Name: straightforward assay for quantification of social avoidance in drosophila melanogaster
Uploaded: 2014-12-13T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

We thank Rachelle Kanippayoor for her help in identifying the new wild-type strain as being of the melanogaster species. R.W.F, O.F. and A.F.S were responsible for research design; R.W.F, M.N. and O.F. performed the experiments. R.W.F, M.N., O.F. and A.F.S. analyzed the data; R.W.F., I.S.M. and A.F.S. wrote the manuscript. 
This work was supported by PSC-CUNY research awards, jointly funded by The Professional Staff Congress and The City University of New York to A.F.S.; by internal funding from Western University to A.F.S. and I.S.M.; by a training support from the National Alliance for Hispanic Health&#8217;s Alliance/Merck Ciencia (Science) Hispanic Scholars Program and a University Fellowship from the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences to R.W.F.

1. Equipment and Reagents Created In-house (See List of Material for Others)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a Drosophila cold anesthesia apparatus to perform fly work.
	<ol>
		<li>Cut a porous polyethylene sheet to cover a small plastic box (12.7 cm long, 10.2 cm wide), typically the top cover of a pipette tips box (12.7 cm long, 10.2 cm wide, 3.8 cm deep).</li>
		<li>Fill the box with crushed ice, cover with the porous polyethylene sheet.&#160;</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare a T-maze apparatus; adapt the apparatus previously desc...

<ol>
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Neurobiol. 19, 345-353 (2009).</li><li>Billeter, J. -. C., Atallah, J., Krupp, J. J., Millar, J. G., Levine, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specialized+cells+tag+sexual+and+species+identity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Specialized cells tag sexual and species identity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Nature. 461, 987-991 (2009).</li><li>Krupp, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+experience+modifies+pheromone+expression+and+mating+behavior+in+male+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Social experience modifies pheromone expression and mating behavior in male Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Curr Biol. 18, 1373-1383 (2008).</li><li>Kent, C., Azanchi, R., Smith, B., Formosa, A., Levine, J. 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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+population+of+olfactory+sensory+neurons+mediates+an+innate+avoidance+behaviour+in+Drosophila.">A single population of olfactory sensory neurons mediates an innate avoidance behaviour in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 431, 854-859 (2004).</li><li>Bonini, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Tribute+to+Seymour+Benzer+1921-2007.">A Tribute to Seymour Benzer 1921-2007.</a> 180, 1265-1273 (2008).</li><li>Castermans, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurobeachin+gene+is+disrupted+by+a+translocation+in+a+patient+with+idiopathic+autism.">The neurobeachin gene is disrupted by a translocation in a patient with idiopathic autism.</a> Journal of Medical Genetics. 40, 352-356 (2003).</li><li>Medrihan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobeachin,+a+protein+implicated+in+membrane+protein+traffic+and+autism,+is+required+for+the+formation+and+functioning+of+central+synapses.">Neurobeachin, a protein implicated in membrane protein traffic and autism, is required for the formation and functioning of central synapses.</a> J Physiol. 587, 5095-5106 (2009).</li><li>Simon, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+assay+to+study+social+behavior+in+Drosophila:+measurement+of+social+space+within+a+group.">A simple assay to study social behavior in Drosophila: measurement of social space within a group.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 11, 243-252 (2012).</li><li>Venkatesh, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Meeting: From Molecules to Circuit Behavior. , (2013).</li><li>Hamilton, P. 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This protocol describes a detailed procedure for the social avoidance assay. Canton-S will only avoid a vial in which flies have previously been mechanically stressed, and that sex and number of responders does not affect that social avoidance performance. However, genetic background of the responders has a major influence.
The following are several critical steps for performing this experiment successfully: 1) always transfer the flies 2 hr before the experiment and make sure not to disturb t...

The goal of this method is to easily quantify a new aspect of simple social behavior in Drosophila melanogaster, independent from courtship and aggression.
Social interactions are crucial to the proper development and health of individuals within a society, as well as the functionality of a social group as a whole. The high complexity of these interactions necessitates large sample sizes and a system that allows for simplification of the behavior as the genetic and neural bases of social behavior are still poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful genetic model that can be used to identify the genetic and neural bases of social interactions. Indeed, D. melanogaster has a repertoire of complex social behaviors and some direct measurements of socialization have already been done1-7. However, most of these efforts have been focused on relatively complex social behaviors, such as aggressive interactions3,6, various aspects of courtship3,8-12, and how social experience affects other behaviors such as learning, or circadian rhythm13-17. In addition, many of these assays rely on analyzing complex interaction patterns of groups of flies, using video tracking and computer software to analyze the resulting abundance of data. Such analyses are invaluable, and lead to important new insights such as the dynamic of fly-fly interactions in groups7. One limitation, however, is the inaccessibility of these assays to the community at large, and the limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying recognition of others. In other words, the basis of the emission of a signal by one individual and its recognition by another is still poorly understood18.
In contrast, flies also exhibit a simple behavior, social avoidance, where individuals move away from a signal emitted by stressed flies: the D. melanogaster Stress Odorant or dSO19. In a high-throughput assay, this behavior can be quantified as the avoidance of a stress signal emitted by other flies, or social avoidance19. Flies are placed in a T-maze apparatus and given the choice to avoid a vial containing dSO. Using this assay, CO2 was shown to be a component of the dSO, and part of the neural circuitry necessary to respond to CO2 was dissected19.
The social avoidance assay presented here is similar conceptually to the simple behavioral assays developed in Seymour Benzer&#8217;s laboratory that enabled generations of researchers to dissect complex behaviours20. Analysis of social avoidance can be carried out cost-effectively using the T-maze assay, allowing for more widespread study of social behavior. For example, using this assay we recently demonstrated that different genetic risks for autism have contrasting effects in social behavior assays. Mutants for a candidate gene for autism &#8212; neurobeachin21,22 &#8212; present deficiencies both in social space (described elsewhere23) and social avoidance24. Abnormal dopaminergic signaling is also proposed to play a role in the etiology of autism in humans25,26. In contrast to the results obtained with neurobeachin, we found that social avoidance performance was unaffected by increased or decreased levels of the Drosophila Vesicular Monoamine Transporter (VMAT) in dopaminergic cells, although social space was directly correlated to these levels of VMAT27. The contrasting results obtained with neurobeachin and VMAT underscore the possibility of identifying various forms of asocial behavior, and thus the different underlying neural circuitries modulating the response to others.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Zoom Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>SMZ-645</td>
			<td>Any other standard scope for fly handling would work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small paint brushes&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for pushing flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Porous Polyethylene, 12&#34; x 12&#34; Sheet</td>
			<td>Flystuff - Genesee</td>
			<td>46-100</td>
			<td>http://www.flystuff.com/ProductInfo.php?productID=46-100 
			Porous Plastic sheet for the cold anesthesia box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-Alarm Timer/Stopwatch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Sharpie pens</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini vortex</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-955-151&#160;</td>
			<td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail 
			For mechanical agitation of the flies - any vortex would work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences DL No.:352017, Falcon test tube; round bottom; disposable; no closure, 14mL;&#160; 17 x 100mm</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-959-8 &#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail?storeId=10652&#38;langId=-1&#38;catalogId=29104&#38;productId=2771811&#38;distype=0&#38;highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&#38;fromSearch=1&#38;searchType=PROD&#38;hasPromo=0 
			These snap in place in the in-house made T-maze and counter-current apparatus (see text)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cotton balls</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to close the vials after the experiment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trifold board and white bench cover</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to provide a white background, and a homogeneous light.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>white bench cover</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pounding pad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any mouse pad works.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>large black cloth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to cover the counter-current apparatus in phototaxis response.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cool-white light&#160;</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>1000516563</td>
			<td>http://www.homedepot.ca/product/illume-26-fluorescent-plug-in-linear/911423 
			any similar linear light with fluorescent light bulb cool-white at 13-15W would work</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

straightforward assay for quantification of social avoidance in drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

The social avoidance assay is a robust test quantifying the ability of Drosophila melanogaster to recognize a stress signal (dSO) emitted by other flies, and thus assessing one aspect of social interactions. The assay is performed using an apparatus commonly used in various behavior assays known as a T-maze, which present the flies with a choice between two different options &#8212; left or right19,28-31. In this case, the efficiency at which the flies avoid the dSO is quantified by calculating and co...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

straightforward-assay-for-quantification-social-avoidance-drosophila

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Neuroscience

Paired Nanoinjection and Electrophysiology Assay to Screen for Bioactivity of Compounds using the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber System

Screening compounds for in vivo activity can be used as a first step to identify candidates that may be developed into pharmacological agents1,2. We developed a novel nanoinjection/electrophysiology assay that allows the detection of bioactive modulatory effects of compounds on the function of a neuronal circuit that mediates the escape response in Drosophila melanogaster3,4. Our in vivo assay, which uses the Drosophila Giant Fiber System (GFS, Figure 1) allows screening of different types of compounds, such as small molecules or peptides, and requires only minimal quantities to elicit an effect. In addition, the Drosophila GFS offers a large variety of potential molecular targets on neurons or muscles. The Giant Fibers (GFs) synapse electrically (Gap Junctions) as well as chemically (cholinergic) onto a Peripheral Synapsing Interneuron (PSI) and the Tergo Trochanteral Muscle neuron (TTMn)5. The PSI to DLMn (Dorsal Longitudinal Muscle neuron) connection is dependent on D&alpha;7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)6. Finally, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of the TTMn and the DLMn with the jump (TTM) and flight muscles (DLM) are glutamatergic7-12. Here, we demonstrate how to inject nanoliter quantities of a compound, while obtaining electrophysiological intracellular recordings from the Giant Fiber System13 and how to monitor the effects of the compound on the function of this circuit. We show specificity of the assay with methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA), a nAChR antagonist, which disrupts the PSI to DLMn connection but not the GF to TTMn connection or the function of the NMJ at the jump or flight muscles.
Before beginning this video it is critical that you carefully watch and become familiar with the JoVE video titled "Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster " from Augustin et al7, as the video presented here is intended as an expansion to this existing technique. Here we use the electrophysiological recordings method and focus in detail only on the addition of the paired nanoinjections and monitoring technique.

Paired Nanoinjection and Electrophysiology Assay to Screen for Bioactivity of Compounds using the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber System

A rapid in vivo assay to test for neuromodulatory compounds using the Giant Fiber System (GFS) of Drosophila melanogaster is described. Nanoinjections in the head of the animal along with electrophysiological recordings of the GFS can reveal bioactivity of compounds on neurons or muscles.

Screening compounds for in vivo activity can be used as a first step to identify candidates that may be developed into pharmacological agents1,2. We ...

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in Drosophila melanogaster1. Chief among these are optogenetic tools, which enable the activation or silencing of specific neurons in the intact and freely moving animal using bright light. Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) is a light-activated cation channel that, when activated by blue light, causes depolarization of neurons that express it. ChR2 has been effective for identifying neurons critical for specific behaviors, such as CO2 avoidance, proboscis extension and giant-fiber mediated startle response2-4. However, as the intense light sources used to stimulate ChR2 also stimulate photoreceptors, these optogenetic techniques have not previously been used in the visual system. Here, we combine an optogenetic approach with a mutation that impairs phototransduction to demonstrate that activation of a cluster of loom-sensitive neurons in the fly's optic lobe, Foma-1 neurons, can drive an escape behavior used to avoid collision. We used a null allele of a critical component of the phototransduction cascade, phospholipase C-&beta;, encoded by the norpA gene, to render the flies blind and also use the Gal4-UAS transcriptional activator system to drive expression of ChR2 in the Foma-1 neurons. Individual flies are placed on a small platform surrounded by blue LEDs. When the LEDs are illuminated, the flies quickly take-off into flight, in a manner similar to visually driven loom-escape behavior. We believe that this technique can be easily adapted to examine other behaviors in freely moving flies.

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetically encoded optogenetic tools enable noninvasive manipulation of specific neurons in the Drosophila brain. Such tools can identify neurons whose activation is sufficient to elicit or suppress particular behaviors. Here we present a method for activating Channelrhodopsin2 that is expressed in targeted neurons in freely walking flies.

A  growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive  manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in ...

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such behavior is spontaneous locomotor activity. Here we describe our protocol that utilizes Drosophila population monitors and a tracking system that allows continuous monitoring of the spontaneous locomotor activity of flies for several days at a time. This method is simple, reliable, and objective and can be used to examine the effects of aging, sex, changes in caloric content of food, addition of drugs, or genetic manipulations that mimic human diseases.

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster are useful in studying genetic or environmental manipulations that affect behaviors such as spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160; Here we describe a protocol that utilizes monitors with infrared beams and data analysis software to quantify spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160;

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To complicate matters even further, the odors detected by the insect nervous system usually are not single compounds but mixtures whose composition and concentration ratios vary. This leads to an almost infinite amount of different olfactory stimuli which have to be evaluated by the nervous system.
To understand which aspects of an odor stimulus determine its evaluation by the fly, it is therefore desirable to efficiently examine odor-guided behavior towards many odorants and odor mixtures. To directly correlate behavior to neuronal activity, behavior should be quantified in a comparable time frame and under identical stimulus conditions as in neurophysiological experiments. However, many currently used olfactory bioassays in Drosophila neuroethology are rather specialized either towards efficiency or towards resolution.
Flywalk, an automated odor delivery and tracking system, bridges the gap between efficiency and resolution. It allows the determination of exactly when an odor packet stimulated a freely walking fly, and to determine the animal&#180;s dynamic behavioral reaction.

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

The automated tracking system Flywalk is used for high-resolution quantification of odor-guided behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To ...

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. When selecting sites to deposit their eggs, female flies are capable of ranking the relative attractiveness of their options and choosing the &#34;greater of two goods.&#34; However, most egg-laying preference assays are not practical if one wants to take a systematic genetic screening approach to search for the circuit basis underlying this simple decision-making process, as they are population-based and laborious to set up. To increase the throughput of studying of egg-laying preferences of single females, we developed custom chambers that each can simultaneously assay egg-laying preferences of up to thirty individual flies as well as a protocol that ensures each female has a high egg-laying rate (so that their preference is readily discernable and more convincing). Our approach is simple to execute and produces very consistent results. Additionally, these chambers can be equipped with different attachments to allow video recording the egg-laying animals and to deliver light for optogenetics studies. This article provides the blueprints for fabricating these chambers and the procedure for preparing the flies to be assayed in these chambers.

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

This protocol describes a high throughput assay for testing egg-laying preferences of Drosophila melanogaster at single-animal resolution. This assay provides a simple, efficient, and scalable platform to identify genes and circuit components that control a simple decision-making process.

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. ...

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral variation. The larval path-length assay was developed to measure individual differences in foraging behavior that were later linked to the foraging gene. Larval path-length is an easily scored trait that facilitates the collection of large sample sizes, at minimal cost, for genetic screens. Here we provide a detailed description of the current protocol for the larval path-length assay first used by Sokolowski. The protocol details how to reproducibly handle test animals, perform the behavioral assay and analyze the data. An example of how the assay can be used to measure behavioral plasticity in response to environmental change, by manipulating feeding environment prior to performing the assay, is also provided. Finally, appropriate test design as well as environmental factors that can modify larval path-length such as food quality, developmental age and day effects are discussed.

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

We provide a detailed protocol for a Drosophila melanogaster foraging path-length assay. We discuss the preparation and handling of test animals, how to perform the assay and analyze the data.

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral ...

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of the right type and quantity of food therefore has a major influence on quality of life. Research on feeding behavior focuses on the underlying processes that ensure actual feeding and unravels the role of factors regulating internal energy homeostasis and the neuronal bases of decision-making. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster, with its great variety of genetically traceable tools for labeling and manipulating single neurons, allows mapping of neuronal networks and identification of molecular signaling cascades involved in the regulation of food intake. This report demonstrates the CApillary FEeder assay (CAFE) and shows how to measure food intake in a group of flies for time spans ranging from hours to days. This easy-to-use assay consists of glass capillaries filled with liquid food that flies can freely access and feed on. Food consumption in the assay is accurately determined using simple measurement tools. Herein we describe step-by-step the method from setup to successful execution of the CAFE assay, and provide practical examples to analyze the food intake of a group of flies under controlled conditions. The reader is guided through possible limitations of the assay, and advantages and disadvantages of the method compared to other feeding assays in D. melanogaster are evaluated.

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

The CApillary FEeder (CAFE) assay is a simple, budget-friendly, highly reliable method for investigating mechanisms underlying food intake. Used with the highly versatile genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster, it provides a powerful means of gaining new insights into regulatory mechanisms of food intake.

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of ...

Analyzing Synaptic Modulation of Drosophila melanogaster Photoreceptors after Exposure to Prolonged Light

The nervous system has the remarkable ability to adapt and respond to various stimuli. This neural adjustment is largely achieved through plasticity at the synaptic level. The Active Zone (AZ) is the region at the presynaptic membrane that mediates neurotransmitter release and is composed of a dense collection of scaffold proteins. AZs of Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) photoreceptors undergo molecular remodeling after prolonged exposure to natural ambient light. Thus the level of neuronal activity can rearrange the molecular composition of the AZ and contribute to the regulation of the functional output.
Starting from the light exposure set-up preparation to the immunohistochemistry, this protocol details how to quantify the number, the spatial distribution, and the delocalization level of synaptic molecules at AZs in Drosophila photoreceptors. Using image analysis software, clusters of the GFP-fused AZ component Bruchpilot were identified for each R8 photoreceptor (R8) axon terminal. Detected Bruchpilot spots were automatically assigned to individual R8 axons. To calculate the distribution of spot frequency along the axon, we implemented a customized software plugin. Each axon&#39;s start-point and end-point were manually defined and the position of each Bruchpilot spot was projected onto the connecting line between start and end-point. Besides the number of Bruchpilot clusters, we also quantified the delocalization level of Bruchpilot-GFP within the clusters. These measurements reflect in detail the spatially resolved synaptic dynamics in a single neuron under different environmental conditions to stimuli.

Analyzing Synaptic Modulation of Drosophila melanogaster Photoreceptors after Exposure to Prolonged Light

Here we show how to quantify the number and spatial distribution of synaptic active zones in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;photoreceptors, highlighted with a genetically encoded molecular marker, and their modulation after prolonged exposure to light.

The nervous system has the remarkable ability to adapt and respond to various stimuli. This neural adjustment is largely achieved through plasticity at ...