We thank the nurses (appearing on film) for supporting the neonates. 
We thank J. Hagoort, MA, linguist, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children&#8217;s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for reading and correcting the manuscript.

NOTE: Ce protocole suit les directives du comité d&#39;éthique de la recherche sur les humains locale. 1. Considérations générales REMARQUE: Considérations générales en matière d&#39;équipement, de stockage et de sécurité des données sont abordées dans la discussion. <ol><li> Obtenir des images en utilisant une haute résolution, en temps réel, machine à ultrasons 2D mobile avec plusieurs transducteurs avec une bande de fréquences (voir la discussion). En règle générale, obtenir des images de bonne qualité en utilisant une sonde à une fréquence de 7,5 à 8,5 MHz. </li></ol> 2. Préparation de l&#39;examen de CUS <ol><li> Planifier l&#39;examen CUS afin qu&#39;il ne coïncide pas avec d&#39;autres procédures telles que l&#39;échantillonnage de sang. </li><li> Veiller à ce que le travailleur de soins de santé ou un parent est disponible pour soutenir et / ou le confort du nouveau-né lors de l&#39;examen, en utilisant des stratégies comme celles selon les principes du nouveau-né individualisé développement Entretien et Programme d&#39;évaluation 6 &lt;/ Sup&gt;. </li></ol> 3. Examen Grâce antérieur Fontanel <ol><li> Installez la machine à ultrasons le long de l&#39;incubateur ou un berceau. </li><li> Appliquer le gel du transducteur à la sonde pour assurer un bon contact entre la sonde et la peau. Considérez réchauffement le gel avant utilisation. </li><li> Lancer une imagerie par l&#39;fontanelle antérieure avec une sonde convexe B-mode. Placer la sonde au milieu de la fontanelle avec le marqueur sur la sonde tourné vers le côté droit du nouveau-né. Le côté gauche du cerveau est alors affiché du côté droit de l&#39;écran. REMARQUE: Imagerie par la fontanelle peut être effectuée avec le nouveau-né dans ne importe quelle position 3. Pour des fins de recherche, il peut être nécessaire de tendre vers une position de la tête standard. <ol><li> Enregistrez les images dans au moins cinq coronale et cinq sagittal. Dans la première image régler la profondeur, le gain de temps et les réglages de compensation de gain pour produire une image de remplissage du secteur, contenant les contours crâniens, évitering images trop claires ou foncées et de parvenir à un équilibre entre les réflexions de structures voisines et plus profondes. </li><li> Plans frontal REMARQUE: Essayez d&#39;obtenir des images parfaitement symétriques. Lorsque les lésions près du lobe frontal convexité sont soupçonnés, envisager des coupes coronales obliques enregistrement spécifiques, de sorte que un hémisphère se affiche de façon plus détaillée (Figure 1). <ol><li> Pour l&#39;image préfrontal coronaire, l&#39;angle vers l&#39;avant de la sonde de visualiser les lobes frontaux, en avant des cornes frontales des ventricules latéraux au niveau des sillons olfactif. </li><li> Pour l&#39;image coronale au niveau de Monro, l&#39;angle de la sonde pour visualiser la section coronale antérieure à la choroïde tela pour dépeindre les cornes frontales des ventricules latéraux, cavum septi pellucidi, corps calleux, sillon cinguli. Notez l&#39;échogénicité de parties de noyaux gris centraux. </li><li> Pour l&#39;image coronale au niveau du thalamus, de l&#39;angle vers l&#39;arrière de la sonde pour identifier la fin des annéesfissures RAL, tela choroïde dans le toit du troisième ventricule et lobes temporaux. Notez l&#39;échogénicité du thalamus (en particulier les noyaux ventrolatérales) par rapport aux noyaux gris centraux. Notez que les blessures de réseau dans pulvinar peut être visualisée dans une section coronale supplémentaire juste en face de l&#39;oreillette. </li><li> Pour l&#39;image coronale au niveau des oreillettes, les ventricules latéraux visualiser au niveau du plexus choroïde. Identifier les lobes temporaux et hémisphères cérébelleux. Remarque l&#39;échogénicité de la substance blanche périventriculaire rapport à plexus choroïde. Comparer rayonnement optique avec les zones hyperéchogènes supérieures à la normale et latéraux à l&#39;oreillette chez les prématurés. </li><li> Pour l&#39;image pariéto-occipitale coronale, l&#39;angle vers l&#39;arrière de la sonde au niveau du sillon pariéto-occipitale d&#39;identifier les pariétales et occipitales lobes. </li></ol></li><li> Sagittal <ol><li> Tournez la sonde 90 ° avec le marqueur sur la sonde tourné vers le visage du nouveau-né. The partie antérieure du cerveau sera affichée sur le côté gauche de l&#39;écran. Enregistrez les images au niveau des structures suivantes (figure 2). </li><li> Pour l&#39;image sagittal médian, visualiser le corps calleux, cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), troisième et quatrième ventricule, vermis, grande citerne, Pons et mésencéphale. Notez la présence de cavum Vergae et cavum veli interpositi 7. </li><li> Pour l&#39;image parasagittale travers une ovoïde gangliothalamic (par exemple, le droit), l&#39;angle de la sonde sur le côté pour une vue parasagittale à travers le ventricule latéral. Identifier les plexus choroïde et notez l&#39;échogénicité thalamus et noyaux gris centraux. Le côté numérisée pour les avions parasagittales doit être dûment indiquée avec des outils de texte. </li><li> Pour l&#39;image insulaire parasagittale, l&#39;angle de la sonde encore latérale à travers l&#39;insula. Identifier la fissure latérale et frontal-, temporalité, parietal- et lobes occipitaux. </li><li> Images parasagittales Répéter pour til côté controlatéral (c.-à-gauche). </li></ol></li><li> Doppler couleur <ol><li> Continuer imagerie à travers la fontanelle antérieure avec une sonde convexe Doppler couleur. Considérons l&#39;évaluation des vitesses d&#39;écoulement dans les artères et les veines cérébrales et l&#39;obtention des indices dérivés. REMARQUE: Indice de résistance (RI) est définie comme la vitesse de pic systolique - diastolique extrémité vitesse / vitesse systolique de pointe. RI est-angle indépendante, les valeurs de vitesse ne sont pas absolus 8-10. RI ne est pas similaire dans les artères de calibre différent. Des mesures en série ne sont utiles que si elle est effectuée dans le même emplacement exact de la même récipient. </li></ol></li><li> Enregistrez les images en plans frontal des navires suivants (Figure 3): <ol><li> Visualiser les sinus transverse au niveau du cervelet. Si aucune ou une seule sinus transversale est visualisée, essayez de diminuer la fréquence de répétition des impulsions (PRF). Si donc toujours qu&#39;un seul ou aucun des sinus transversauxpeuvent être identifiés par la fontanelle antérieure, utiliser une sonde linéaire de haute fréquence pour la visualisation à travers la fontanelle mastoïde (voir section 4.4.2). </li><li> Visualisez le cercle de Willis avec des artères carotides internes, artères cérébrales moyennes et antérieure artères cérébrales au niveau des cornes frontales des ventricules latéraux. Distinguer les artères cérébrales antérieures gauche et droite est souvent difficile, mais est généralement pas nécessaire. Identifier les candélabres du striatum des artères. </li><li> Angle de la sonde vers l&#39;arrière pour visualiser l&#39;artère basilaire avec des veines jugulaires adjacentes. </li><li> Angle encore plus en arrière pour visualiser les veines cérébrales et thalamostriate internes. </li></ol></li><li> Enregistrer une image dans le plan sagittal d&#39;une artère cérébrale antérieure (figure 4). Évaluer vitesse d&#39;écoulement et RI à une partie spécifique de ce navire (généralement au-dessous du genou du corps calleux). Près des vitesses de la ligne médiane dans la veine cérébrale interne peuvent êtrefaciles à mesurer. </li><li> En utilisant une sonde linéaire haute fréquence dans un plan frontal dans la fontanelle antérieure, identifier le sinus longitudinal supérieur. Si cela devait échouer, réduire la quantité de pression appliquée à la sonde à la fontanelle. NOTE: La sonde linéaire peut être utilisé pour la visualisation détaillée des structures superficielles (méninges, l&#39;espace sous-dural et arachnoïde, cortex). Navires sont tangentiels dans l&#39;espace sous-arachnoïdien. Idéalement, l&#39;imagerie Doppler comme décrit dans les étapes précédentes sera effectuée lors du premier examen de la CUS du nouveau-né. Lors de l&#39;examen suivi certaines des étapes peuvent être sautées. En cas de suspicion de thrombose sinovenous imagerie Doppler cérébrale comme décrit dans les étapes 3.3.5.1, 3.3.7 et 4.4.2 doivent être effectuées. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Examen Grâce Alternative acoustique de Windows <ol><li> Ensuite, poursuivre l&#39;examen par les fenêtres acoustiques alternatives. </li><li> Envisager l&#39;enregistrement d&#39;images à travers le lambdoïde (postérieur) Fontanel utilisant une sonde convexe (figure 5). La fontanelle postérieure est situé à la jonction des sutures sagittale et lambdoïdes 3,11. L&#39;image à travers la fontanelle postérieure en plaçant le nouveau-né dans la position de décubitus latéral. NOTE: Dans de nombreux prématurés images satisfaisants peuvent également être obtenus grâce à l&#39;aspect postérieur de la suture sagittale avec l&#39;enfant en position couchée 3. <ol><li> Placez la sonde dans le milieu de la fontanelle postérieure pour une vue sagittale. Angle de la sonde légèrement hors ligne médiane pour identifier le corps du ventricule latéral et sa corne occipitale. Tournez la sonde environ 90 ° pour obtenir une vue coronale. Identifier les cornes occipitales des ventricules latéraux. </li></ol></li><li> Considérons l&#39;enregistrement d&#39;images par l&#39;intermédiaire du (temps) fenêtre latérale en utilisant une sonde convexe ou linéaire au-dessus de l&#39;oreille (Figure 6). <ol><li> Si nécessaire, obtenir des images à travers la fenêtre latérale pour permettre à unvue détaillée du tronc cérébral 12. Placer la sonde horizontalement au-dessus et légèrement en avant de l&#39;oreille. Déplacez la sonde jusqu&#39;à ce que les pédoncules cérébraux sont visualisés. NOTE: D&#39;autres structures qui peuvent être identifiés sont le troisième ventricule, aqueduc et lobes temporaux. Utilisation de la couleur Doppler, le cercle de Willis peut être visualisé. </li></ol></li><li> Enregistrez les images par le biais de la fontanelle mastoïde (figure 7). La fontanelle mastoïdienne est situé derrière l&#39;oreille, à la jonction du temporel, pariétal et occipital 4. Image à travers la fontanelle mastoïde en plaçant le nouveau-né dans une position de décubitus latéral 3. NOTE: Dans notre expérience, les nouveau-nés montrent souvent des signes de malaise quand on obtient des images à travers la fontanelle mastoïde. Par conséquent, il serait préférable de le faire après l&#39;imagerie à travers la fontanelle antérieure et d&#39;autres fenêtres acoustiques. Nous émettons l&#39;hypothèse que ce malaise pourrait être causé par le mécanisme de la réponse auditive à pulses de l&#39;énergie de radiofréquence 13. <ol><li> Image par mastoïde fontanelle utilisant une sonde convexe. Placer la sonde parallèle à l&#39;oreille pour obtenir une vue coronale. Balayer la sonde avant en arrière pour identifier les hémisphères, vermis cérébelleux, troisième et quatrième ventricule, pons et grande citerne. Dans les petits prématurés l&#39;hémisphère cérébelleux controlatéral peut être bien représentée. </li><li> Image par mastoïde fontanelle utilisant une sonde linéaire. Si (un) des sinus transversales ne peuvent pas être identifiés par la fontanelle antérieure, utiliser une sonde linéaire de haute fréquence pour la visualisation à travers la fontanelle mastoïdienne. Placer la sonde parallèle au lobe de l&#39;oreille pour obtenir une vue coronale. <ol><li> Identifier l&#39;hémisphère cérébelleux et quatrième ventricule. Utilisation de la couleur Doppler, identifier la transversale et sinus sigmoïde, des sinus et de la tente du cervelet veines émissaires. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Envisager la visualisation supplémentaire de la fosse postérieure travers foramen magnum 14. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Nous décrire et démontrer une approche state-of-the-art pour néonatale Doppler CUS. Dans des mains expérimentées, ce est un excellent outil pour la sécurité, chevet série cérébrales néonatales imagerie. Dans de nombreux USIN les possibilités décrites ne sont pas utilisées de manière optimale. Ajout d&#39;études Doppler permet pour le dépistage de la perméabilité des artères et des veines intracrâniennes. Les vitesses d&#39;écoulement peuvent être évalués et indices obtenus. Doppler CUS permet la...

Since its clinical introduction in the late 1970&#8217;s cranial ultrasound (CUS) has been widely used for detecting congenital anomalies and acquired brain lesions during the neonatal period. In many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), CUS has become indispensable in the care for critically ill neonates. Major advantages are its relatively low cost and the fact that it can be performed at bedside, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows for serial imaging. Another technique often used for neuroimaging in critically ill neonates is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI provides excellent image quality, but its clinical use in NICU&#8217;s is currently limited because of logistic and safety issues1. 
Over time, quality of CUS has drastically improved, with advancing technique leading to higher resolution, faster image processing and digital display and back-up. Important brain structures can be adequately visualized using optimal settings. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. This approach is less suitable for evaluation of infratentorial structures because they are located far away from the transducer and the highly echoic tentorium impedes their assessment. Use of high-frequency linear transducers through alternative acoustic windows and adapted settings also provides access to these brain regions. Examples of these supplemental acoustic windows are the lambdoid (posterior), mastoid and lateral (temporal) fontanels. So far, however, only few NICUs use these additional acoustic windows routinely2-5. Doppler techniques can be used for screening patency of intracranial vessels. Flow velocities and indices in cerebral arteries can also be obtained. Some manufacturers now provide hardware to visualize flow around 2 cm/sec (Raets, et al., unpublished data). Small vessels are well displayed: medullary trunks and channels, subependymal veins tributing to the thalamostriate veins, and perforator arteries. 
We present our approach of neonatal CUS, focusing on the use of different transducers, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. Neonatologists and radiologists use this approach in daily clinical practice but is also suitable for research purposes. In the practical part of the video we demonstrate bedside use in the NICU.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MyLab 70</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Esaote (Genoa, Italy)</td>
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state of the art cranial ultrasound imaging in neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

Des exemples de formation d&#39;image réalisé selon le protocole décrit sont présentés sur les figures 1-7. Les images doivent être interprétées avec prudence par un observateur expérimenté. Imagerie symétrique est nécessaire pour l&#39;interprétation adéquate des images coronales faites par la fontanelle antérieure (Figure 1). Toute lésion suspecte doit être visualisé à la fois un et (mi) plan sagittal coronale ou par visualisation à travers une fenêtre acoustique ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates at JoVE.com

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

État de l&#39;imagerie par ultrasons Art crânienne les nouveau-nés

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

state-of-the-art-cranial-ultrasound-imaging-in-neonates

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23.9K vues.  Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital. Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique. 

Vidéo: State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Dual-mode Imaging of Cutaneous Tissue Oxygenation and Vascular Function

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health disorders such as chronic wounds. We report the development of a dual-mode imaging system for non-invasive and non-contact imaging of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function. The imaging system integrated an infrared camera, a CCD camera, a liquid crystal tunable filter and a high intensity fiber light source. A Labview interface was programmed for equipment control, synchronization, image acquisition, processing, and visualization. Multispectral images captured by the CCD camera were used to reconstruct the tissue oxygenation map. Dynamic thermographic images captured by the infrared camera were used to reconstruct the vascular function map. Cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function images were co-registered through fiduciary markers. The performance characteristics of the dual-mode image system were tested in humans.

A dual-mode imaging system was developed for non-contact assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function.

Double mode d&#39;imagerie de l&#39;oxygénation des tissus cutanés et la fonction vasculaire

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health ...

Recherche

Médecine

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

L&#39;échocardiographie et l&#39;imagerie par ultrasons murin

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

Guidée par IRM rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique en utilisant transcrânienne d&#39;ultrasons focalisés dans un modèle de rat

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

Multi-modale d&#39;imagerie de l&#39;angiogenèse dans un modèle de rat nu des métastases osseuses du cancer du sein par imagerie par résonance magnétique, la tomodensitométrie et volumétrique ultrasons

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

Glioma is the one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. The most effective glioma therapy to date-surgery followed by radiation treatment-offers patients only modest benefits, as most patients do not survive more than five years following diagnosis due to glioma relapse 1,2. The discovery of cancer stem cells in human brain tumors holds promise for having an enormous impact on the development of novel therapeutic strategies for glioma 3. Cancer stem cells are defined by their ability both to self-renew and to differentiate, and are thought to be the only cells in a tumor that have the capacity to initiate new tumors 4. Glioma relapse following radiation therapy is thought to arise from resistance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) to therapy 5-10. In vivo, GSCs are shown to reside in a perivascular niche that is important for maintaining their stem cell-like characteristics 11-14. Central to the organization of the GSC niche are vascular endothelial cells 12. Existing evidence suggests that GSCs and their interaction with the vascular endothelial cells are important for tumor development, and identify GSCs and their interaction with endothelial cells as important therapeutic targets for glioma. The presence of GSCs is determined experimentally by their capability to initiate new tumors upon orthotopic transplantation 15. This is typically achieved by injecting a specific number of GBM cells isolated from human tumors into the brains of severely immuno-deficient mice, or of mouse GBM cells into the brains of congenic host mice. Assays for tumor growth are then performed following sufficient time to allow GSCs among the injected GBM cells to give rise to new tumors-typically several weeks or months. Hence, existing assays do not allow examination of the important pathological process of tumor initiation from single GSCs in vivo. Consequently, essential insights into the specific roles of GSCs and their interaction with the vascular endothelial cells in the early stages of tumor initiation are lacking. Such insights are critical for developing novel therapeutic strategies for glioma, and will have great implications for preventing glioma relapse in patients. Here we have adapted the PoRTS cranial window procedure 16and in vivo two-photon microscopy to allow visualization of tumor initiation from injected GBM cells in the brain of a live mouse. Our technique will pave the way for future efforts to elucidate the key signaling mechanisms between GSCs and vascular endothelial cells during glioma initiation.

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

By combining a polished and reinforced thin-skull (PoRTS) cranial window and glioblastoma (GBM) cell injection, we can observe glioma initiation and growth from injected GBM cells in the brain of a live mouse longitudinally.

Imagerie gliome Initiation<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Grâce à une poli et renforcé mince crâne fenêtre crânienne

Glioma is the one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. The most effective glioma therapy to date-surgery followed by radiation treatment-offers ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

Une application roman de l&#39;appareil locomoteur imagerie par ultrasons

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of prion disease transmission and pathogenesis. Vertical transmission is an area of interest among researchers studying infectious diseases, including prion disease, and these investigations require efficient methods for evaluating the effects of maternal infection on reproductive performance. Ultrasonographic examination is a well-established tool for diagnosing pregnancy and assessing fetal health in many animal species1-7, including several species of farmed cervids8-19, however this technique has not been described in Reeves' muntjac deer. Here we describe the application of transabdominal ultrasound to detect pregnancy in muntjac does and to evaluate fetal growth and development throughout the gestational period. Using this procedure, pregnant animals were identified as early as 35 days following doe-buck pairing and this was an effective means to safely monitor the pregnancy at regular intervals. Future goals of this work will include establishing normal fetal measurement references for estimation of gestational age, determining sensitivity and specificity of the technique for diagnosing pregnancy at various stages of gestation, and identifying variations in fetal growth and development under different experimental conditions.

Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves&#039; Muntjac Deer

Transabdominal ultrasound is described as an effective, noninvasive means for assessing reproductive status in Reeves' muntjac deer. These methods can be used to achieve early pregnancy diagnosis and to evaluate fetal viability. Future applications of this technique include estimation of gestational age and effects of maternal disease on fetal development.

Échographie transabdominale pour le diagnostic de grossesse chez le cerf muntjac de Reeves

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

L&#39;échographie diagnostique de souris membrane Fonction

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest capillaries, arterioles and venules. The magnifying effect visualizes the flow pattern of erythrocytes through these vessels.
It's non-invasive character makes it suitable to apply in (preterm) neonates, even in cardiorespiratory unstable patients. In adults and children, MI is mainly performed sublingually, but this is not possible in preterm infants as these cannot cooperate and the size of the probe is problematic. In preterm infants, MI is therefore performed transcutaneously. Their thin skin makes it possible to obtain high quality images of peripheral microcirculation. 
In this manuscript we will demonstrate the method of transcutaneous MI in preterm infants. We will focus on the different techniques and provide tips to optimize image quality. The highlights of software settings, safety and offline analysis are also addressed.

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is used to monitor peripheral perfusion in critically ill or preterm neonates. This manuscript and video demonstrates the optimal approach for obtaining high-quality images.

Transcutanée Microcirculatory Imagerie en nouveau-nés prématurés

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

Échographie de l’aorte thoracique et abdominale chez les souris pour déterminer les Dimensions de l’anévrisme

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...