이 작품은 시몬스 재단 (SFARI 번호 89638 RB에)에서 부여에 의해 지원되었다.

다음 프로토콜은 워싱턴 대학 기관 평가위원회의 가이드 라인을 준수합니다. 1. 전기 생리 평가 <ol><li> 세션의 준비 <ol><li> 장소 준비 : 장소 조작기 (그림 1 참조),이 참가자의 손을 잡고 내 테이블에 파악 될 때 수집 소프트웨어에 타임 스탬프 마커를 보냅니다 부착 된 센서와 나무 블록을. EEG 수집 소프트웨어를 활성화하고 &quot;새 세션&quot;(그림 S1)를 시작합니다. </li><li> NET 준비 : 104 ° F. 증류수 (1 L), 염화칼륨 (1 큰술), 베이비 샴푸 (1 작은 술)의 따뜻한 솔루션 가온 된 생리 식염수에 128 전극 고밀도 배열 EEG 시스템을 적신다. </li><li> 참가자 준비 : 참가자가 비디오 캠보기에 편안 약 75 센티미터 자극 프레 젠 테이션 모니터와 완전히 장착되어 있는지 확인합니다시대. 찾기 및 피부 마커로 참가자의 머리에 정점을 표시합니다. nasion 및 inion와 preauriculars 사이의 중간 점 사이의 중간 점의 교차점을 찾아 정점을 측정합니다. </li><li> NET 응용 프로그램 : 정점 전극이 정점 마크에 직접 배치 될 수 있도록 참가자의 머리에 뇌파 캡을 배치합니다. 임피던스를 확인하고 임피던스가 임계 값 이하로 사용 EEG 시스템 (그림 S2)에 적절한 지 확인합니다. </li><li> 비디오 테이핑 세션을 시작합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 녹화 설정 : 정점 전극에 기준 신호. 0.1 Hz에서 100 사이의 아날로그 필터는 신호를 증폭 및 / 500 초 샘플을 디지털화. </li><li> 자극 프레 젠 테이션 : 관찰, 실행 및 휴식, Muthukumaraswamy 및 동료 (5)에 의해 개발 패러다임에서 적응 : 3 조건을 현재 참가자. <ol><li> 조건을 준수 조용히 앉아서보고 참가자 지시조작기를 쥐고있는 사람의 영상. 각 시험은 6 초를 마지막으로해야합니다. 정확하게 관찰 파악이 정확히 3 초에 발생하는 것을 보장하기 위해 시간 준수 시험을위한 사전 녹화 된 비디오의 경우. 작업하는 동안 참가자의 시각적주의를 모니터링하고, 후 처리시 폐기하는 화면들이 참석하지 않는 동안 시험을 표시합니다. </li><li> 실행 조건 : 그냥 조작기 아래 오른쪽 쉬고 조용히 앉아서, 미리 녹음 된 청각 신호를 들으면, 관찰 조건의 비디오 클립에서 조작기 횡령을 모방하기 위해 참가자를 지시한다. 각 시험은 6 초를 마지막으로해야합니다. 청각 신호가 유지 청각 트랙 사전 기록하여 정확히 3 초에 제시되어 있는지 확인 지속적으로 큐 간 시험 간격을 실행 시간이 초과되었습니다. 정확하게 참가자의 이해가 발생한 시간 (그림 S3)을 기록하는 조작기에 센서를 활용합니다. </li><li> 나머지 조건 : quie을 앉아 참가자 지시TLY 눈이 열려 수동적 자극 모니터에 작은 십자선을 관찰로. 3 분 동안 휴식 상태 동안 기록 지속적인 EEG. </li><li> 조건을 관찰하고 실행 모두에 대해, 상태 당 사십 시험의 총 열 시험의 현재 무작위 블록. 조작기의 이미지가 시험 사이를 포함하여 관찰하고 실행 블록에 걸쳐 화​​면에 남아 있는지 확인합니다. 관찰 및 실행 조건의 완료시 나머지 조건을 관리. </li></ol></li><li> 데이터 처리 <ol><li> 데이터 수집 후, 임피던스를 다시 확인합니다. 임피던스 수준을 변경합니다. 수집 소프트웨어 녹화를 종료합니다. </li><li> 포스트 - 프로세싱 : 평균 Rereference EEG 신호. 각 조건 (그림 S4)에 대한 사십 6 초 시험에 세그먼트 연속 EEG 데이터. </li><li> 자동화 된 이슈 검색을 실시합니다. exceedin 빠른 평균 진폭을 식별하여 이동 유물에 대한 세그먼트를 검사하는 자동화 된 알고리즘을 사용하여G 200 μV는 100 μV를 초과하는 평균 진폭 차동, 주어진 시험 (그림 S5)에서 제로 분산. </li><li> 데이터를 시각적으로 검사하고 파악 제스처와 관련이없는 움직임 유물로 오염 된 실행 조건의 움직임 유물 모든 시험에 오염 관찰 상태에있는 모든 시련을 제거하는 세션의 비디오 리뷰와 함께 확인하여 수동 이슈 검색을 실시합니다. 분석에서 중요한 이슈로 시험을 제외합니다. 참석하지로 취득하는 동안 플래그가 어떤 시련을 폐기하십시오. 검사 및 분석에 따라 각 진단 그룹에 대한 시험 거부의 속도를 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 당 Muthukumaraswamy 등. 5, 모두 관찰 (광전지에 의해 표시 등) 및 (조작기 센서에 의해 표시로) 실행 조건 후 잡고 1 초 전에 데이터를 1 초 구성된 2 초 신 (新) 시대에 세그먼트 청소 시험. 세그먼트 C나머지 상태에서 2 초 신 (新) 시대를 배웠어. </li><li> 고속 푸리에 변환 (FFT에게) 각 세그먼트를 변환 할 수 있습니다. Muthukumaraswamy 등. 5 다음과 같은 통계 분석을위한 표준 C3과 C4의 위치를 (주변의 각 반구에 여덟 전극의 클러스터를 선택하고 Bernier의 등. 3) (그림 2). 각 조건의 경우, 전력 스펙트럼을 계산하는 데 포함 된 실험에 걸쳐 전력을 평균화. </li><li> 8-13 Hz에서 범위에 걸쳐 휴면 상태 동안의 평균 전력을 기준으로 모터 동작의 실행 또는 관측 어느 동안의 평균 전력을 검사하여 MU 감쇠를 계산한다. 감쇠의 정도를 결정하기 위해이 비율의 로그를 사용합니다. 주 : 양의 값이 증가를 나타낸다 음의 값이, 실행 또는 관찰 중에 감쇠를 나타냅니다. 이 방법론은 개인 계정에 걸쳐 변동으로 소요되고, 비율 형태로 표현 된 값들의 비정규. &lt;BR /&gt; 참고 :이 프로토콜은 인터넷 스테이션 소프트웨어 버전 4.1의 128 전극 고밀도 배열 EEG 시스템을 사용하여 개발되었다. 기본 단계는 뇌파 시스템에서 유사하지만, 수집 및 분석 프로토콜이 다를 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 샘플 특성 <ol><li> 연구 레지스트리, 이전 참가자 명부, 또는 지역 병원 및 임상에서의 추천을 통해 패러다임에 참여하기 위해 잠재적 인 환자 인구를 식별합니다. </li><li> 임상 구조 (예를 들어, 자폐증 스펙트럼 장애)에 대한 진단 기준을 충족하고 머리 부상, 종양, 발작의 역사, 또는 왜곡 될 수 항 경련제 또는 바르비 투르 산염 약물의 사용 유무와 같은 배제 기준을 식별하기 위해의 가능성에 대한 화면 잠재적 인 참가자 전기 생리학 신호. </li><li> 금 표준 진단 도구 (예를 들어, 자폐증 진단 인터뷰 - 다시의 사용을 통해 환자 인구의 진단 상태를 확인vised (ADI-R 11)와 자폐증 진단 관찰 스케줄 - 일반 (ADOS-G, 12) 진단 및 통계 편람 다음 전문 임상의에 의해 관리 - 5 번째 판 (DSM-5) 기준 13. </li><li> 등 연령, 성별,인지 능력, 같은 관심의 관련 변수에 일치하는 제어 샘플을 확인 </li></ol>

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Brain Res. 24, 190-198 (2005).</li><li>Martineau, J., Cochin, S., Magne, R., Barthelemy, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+cortical+activation+in+autistic+children:+is+the+mirror+neuron+system+involved.">Impaired cortical activation in autistic children: is the mirror neuron system involved.</a> Int. J. Psychophysiol. 68, 35-40 (2008).</li><li>Oberman, L. M., Ramachandran, V. S., Pineda, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+mu+suppression+in+children+with+autism+spectrum+disorders+in+response+to+familiar+or+unfamiliar+stimuli:+the+mirror+neuron+hypothesis.">Modulation of mu suppression in children with autism spectrum disorders in response to familiar or unfamiliar stimuli: the mirror neuron hypothesis.</a> Neuropsychologia. 46, 1558-1565 (2008).</li><li>Raymaekers, R., Wiersema, J. R., Roeyers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> EEG Study of the Mirror Neuron System in Children with High Functioning Autism. Brain Res. , 113-121 (2009).</li><li>Fan, Y. T., Decety, J., Yang, C. Y., Liu, J. L., Cheng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unbroken+mirror+neurons+in+autism+spectrum+disorders.">Unbroken mirror neurons in autism spectrum disorders.</a> J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 51, 981-988 (2010).</li><li>Bernier, R., Aaronson, B., McPartland, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+imitation+in+the+observed+heterogeneity+in+EEG+mu+rhythm+in+autism+and+typical+development.">The role of imitation in the observed heterogeneity in EEG mu rhythm in autism and typical development.</a> Brain Cogn. 82, 69-75 (2013).</li><li>Pfurtscheller, G., Lopesda Silva, ., H, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-related+EEG/MEG+synchronization+and+desynchronization:+basic+principles.">Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles.</a> Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 1842-1857 (1999).</li><li>Marshall, P. J., Young, T., Meltzoff, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+action+observation+and+execution+in+14&#8208;month&#8208;old+infants:+An+event&#8208;related+EEG+desynchronization+study.">Neural correlates of action observation and execution in 14&#8208;month&#8208;old infants: An event&#8208;related EEG desynchronization study.</a> Dev. Sci. , 474-480 (2011).</li><li>Marshall, P. J., Meltzoff, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mirroring+systems:+Exploring+the+EEG+mu+rhythm+in+human+infancy.">Neural mirroring systems: Exploring the EEG mu rhythm in human infancy.</a> Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. , 110-123 (2011).</li><li>Oberman, L., McCleery, J., Hubbard, E., Bernier, R., Pineda, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+changes+in+mu+suppression+to+observed+actions+in+individuals+with+autism+spectrum+disorders.">Developmental changes in mu suppression to observed actions in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.</a> Soc. Cogn. Affective Neurosci. 8, 300-304 .</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익을 선언하지 않습니다.

임상 집단에 뮤 리듬 및 애플리케이션과 관련된 전기 생리 데이터의 성공적인 획득, 처리 및 분석에 필요한 1) EEG 방법 론적 전통의인가, 2)주의 이슈 검출 및 데이터 감소, 뮤 리듬 3) 정확한 식별, 및 4) 임상 집단 적절한 대조군의 식별을 정확하게 특성화. 적절한 뇌파 방법은 제대로 작동하고 신중하게 통합 된 장비, 적절한 캡 선택과 배치, 신호의 정확?...

뇌파 (EEG)는 뇌의 활동을 평가하고 기록 효과적인 효율적이며 비 침습적 인 방법이다. 뉴런은 뇌에서 발생으로 인해 발생하는 전압은, 증폭 된 기록 및 그래픽으로 표현 될 수있다. EEG의 시간 해상도는 심지어 간단한 뇌의 진동 패턴의 변화뿐만 아니라, 특정 자극에 대한 뇌의 반응의 분석의 분석을 허용한다. 후반 19 세기까지 거슬러 올라가는 가장 오래된 뇌 영상 기술에도 불구하고, EEG는 여전히 폭 넓은 적용 성을 가지고 있습니다. 기능성 자기 공명 영상 (fMRI)는 우수한 공간 해상도를 가지고 있지만, 그것은 상대적으로 가난한 시간 해상도를 가지고 있습니다. 이 과정은 뇌에서 발생되는 놀라운 속도 주어진 fMRI를 평가의 주요 제한을 나타냅니다. EEG 잠재적 I를 제공 밀리 세컨드 수준에서 전기 뇌 활성을 평가할 수있는 능력을 가지고두뇌의 처리의 단계로 nsight. 진화하는 기술은 뇌파의 적용 가능성을 확장했다. 레코딩 시스템의 밀도의 증가는 공간 해상도에 대하여 EEG의 한계 중 일부를 완화 소스 위치 파악 기술의 개발을 허용했다. 또한, 현대적인 시스템은 유아 및 임상 샘플 1-3,28-30으로 이전에 사용할 수없는 인구의 평가를 허용, 크게 개별 참가자 셋업 시간을 단축했다. 좋음 시간적 해상도 감안 EEG는 특정 동작, 상태, 또는 외부 자극에 관련된 신경 응답을 검사하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 유틸리티의 예는 인간의 거울 뉴런 시스템 (MNS)의 평가입니다. 거울 뉴런은 원래의 그룹을 증명, 단일 신경 세포의 기록 4를 사용하여 원숭이에서 확인 된실행 및 모터 동작의 관찰에 모두 응답 뉴런. 뇌에 전극을 배치하는이 직접 녹음 방법은 거의 인간의, 오직 무서운 임상의 경우 사용하지 않습니다. EEG는 뇌파 뮤 리듬을 모니터링하여 MNS을 평가하기위한 방법을 제공하고 있습니다. 8 ~ 12 Hz에서 범위에서이 진동 패턴은 실행과 원숭이 5-7에서 관찰 된 활성화 패턴과 유사한 모터 행동의 관찰에 대응하여 EEG 전력을 감쇠하기 위해 표시되었습니다. 마찬가지로, 경 두개 자기 자극 (예를 들어, 하부 전두엽 이랑)를 통해 추정 MNS의 뇌 영역의 자극은 EEG 뮤 리듬 8을 폐지하고 EEG 뮤 리듬의 억제는 추가 지원을 제공하는 과목 9 내 상상 속 거울 신경 세포의 지역에서의 fMRI의 BOLD 신호와 상관 관계가이 리듬 인덱스, 적어도 부분적으로, MNS 활동. EEG 뮤 리듬의 평가는 거울 신경 세포 행동의 비 침습적 평가를 허용했다인간의 ivity. EEG는 뇌 활동을 조사하기위한 독특한 방법을 제공하고 행동 적 기반 분석법과 결합 할 때, 임상 집단에서, 이러한 모방 같은 사회인지의 측면을 해명하기위한 강력한 도구가 될 수있다. 또한,인지 또는 언어 장애가있는 인구와 함께 사용하기위한 EEG의 적용은 다른 이미징 기술 또는 행동 패러다임이 덜 성공적으로 활용 될 수있다 누구를 위해 개인의 능력에 대한 통찰력 수 있습니다. 설명 프로토콜은 이론적으로 자폐증 스펙트럼 장애와 같은 전형적인 비정형 개발과 개인의 미러 뉴런 시스템에 연결된 사회적인지 기능을 검사 할 수있는 수단을 제공합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="994">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Geodesic EEG System</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EGI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:539px;">Any EEG system, not only EGI based systems, is applicable for the described study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">MATLAB software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any mathematical, statistical software that can work with matrices is applicable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Netstation software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EGI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any EEG acquisition software is applicable for the described study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Manipulandum</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">custom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Any object that is co-registered with data acquisition software to signal a successful grasp</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

eeg mu rhythm in typical and atypical development

뇌파 (EEG)는 뇌의 활동을 평가하고 기록 효과적인 효율적이며 비 침습적 인 방법이다. 좋음 시간적 해상도 감안 EEG는 특정 동작, 상태, 또는 외부 자극에 관련된 신경 응답을 검사하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 유틸리티의 예는 EEG 뮤 리듬의 시험을 통해 인간의 거울 뉴런 시스템 (MNS)의 평가입니다. 단순히 개인이 실행, 또는, 목표 지향 행동을 관찰 할 때 EEG 뮤 리듬은 중앙에 위치한 전극에서 기록 된 8 ~ 12 Hz에서 주파수 범위에서 진동의 활동은 억제된다. 따라서, 그것은 MNS의 활동을 반영하도록 제안되어왔다. 그것은 거울 뉴런 시스템 (MNS)의 장애 자폐증 스펙트럼 장애 (ASD)의 사회적 적자에 기여하는 역할을 담당하고 있다고 가정하고있다. MNS는 간접적으로 그 활동에 대한 지표로 EEG 뮤 리듬의 감쇠를 사용하여 임상 인구에서 검사 할 수 있습니다. 설명 제자ocol는 이론적으로 같은 ASD 전형적인 비정형 개발과 개인의 MNS에 연결된 사회적인지 기능을 검사 할 수있는 수단을 제공합니다.

일반 성인, 어린이, 유아는 지속적으로 실행과 행동 관찰을 통해 다양한 패러다임과 자극 5, 14-30 둘 중에 뮤 리듬을 증명하고있다. 이 주파수 대역에서의 감쇠는 일관되게이 다른 두피 영역에 기록 된 알파 파워의 감소 아님을 나타내는 중심 전극 (그림 3)를 통해 지역화됩니다. 마찬가지로, 운동의 관찰 기간 동안이 주파수의 감쇠 등 (그림 4) 공을 수신 거부와 같?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development at JoVE.com

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

EEG 뮤 리듬의 평가는 뇌의 활동을 조사하기위한 독특한 방법을 제공하고 행동으로 기반의 분석과 결합 될 때, 임상 인구에서, 이러한 모방으로, 사회인지의 측면을 해명하기위한 강력한 도구가 될 수 있습니다.

일반 및 비정형 개발에 EEG 뮤 리듬

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an effective, efficient, and noninvasive method of assessing and recording brain activity. Given the excellent temporal ...

eeg-mu-rhythm-in-typical-and-atypical-development

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Medicine

25.3K 조회수.  University of Washington.  EEG 뮤 리듬의 평가는 뇌의 활동을 조사하기위한 독특한 방법을 제공하고 행동으로 기반의 분석과 결합 될 때, 임상 인구에서, 이러한 모방으로, 사회인지의 측면을 해명하기위한 강력한 도구가 될 수 있습니다. 

비디오: EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation

Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) is an established therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion is essential for achieving antral contact and PV isolation and is typically assessed by contrast injection. We present a novel method of direct pressure monitoring for assessment of PV occlusion.
Transcatheter pressure is monitored during balloon advancement to the PV antrum. Pressure is recorded via a single pressure transducer connected to the inner lumen of the cryoballoon. Pressure curve characteristics are used to assess occlusion in conjunction with fluoroscopic or intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guidance. PV occlusion is confirmed when loss of typical left atrial (LA) pressure waveform is observed with recordings of PA pressure characteristics (no A wave and rapid V wave upstroke). Complete pulmonary vein occlusion as assessed with this technique has been confirmed with concurrent contrast utilization during the initial testing of the technique and has been shown to be highly accurate and readily reproducible.
We evaluated the efficacy of this novel technique in 35 patients. A total of 128 veins were assessed for occlusion with the cryoballoon utilizing the pressure monitoring technique; occlusive pressure was demonstrated in 113 veins with resultant successful pulmonary vein isolation in 111 veins (98.2%). Occlusion was confirmed with subsequent contrast injection during the initial ten procedures, after which contrast utilization was rapidly reduced or eliminated given the highly accurate identification of occlusive pressure waveform with limited initial training.
Verification of PV occlusive pressure during CBA is a novel approach to assessing effective PV occlusion and it accurately predicts electrical isolation. Utilization of this method results in significant decrease in fluoroscopy time and volume of contrast.

Effective pulmonary vein isolation utilizing a cryoballoon depends on complete pulmonary vein occlusion. The point of occlusion can be effectively predicted by direct analysis of pulmonary vein pressure waveform analysis during balloon inflation using a simple and reproducible technique.

직접 압력 모니터링 정확하게 Cryoballoon 절제하는 동안 폐 정맥 폐색을 예측

Cryoballoon  ablation (CBA) is an established therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF).  Pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion is essential for achieving antral ...

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Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio based cues and set within the context of a video game metaphor, users gather relevant spatial information regarding a building's layout. This allows the user to develop an accurate spatial cognitive map of a large-scale three-dimensional space that can be manipulated for the purposes of a real indoor navigation task. After game play, participants are then assessed on their ability to navigate within the target physical building represented in the game. Preliminary results suggest that early blind users were able to acquire relevant information regarding the spatial layout of a previously unfamiliar building as indexed by their performance on a series of navigation tasks. These tasks included path finding through the virtual and physical building, as well as a series of drop off tasks. We find that the immersive and highly interactive nature of the AbES software appears to greatly engage the blind user to actively explore the virtual environment. Applications of this approach may extend to larger populations of visually impaired individuals.

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind.

오디오 기반의 가상 게임 환경의 개발은 맹인의 탐색 기술을 지원하는

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio ...

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep

The diagnosis of scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) of sheep and goats, is currently based on the detection of disease-associated prion protein by post mortem tests. Unless a random sample of the sheep or goat population is actively monitored for scrapie, identification of scrapie cases relies on the reporting of clinical suspects, which is dependent on the individual&#39;s familiarization with the disease and ability to recognize clinical signs associated with scrapie. Scrapie may not be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurological diseases in small ruminants, particularly in countries with low scrapie prevalence, or not recognized&#160;if it presents as nonpruritic form like atypical scrapie. To aid in the identification of clinical suspects, a short examination protocol is presented to assess the display of specific clinical signs associated with pruritic and nonpruritic forms of TSEs in sheep, which could also be applied to goats. This includes assessment of behavior, vision (by testing of the menace response), pruritus (by testing the response to scratching), and movement (with and without blindfolding). This may lead to a more detailed neurologic examination&#160;of reporting animals as scrapie suspects. It&#160;could also be used in experimental TSE studies of sheep or goats to evaluate disease progression or to identify clinical end-point.

A short clinical examination protocol is presented to aid in the detection of classical and atypical scrapie in sheep and goats.

양에서 비정형 및 고전적인 스크레이키를 감지하는 임상 시험 프로토콜

The diagnosis of scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) of sheep and goats, is currently based on the detection of disease-associated ...

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with high-throughput cell positioning technology. The targeted tumor cell populations are first preprogrammed to immobilization into an array format, and labeled with green fluorescent cytosolic dyes. Following the cell array formation, antibody drugs are added in combination with human whole blood. Propidium iodide (PI) is then added to assess cell death. The cell array is analyzed with an automatic imaging system. While cytosolic dye labels the targeted tumor cell populations, PI labels the dead tumor cell populations. Thus, the percentage of target cancer cell killing can be quantified by calculating the number of surviving targeted cells to the number of dead targeted cells. With this method, researchers are able to access time-dependent and dose-dependent cell cytotoxicity information. Remarkably, no hazardous radiochemicals are used. The WCA presented here has been tested with lymphoma, leukemia, and solid tumor cell lines. Therefore, WCA allows researchers to assess drug efficacy in a highly relevant ex&#160;vivo condition.

The whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) is a cytotoxicity assay developed by incorporating high-throughput cell positioning technology with fluorescence microscopy and automated image processing. Here, we describe how lymphoma cells treated with an anti-CD20 antibody can be analyzed real-time in human whole blood to provide quantitative cellular cytotoxicity analysis.

인간 전혈에서 실시간 세포 독성 분석 실험

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with ...

Brain Source Imaging in Preclinical Rat Models of Focal Epilepsy using High-Resolution EEG Recordings

Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been traditionally used to determine which brain regions are the most likely candidates for resection in patients with focal epilepsy. This methodology relies on the assumption that seizures originate from the same regions of the brain from which interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) emerge. Preclinical models are very useful to find correlates between IED locations and the actual regions underlying seizure initiation in focal epilepsy. Rats have been commonly used in preclinical studies of epilepsy1; hence, there exist a large variety of models for focal epilepsy in this particular species. However, it is challenging to record multichannel EEG and to perform brain source imaging in such a small animal. To overcome this issue, we combine a patented-technology to obtain 32-channel EEG recordings from rodents2 and an MRI probabilistic atlas for brain anatomical structures in Wistar rats to perform brain source imaging. In this video, we introduce the procedures to acquire multichannel EEG from Wistar rats with focal cortical dysplasia, and describe the steps both to define the volume conductor model from the MRI atlas and to uniquely determine the IEDs. Finally, we validate the whole methodology by obtaining brain source images of IEDs and compare them with those obtained at different time frames during the seizure onset.

This video introduces the preparation, recording, and source analysis procedures of high-resolution EEG on sedated rats with a particular preclinical model of focal epilepsy under noninvasive conditions.

고해상도 뇌파 기록을 사용하여 초점 간질의 전임상 쥐 모델에서 뇌 원본 영상

Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been traditionally used to determine which brain regions are the most likely candidates for resection in patients with ...

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

This protocol shows the measurement of the apoptotic activity neutralization of TNF&#945; in a mouse fibroblast cell model (WEHI 164) using an anti-TNF&#945; mAb. In addition, this protocol can be used to evaluate other anti-TNF&#945; molecules, such as fusion proteins. The cellular model employed here is sensitive to TNF&#945;-mediated apoptosis when an additional stress factor is induced in cell culture conditions (e.g., serum deprivation). This procedure exemplifies how to execute this analytical assay, highlighting the key operations relating to the sample preparation, cell dilution, apoptosis induction, and spectrophotometric measurements that are critical to ensure successful results. This protocol reveals the best-performance conditions relating to apoptosis induction and efficient signal recording, leading to low uncertainty values.

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody mAb by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

A protocol for the determination of the relative anti-apoptotic activity of an anti-TNF&#945; mAb using a neutralization mechanism with WEHI 164 cells is presented here. This protocol is useful for comparing the neutralization strength of different molecules with the same biological functionality.

상대적인 힘의 안티-TNF 단 클론 항 체 (mAb) 중화 방 청 TNF는 시험관에서 생물 메서드를 사용 하 여의 결정

This protocol shows the measurement of the apoptotic activity neutralization of TNF&#945; in a mouse fibroblast cell model (WEHI 164) using an ...

Assessment of Spontaneous Alternation, Novel Object Recognition and Limb Clasping in Transgenic Mouse Models of Amyloid-&#946; and Tau Neuropathology

Here we describe a staged, behavioral testing approach that can be used to screen for compounds that exhibit in vivo efficacy on cognitive and functional motor behaviors in transgenic mouse models of &#946;-amyloidosis and tauopathy. The paradigm includes tests for spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze, novel object recognition, and limb clasping. These tests were selected because they: 1) interrogate function of cognitive or motor domains and the correlate neural circuitry relevant to the human disease state, 2) have clearly defined endpoints, 3) have easily implementable quality control checks, 4) can be run in a moderate throughput format, and 5) require little intervention by the investigator. These methods are designed for investigators looking to screen compounds for activity in short-term and working memory tasks, or functional motor behaviors associated with Alzheimer's disease mouse models. The methods described here use behavioral tests that engage a number of different brain regions including hippocampus and various cortical areas. Investigators that desire cognitive tests that specifically assess cognition mediated by a single brain region could use these techniques to supplement other behavioral tests.

Assessment of Spontaneous Alternation, Novel Object Recognition and Limb Clasping in Transgenic Mouse Models of Amyloid-&amp;#946; and Tau Neuropathology

Described here is a staged, behavioral screening approach that can be used to screen for compounds that exhibit in vivo efficacy on cognitive and functional motor behaviors in transgenic mouse models of &#946;-amyloidosis and tauopathy. These methods are optimized to screen compounds for activity in short-term and working memory tasks.

아밀로이드 -β 및 타우 신경 병증의 유전자 변형 마우스 모델에서 자발적 교대, 새로운 대상 인식 및 사지 걸림의 평가

Here we describe a staged, behavioral testing approach that can be used to screen for compounds that exhibit in vivo efficacy on cognitive and functional ...

The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) is frequently selected to recapitulate spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Here we present a protocol of SE induction by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pilocarpine and monitoring of chronic recurring seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram (EEG) system. We demonstrated notable behavioral changes that need attention after pilocarpine injection and their correlation with hippocampal neuronal loss at 7 days and 6 weeks post-pilocarpine. We also describe the experimental procedures of electrode implantation for video and EEG recording, and analysis of the frequency and duration of chronic recurrent seizures. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons why the expected results are not achieved in each case. This provides a basic overview of modeling chronic epilepsy in mice and guidelines for troubleshooting. We believe this protocol can serve as a baseline for suitable models of chronic epilepsy and epileptogenesis.

This manuscript describes a method of inducing status epilepticus by systemic pilocarpine injection and of monitoring spontaneous recurrent seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram system. This protocol can be utilized for studying the pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and acute seizures.

측 두 엽 간 질 및 뇌 파 마우스에 Radiotelemetry 시스템을 사용 하 여 모니터링 Pilocarpine 모델

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status ...

Contractions of Human-iPSC-derived Cardiomyocyte Syncytia Measured with a Ca-sensitive Fluorescent Dye in Temperature-controlled 384-well Plates

Spontaneously contracting syncytia of cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM) are a useful model of human cardiac physiology and pharmacology. Various methods have been proposed to record this spontaneous activity and to evaluate drug effects, but many of these methods suffer from limited throughput and/or physiological relevance. We developed a high-throughput screening system to quantify the effects of exogenous compounds on hiPSC-CM's beating frequency, using a Ca-sensitive fluorescent dye and a temperature-controlled imaging multi-well plate reader. We describe how to prepare the cell plates and the compound plates and how to run the automated assay to achieve high sensitivity and reproducibility. We also describe how to transform and analyze the fluorescence data to provide reliable measures of drug effects on spontaneous rhythm. This assay can be used in drug discovery programs to guide chemical optimization away from, or toward, compounds affecting human cardiac function.

Spontaneously contracting syncytia of cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells are useful models of human cardiac physiology and pharmacology. Here we present a high-throughput screening system to quantify the effects of exogenous compounds on beating frequency, using a Ca-sensitive fluorescent dye and a temperature-controlled imaging multi-well plate reader.

Spontaneously contracting syncytia of cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM) are a useful model of human cardiac ...

A Training and Testing System for Performing Vascular Reconstruction In Vitro

Manual vascular reconstruction training is essential for a beginner surgeon. However, an optimal training system for vascular reconstruction in vitro has yet to be developed. In this study, we introduce an in vitro training and testing system using a magnetic anchoring technique with which a trainee can practice manual vascular reconstruction individually. Additionally, this system can also be used to test the quality of the reconstruction. The described system includes a vascular reconstruction training machine, magnetic tractors, and a magnetic suture puller. In this manuscript, we detail an end-to-end vein anastomosis using porcine right and left iliac veins. To identify the potential damage caused by a magnetic suture puller on the suture, we created three groups with six segments of 4-0 polypropylene sutures each: a control group with no intervention on the polypropylene suture, a group in which the polypropylene suture is manually pulled with sterile gloves 20x, and a magnetic puller group in which the magnetic puller pulled the polypropylene suture 20x. These groups were tested by light microscopy and breaking strength tests, and the effect of reconstruction was assessed. In the light microscopy test, the control group was less likely to be damaged (p &#60; 0.05) and the number of damaged points of the manual group and magnetic puller group were similar (p &#62; 0.05). The results of the breaking strength test were compared across groups and no significant difference was observed (p &#62; 0.05). The end-to-end anastomosis of the porcine iliac veins was successfully performed using this training system, and the reconstructed veins could undergo 2.0 kPa perfusion pressure. Using this training and testing system the trainee can practice manual vascular reconstruction in vitro individually with the aid of magnetic tractors and a magnetic suture puller, and the quality of the reconstruction can be tested.

Here we present a training and testing system where a trainee can complete manual vascular reconstruction in vitro individually using a magnetic anchoring technique. The system can also be used to test the quality of reconstruction.

체외에서 혈관 재건을 수행하기 위한 교육 및 테스트 시스템

Manual vascular reconstruction training is essential for a beginner surgeon. However, an optimal training system for vascular reconstruction in vitro has ...