We thank Rachelle Kanippayoor for her help in identifying the new wild-type strain as being of the melanogaster species. R.W.F, O.F. and A.F.S were responsible for research design; R.W.F, M.N. and O.F. performed the experiments. R.W.F, M.N., O.F. and A.F.S. analyzed the data; R.W.F., I.S.M. and A.F.S. wrote the manuscript. 
This work was supported by PSC-CUNY research awards, jointly funded by The Professional Staff Congress and The City University of New York to A.F.S.; by internal funding from Western University to A.F.S. and I.S.M.; by a training support from the National Alliance for Hispanic Health&#8217;s Alliance/Merck Ciencia (Science) Hispanic Scholars Program and a University Fellowship from the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences to R.W.F.

1. Equipment and Reagents Created In-house (See List of Material for Others)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a Drosophila cold anesthesia apparatus to perform fly work.
	<ol>
		<li>Cut a porous polyethylene sheet to cover a small plastic box (12.7 cm long, 10.2 cm wide), typically the top cover of a pipette tips box (12.7 cm long, 10.2 cm wide, 3.8 cm deep).</li>
		<li>Fill the box with crushed ice, cover with the porous polyethylene sheet.&#160;</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare a T-maze apparatus; adapt the apparatus previously desc...

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+context+influences+chemical+communication+in+D.+melanogaster+males.">Social context influences chemical communication in D. melanogaster males.</a> Curr Biol. 18, 1384-1389 (2008).</li><li>Levine, J. D., Funes, P., Dowse, H. B., Hall, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resetting+the+Circadian+Clock+by+Social+Experience+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Resetting the Circadian Clock by Social Experience in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Science. 298, 2010-2012 (2002).</li><li>Ganguly-Fitzgerald, I., Donlea, J., Shaw, P. 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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+population+of+olfactory+sensory+neurons+mediates+an+innate+avoidance+behaviour+in+Drosophila.">A single population of olfactory sensory neurons mediates an innate avoidance behaviour in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 431, 854-859 (2004).</li><li>Bonini, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Tribute+to+Seymour+Benzer+1921-2007.">A Tribute to Seymour Benzer 1921-2007.</a> 180, 1265-1273 (2008).</li><li>Castermans, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurobeachin+gene+is+disrupted+by+a+translocation+in+a+patient+with+idiopathic+autism.">The neurobeachin gene is disrupted by a translocation in a patient with idiopathic autism.</a> Journal of Medical Genetics. 40, 352-356 (2003).</li><li>Medrihan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobeachin,+a+protein+implicated+in+membrane+protein+traffic+and+autism,+is+required+for+the+formation+and+functioning+of+central+synapses.">Neurobeachin, a protein implicated in membrane protein traffic and autism, is required for the formation and functioning of central synapses.</a> J Physiol. 587, 5095-5106 (2009).</li><li>Simon, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+assay+to+study+social+behavior+in+Drosophila:+measurement+of+social+space+within+a+group.">A simple assay to study social behavior in Drosophila: measurement of social space within a group.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 11, 243-252 (2012).</li><li>Venkatesh, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Meeting: From Molecules to Circuit Behavior. , (2013).</li><li>Hamilton, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+mutation+in+the+dopamine+transporter+gene+associates+dopamine+dysfunction+with+autism+spectrum+disorder.">De novo mutation in the dopamine transporter gene associates dopamine dysfunction with autism spectrum disorder.</a> Mol Psychiatry. 18, 1315-1323 (2013).</li><li>Gadow, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+dopamine+gene+variants,+emotion+dysregulation+and+ADHD+in+autism+spectrum+disorder.">Association of dopamine gene variants, emotion dysregulation and ADHD in autism spectrum disorder.</a> Research in Developmental Disabilities. 35, 1658-1665 (2014).</li><li>Fernandez, R. W., Akinleye, A. A., Nurilov, M., Rouzyi, Z., Simon, A. 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This protocol describes a detailed procedure for the social avoidance assay. Canton-S will only avoid a vial in which flies have previously been mechanically stressed, and that sex and number of responders does not affect that social avoidance performance. However, genetic background of the responders has a major influence.
The following are several critical steps for performing this experiment successfully: 1) always transfer the flies 2 hr before the experiment and make sure not to disturb t...

The goal of this method is to easily quantify a new aspect of simple social behavior in Drosophila melanogaster, independent from courtship and aggression.
Social interactions are crucial to the proper development and health of individuals within a society, as well as the functionality of a social group as a whole. The high complexity of these interactions necessitates large sample sizes and a system that allows for simplification of the behavior as the genetic and neural bases of social behavior are still poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful genetic model that can be used to identify the genetic and neural bases of social interactions. Indeed, D. melanogaster has a repertoire of complex social behaviors and some direct measurements of socialization have already been done1-7. However, most of these efforts have been focused on relatively complex social behaviors, such as aggressive interactions3,6, various aspects of courtship3,8-12, and how social experience affects other behaviors such as learning, or circadian rhythm13-17. In addition, many of these assays rely on analyzing complex interaction patterns of groups of flies, using video tracking and computer software to analyze the resulting abundance of data. Such analyses are invaluable, and lead to important new insights such as the dynamic of fly-fly interactions in groups7. One limitation, however, is the inaccessibility of these assays to the community at large, and the limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying recognition of others. In other words, the basis of the emission of a signal by one individual and its recognition by another is still poorly understood18.
In contrast, flies also exhibit a simple behavior, social avoidance, where individuals move away from a signal emitted by stressed flies: the D. melanogaster Stress Odorant or dSO19. In a high-throughput assay, this behavior can be quantified as the avoidance of a stress signal emitted by other flies, or social avoidance19. Flies are placed in a T-maze apparatus and given the choice to avoid a vial containing dSO. Using this assay, CO2 was shown to be a component of the dSO, and part of the neural circuitry necessary to respond to CO2 was dissected19.
The social avoidance assay presented here is similar conceptually to the simple behavioral assays developed in Seymour Benzer&#8217;s laboratory that enabled generations of researchers to dissect complex behaviours20. Analysis of social avoidance can be carried out cost-effectively using the T-maze assay, allowing for more widespread study of social behavior. For example, using this assay we recently demonstrated that different genetic risks for autism have contrasting effects in social behavior assays. Mutants for a candidate gene for autism &#8212; neurobeachin21,22 &#8212; present deficiencies both in social space (described elsewhere23) and social avoidance24. Abnormal dopaminergic signaling is also proposed to play a role in the etiology of autism in humans25,26. In contrast to the results obtained with neurobeachin, we found that social avoidance performance was unaffected by increased or decreased levels of the Drosophila Vesicular Monoamine Transporter (VMAT) in dopaminergic cells, although social space was directly correlated to these levels of VMAT27. The contrasting results obtained with neurobeachin and VMAT underscore the possibility of identifying various forms of asocial behavior, and thus the different underlying neural circuitries modulating the response to others.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Zoom Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>SMZ-645</td>
			<td>Any other standard scope for fly handling would work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small paint brushes&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for pushing flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Porous Polyethylene, 12&#34; x 12&#34; Sheet</td>
			<td>Flystuff - Genesee</td>
			<td>46-100</td>
			<td>http://www.flystuff.com/ProductInfo.php?productID=46-100 
			Porous Plastic sheet for the cold anesthesia box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-Alarm Timer/Stopwatch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Sharpie pens</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini vortex</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-955-151&#160;</td>
			<td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail 
			For mechanical agitation of the flies - any vortex would work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences DL No.:352017, Falcon test tube; round bottom; disposable; no closure, 14mL;&#160; 17 x 100mm</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-959-8 &#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail?storeId=10652&#38;langId=-1&#38;catalogId=29104&#38;productId=2771811&#38;distype=0&#38;highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&#38;fromSearch=1&#38;searchType=PROD&#38;hasPromo=0 
			These snap in place in the in-house made T-maze and counter-current apparatus (see text)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cotton balls</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to close the vials after the experiment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trifold board and white bench cover</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to provide a white background, and a homogeneous light.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>white bench cover</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pounding pad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any mouse pad works.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>large black cloth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to cover the counter-current apparatus in phototaxis response.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cool-white light&#160;</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>1000516563</td>
			<td>http://www.homedepot.ca/product/illume-26-fluorescent-plug-in-linear/911423 
			any similar linear light with fluorescent light bulb cool-white at 13-15W would work</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

straightforward assay for quantification of social avoidance in drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

The social avoidance assay is a robust test quantifying the ability of Drosophila melanogaster to recognize a stress signal (dSO) emitted by other flies, and thus assessing one aspect of social interactions. The assay is performed using an apparatus commonly used in various behavior assays known as a T-maze, which present the flies with a choice between two different options &#8212; left or right19,28-31. In this case, the efficiency at which the flies avoid the dSO is quantified by calculating and co...

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Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

straightforward-assay-for-quantification-social-avoidance-drosophila

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11.1K vues.  Yale University. Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.