregistrées par des électrodes situées au centre, est supprimée lorsqu&#39;un exécute individuels, ou tout simplement observe, but actions dirigées. En tant que tel, il a été proposé pour tenir compte de l&#39;activité des MNS. Il a été émis l&#39;hypothèse que le dysfonctionnement dans le système des neurones miroirs (MNS) joue un rôle contributif dans les déficits sociaux de troubles du spectre autistique (TSA). Les MNS peuvent ensuite être examinés de manière non invasive dans les populations cliniques en utilisant EEG mu rythme atténuation comme un indice de son activité. La prot décritocol offre un moyen d&#39;examiner les fonctions cognitives sociales théoriquement liés aux MNS dans les individus avec un développement typique et atypique, comme TSA.

Adultes typiques, les enfants et les nourrissons ont constamment démontré rythme mu pendant conjointement l&#39;exécution et l&#39;observation des actions à travers une variété de paradigmes et stimuli 5, 14-30. Atténuation dans cette bande de fréquence est toujours localisée entre les électrodes centrales (figure 3) qui indique que ce n&#39;est pas la réduction du pouvoir d&#39;alpha qui est enregistré à d&#39;autres régions du cuir chevelu. De même, l&#39;atténuation dans ce...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development at JoVE.com

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Évaluation du rythme EEG mu fournit une méthodologie unique pour examiner l&#39;activité cérébrale et lorsqu&#39;il est combiné avec des analyses basées comportemental, peut être un outil puissant pour élucider certains aspects de la cognition sociale, tels que l&#39;imitation, dans les populations cliniques.

EEG Mu rythme dans le développement typique et atypique

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an effective, efficient, and noninvasive method of assessing and recording brain activity. Given the excellent temporal ...

eeg-mu-rhythm-in-typical-and-atypical-development

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

25.4K vues.  University of Washington.  Évaluation du rythme EEG mu fournit une méthodologie unique pour examiner l'activité cérébrale et lorsqu'il est combiné avec des analyses basées comportemental, peut être un outil puissant pour élucider certains aspects de la cognition sociale, tels que l'imitation, dans les populations cliniques. 

Vidéo: EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation

Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) is an established therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion is essential for achieving antral contact and PV isolation and is typically assessed by contrast injection. We present a novel method of direct pressure monitoring for assessment of PV occlusion.
Transcatheter pressure is monitored during balloon advancement to the PV antrum. Pressure is recorded via a single pressure transducer connected to the inner lumen of the cryoballoon. Pressure curve characteristics are used to assess occlusion in conjunction with fluoroscopic or intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guidance. PV occlusion is confirmed when loss of typical left atrial (LA) pressure waveform is observed with recordings of PA pressure characteristics (no A wave and rapid V wave upstroke). Complete pulmonary vein occlusion as assessed with this technique has been confirmed with concurrent contrast utilization during the initial testing of the technique and has been shown to be highly accurate and readily reproducible.
We evaluated the efficacy of this novel technique in 35 patients. A total of 128 veins were assessed for occlusion with the cryoballoon utilizing the pressure monitoring technique; occlusive pressure was demonstrated in 113 veins with resultant successful pulmonary vein isolation in 111 veins (98.2%). Occlusion was confirmed with subsequent contrast injection during the initial ten procedures, after which contrast utilization was rapidly reduced or eliminated given the highly accurate identification of occlusive pressure waveform with limited initial training.
Verification of PV occlusive pressure during CBA is a novel approach to assessing effective PV occlusion and it accurately predicts electrical isolation. Utilization of this method results in significant decrease in fluoroscopy time and volume of contrast.

Effective pulmonary vein isolation utilizing a cryoballoon depends on complete pulmonary vein occlusion. The point of occlusion can be effectively predicted by direct analysis of pulmonary vein pressure waveform analysis during balloon inflation using a simple and reproducible technique.

Surveillance de la pression directe prédit avec précision l&#39;occlusion des veines pulmonaires pendant l&#39;ablation cryocathéter à ballonnet

Cryoballoon  ablation (CBA) is an established therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF).  Pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion is essential for achieving antral ...

Recherche

Médecine

Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio based cues and set within the context of a video game metaphor, users gather relevant spatial information regarding a building's layout. This allows the user to develop an accurate spatial cognitive map of a large-scale three-dimensional space that can be manipulated for the purposes of a real indoor navigation task. After game play, participants are then assessed on their ability to navigate within the target physical building represented in the game. Preliminary results suggest that early blind users were able to acquire relevant information regarding the spatial layout of a previously unfamiliar building as indexed by their performance on a series of navigation tasks. These tasks included path finding through the virtual and physical building, as well as a series of drop off tasks. We find that the immersive and highly interactive nature of the AbES software appears to greatly engage the blind user to actively explore the virtual environment. Applications of this approach may extend to larger populations of visually impaired individuals.

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind.

Développement d&#39;un environnement Audio-based jeux virtuels pour aider avec des compétences de navigation dans les aveugles

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio ...

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep

The diagnosis of scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) of sheep and goats, is currently based on the detection of disease-associated prion protein by post mortem tests. Unless a random sample of the sheep or goat population is actively monitored for scrapie, identification of scrapie cases relies on the reporting of clinical suspects, which is dependent on the individual&#39;s familiarization with the disease and ability to recognize clinical signs associated with scrapie. Scrapie may not be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurological diseases in small ruminants, particularly in countries with low scrapie prevalence, or not recognized&#160;if it presents as nonpruritic form like atypical scrapie. To aid in the identification of clinical suspects, a short examination protocol is presented to assess the display of specific clinical signs associated with pruritic and nonpruritic forms of TSEs in sheep, which could also be applied to goats. This includes assessment of behavior, vision (by testing of the menace response), pruritus (by testing the response to scratching), and movement (with and without blindfolding). This may lead to a more detailed neurologic examination&#160;of reporting animals as scrapie suspects. It&#160;could also be used in experimental TSE studies of sheep or goats to evaluate disease progression or to identify clinical end-point.

A short clinical examination protocol is presented to aid in the detection of classical and atypical scrapie in sheep and goats.

Protocole d’examen clinique pour détecter la tremblante atypique et classique chez les moutons

The diagnosis of scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) of sheep and goats, is currently based on the detection of disease-associated ...

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with high-throughput cell positioning technology. The targeted tumor cell populations are first preprogrammed to immobilization into an array format, and labeled with green fluorescent cytosolic dyes. Following the cell array formation, antibody drugs are added in combination with human whole blood. Propidium iodide (PI) is then added to assess cell death. The cell array is analyzed with an automatic imaging system. While cytosolic dye labels the targeted tumor cell populations, PI labels the dead tumor cell populations. Thus, the percentage of target cancer cell killing can be quantified by calculating the number of surviving targeted cells to the number of dead targeted cells. With this method, researchers are able to access time-dependent and dose-dependent cell cytotoxicity information. Remarkably, no hazardous radiochemicals are used. The WCA presented here has been tested with lymphoma, leukemia, and solid tumor cell lines. Therefore, WCA allows researchers to assess drug efficacy in a highly relevant ex&#160;vivo condition.

The whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) is a cytotoxicity assay developed by incorporating high-throughput cell positioning technology with fluorescence microscopy and automated image processing. Here, we describe how lymphoma cells treated with an anti-CD20 antibody can be analyzed real-time in human whole blood to provide quantitative cellular cytotoxicity analysis.

En temps réel cytotoxicité dans le sang total humain

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with ...

Brain Source Imaging in Preclinical Rat Models of Focal Epilepsy using High-Resolution EEG Recordings

Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been traditionally used to determine which brain regions are the most likely candidates for resection in patients with focal epilepsy. This methodology relies on the assumption that seizures originate from the same regions of the brain from which interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) emerge. Preclinical models are very useful to find correlates between IED locations and the actual regions underlying seizure initiation in focal epilepsy. Rats have been commonly used in preclinical studies of epilepsy1; hence, there exist a large variety of models for focal epilepsy in this particular species. However, it is challenging to record multichannel EEG and to perform brain source imaging in such a small animal. To overcome this issue, we combine a patented-technology to obtain 32-channel EEG recordings from rodents2 and an MRI probabilistic atlas for brain anatomical structures in Wistar rats to perform brain source imaging. In this video, we introduce the procedures to acquire multichannel EEG from Wistar rats with focal cortical dysplasia, and describe the steps both to define the volume conductor model from the MRI atlas and to uniquely determine the IEDs. Finally, we validate the whole methodology by obtaining brain source images of IEDs and compare them with those obtained at different time frames during the seizure onset.

This video introduces the preparation, recording, and source analysis procedures of high-resolution EEG on sedated rats with a particular preclinical model of focal epilepsy under noninvasive conditions.

Cerveau Imaging Source dans des modèles précliniques de Rat épilepsie focale utilisant haute résolution EEG Recordings

Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been traditionally used to determine which brain regions are the most likely candidates for resection in patients with ...

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

This protocol shows the measurement of the apoptotic activity neutralization of TNF&#945; in a mouse fibroblast cell model (WEHI 164) using an anti-TNF&#945; mAb. In addition, this protocol can be used to evaluate other anti-TNF&#945; molecules, such as fusion proteins. The cellular model employed here is sensitive to TNF&#945;-mediated apoptosis when an additional stress factor is induced in cell culture conditions (e.g., serum deprivation). This procedure exemplifies how to execute this analytical assay, highlighting the key operations relating to the sample preparation, cell dilution, apoptosis induction, and spectrophotometric measurements that are critical to ensure successful results. This protocol reveals the best-performance conditions relating to apoptosis induction and efficient signal recording, leading to low uncertainty values.

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody mAb by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

A protocol for the determination of the relative anti-apoptotic activity of an anti-TNF&#945; mAb using a neutralization mechanism with WEHI 164 cells is presented here. This protocol is useful for comparing the neutralization strength of different molecules with the same biological functionality.

Détermination de la puissance Relative d’un anticorps Monoclonal Anti-TNF (mAb) de neutralisants TNF en utilisant une méthode de Bioanalytical In Vitro

This protocol shows the measurement of the apoptotic activity neutralization of TNF&#945; in a mouse fibroblast cell model (WEHI 164) using an ...

Assessment of Spontaneous Alternation, Novel Object Recognition and Limb Clasping in Transgenic Mouse Models of Amyloid-&#946; and Tau Neuropathology

Here we describe a staged, behavioral testing approach that can be used to screen for compounds that exhibit in vivo efficacy on cognitive and functional motor behaviors in transgenic mouse models of &#946;-amyloidosis and tauopathy. The paradigm includes tests for spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze, novel object recognition, and limb clasping. These tests were selected because they: 1) interrogate function of cognitive or motor domains and the correlate neural circuitry relevant to the human disease state, 2) have clearly defined endpoints, 3) have easily implementable quality control checks, 4) can be run in a moderate throughput format, and 5) require little intervention by the investigator. These methods are designed for investigators looking to screen compounds for activity in short-term and working memory tasks, or functional motor behaviors associated with Alzheimer's disease mouse models. The methods described here use behavioral tests that engage a number of different brain regions including hippocampus and various cortical areas. Investigators that desire cognitive tests that specifically assess cognition mediated by a single brain region could use these techniques to supplement other behavioral tests.

Assessment of Spontaneous Alternation, Novel Object Recognition and Limb Clasping in Transgenic Mouse Models of Amyloid-&amp;#946; and Tau Neuropathology

Described here is a staged, behavioral screening approach that can be used to screen for compounds that exhibit in vivo efficacy on cognitive and functional motor behaviors in transgenic mouse models of &#946;-amyloidosis and tauopathy. These methods are optimized to screen compounds for activity in short-term and working memory tasks.

Évaluation de l&#39;alternance spontanée, reconnaissance récente d&#39;objets et assemblage des membres dans les modèles de souris transgéniques de la neuropathologie amyloïde-β et tau

Here we describe a staged, behavioral testing approach that can be used to screen for compounds that exhibit in vivo efficacy on cognitive and functional ...

The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) is frequently selected to recapitulate spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Here we present a protocol of SE induction by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pilocarpine and monitoring of chronic recurring seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram (EEG) system. We demonstrated notable behavioral changes that need attention after pilocarpine injection and their correlation with hippocampal neuronal loss at 7 days and 6 weeks post-pilocarpine. We also describe the experimental procedures of electrode implantation for video and EEG recording, and analysis of the frequency and duration of chronic recurrent seizures. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons why the expected results are not achieved in each case. This provides a basic overview of modeling chronic epilepsy in mice and guidelines for troubleshooting. We believe this protocol can serve as a baseline for suitable models of chronic epilepsy and epileptogenesis.

This manuscript describes a method of inducing status epilepticus by systemic pilocarpine injection and of monitoring spontaneous recurrent seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram system. This protocol can be utilized for studying the pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and acute seizures.

Le modèle Pilocarpine d’épilepsie du Lobe Temporal et EEG surveillance d’un système de télémétrie chez la souris

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status ...

Contractions of Human-iPSC-derived Cardiomyocyte Syncytia Measured with a Ca-sensitive Fluorescent Dye in Temperature-controlled 384-well Plates

Spontaneously contracting syncytia of cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM) are a useful model of human cardiac physiology and pharmacology. Various methods have been proposed to record this spontaneous activity and to evaluate drug effects, but many of these methods suffer from limited throughput and/or physiological relevance. We developed a high-throughput screening system to quantify the effects of exogenous compounds on hiPSC-CM's beating frequency, using a Ca-sensitive fluorescent dye and a temperature-controlled imaging multi-well plate reader. We describe how to prepare the cell plates and the compound plates and how to run the automated assay to achieve high sensitivity and reproducibility. We also describe how to transform and analyze the fluorescence data to provide reliable measures of drug effects on spontaneous rhythm. This assay can be used in drug discovery programs to guide chemical optimization away from, or toward, compounds affecting human cardiac function.

Spontaneously contracting syncytia of cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells are useful models of human cardiac physiology and pharmacology. Here we present a high-throughput screening system to quantify the effects of exogenous compounds on beating frequency, using a Ca-sensitive fluorescent dye and a temperature-controlled imaging multi-well plate reader.

Contractions de syncytiums Cardiomyocyte iPSC-anthropique mesurées avec un colorant Fluorescent Ca sensible dans le contrôle de la température des plaques 384 puits

Spontaneously contracting syncytia of cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM) are a useful model of human cardiac ...

A Training and Testing System for Performing Vascular Reconstruction In Vitro

Manual vascular reconstruction training is essential for a beginner surgeon. However, an optimal training system for vascular reconstruction in vitro has yet to be developed. In this study, we introduce an in vitro training and testing system using a magnetic anchoring technique with which a trainee can practice manual vascular reconstruction individually. Additionally, this system can also be used to test the quality of the reconstruction. The described system includes a vascular reconstruction training machine, magnetic tractors, and a magnetic suture puller. In this manuscript, we detail an end-to-end vein anastomosis using porcine right and left iliac veins. To identify the potential damage caused by a magnetic suture puller on the suture, we created three groups with six segments of 4-0 polypropylene sutures each: a control group with no intervention on the polypropylene suture, a group in which the polypropylene suture is manually pulled with sterile gloves 20x, and a magnetic puller group in which the magnetic puller pulled the polypropylene suture 20x. These groups were tested by light microscopy and breaking strength tests, and the effect of reconstruction was assessed. In the light microscopy test, the control group was less likely to be damaged (p &#60; 0.05) and the number of damaged points of the manual group and magnetic puller group were similar (p &#62; 0.05). The results of the breaking strength test were compared across groups and no significant difference was observed (p &#62; 0.05). The end-to-end anastomosis of the porcine iliac veins was successfully performed using this training system, and the reconstructed veins could undergo 2.0 kPa perfusion pressure. Using this training and testing system the trainee can practice manual vascular reconstruction in vitro individually with the aid of magnetic tractors and a magnetic suture puller, and the quality of the reconstruction can be tested.

Here we present a training and testing system where a trainee can complete manual vascular reconstruction in vitro individually using a magnetic anchoring technique. The system can also be used to test the quality of reconstruction.

Un système de formation et d'essai pour effectuer la reconstruction vasculaire in Vitro

Manual vascular reconstruction training is essential for a beginner surgeon. However, an optimal training system for vascular reconstruction in vitro has ...