We thank the nurses (appearing on film) for supporting the neonates. 
We thank J. Hagoort, MA, linguist, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children&#8217;s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for reading and correcting the manuscript.

HINWEIS: Dieses Protokoll folgt den Richtlinien der lokalen Menschenforschungsethikkommission. 1. Allgemeine Überlegungen HINWEIS: Allgemeine Überlegungen zur Ausrüstung, die Datenspeicherung und die Sicherheit in der Diskussion angesprochen. <ol><li> Erhalten von Bildern mit einem hochauflösenden, Echtzeit, mobile 2D-Ultraschallgerät mit mehreren Wandlern mit einem Frequenzband (siehe Diskussion). Typischerweise Bilder von guter Qualität unter Verwendung einer Sonde erhalten, mit einer Frequenz von 7,5 bis 8,5 MHz. </li></ol> 2. Vorbereitung des CUS Exam <ol><li> Planen Sie die CUS Prüfung, so dass es nicht mit anderen Verfahren wie Blutentnahme zusammen. </li><li> Stellen Sie sicher, dass sich Pflegepersonal oder ein Elternteil ist zu unterstützen und / oder Komfort das Neugeborene während der Untersuchung unter Einsatz von Strategien, wie sie nach den Prinzipien der Neugeborenen Individuelle Entwicklungspflege und Assessment Program 6 &lt;/ Sup&gt;. </li></ol> 3. Prüfung durch vordere Fontanelle <ol><li> Installieren Sie den Ultraschall-Maschine auf dem Inkubator oder ein Kinderbett. </li><li> Anwenden Wandler Gels auf der Sonde um einen guten Kontakt zwischen der Sonde und der Haut sicherzustellen. Betrachten Erwärmen des Gels vor dem Gebrauch. </li><li> Starten Bildgebung durch die vordere Fontanelle mit einem konvexen Sonde in B-Mode. Platzieren der Sonde in der Mitte der Fontanelle mit der Markierung auf der Sonde nach rechts gedreht Seite des Neugeborenen. Die linke Seite des Gehirns, wird dann auf der rechten Seite des Bildschirms angezeigt. HINWEIS: Imaging durch die vordere Fontanelle kann das Neugeborene in jeder Position 3 durchgeführt werden. Für Forschungszwecke kann es erforderlich sein, für ein Standard-Kopfposition anstreben. <ol><li> Nehmen Sie Bilder in mindestens fünf koronalen und fünf Sagittalebene. Im ersten Bild einzustellen Tiefe, Verstärkung und Verstärkungsausgleich-Einstellungen, um ein Bild Füllen der Branche zu produzieren, welche die Schädelkonturen zu vermeidening zu hell oder dunkle Bilder und strebt ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Reflexionen aus der Nähe und tieferen Strukturen. </li><li> Koronalen Ebenen HINWEIS: Versuchen Sie, perfekt symmetrisch Bilder zu erhalten. Bei Läsionen in der Nähe der Stirnlappen Konvexität im Verdacht stehen, sollten Sie die Aufnahme bestimmten Schräg koronalen Abschnitte, so dass eine Hemisphäre ist im Detail besser (Abbildung 1) angezeigt. <ol><li> Für die koronalen Bild präfrontalen, um Winkel die Sonde nach vorne die Frontallappen auf der Ebene des olfaktorischen Furchen sichtbar zu machen, auf die vordere Stirnhörnern der Seitenventrikel. </li><li> Für die koronalen Bild auf der Ebene der Monro, Winkel der Sonde, um die Frontalschnitt ventral der Tela choroidea visualisieren, um die Stirnhörnern der Seitenventrikel, cavum septi pellucidi, Corpus callosum, Sulcus cinguli darzustellen. Beachten Sie die Echogenität der Teile der Basalganglien. </li><li> Für den koronalen auf der Ebene der Thalamus Winkel der Sonde rückwärts zu identifizieren den spätenral Fissuren, Tela choroidea im Dach des dritten Ventrikels und Temporallappen. Beachten Sie die Echogenität des Thalamus (insbesondere ventrolateralen Kerne) in Bezug auf die Basalganglien. Beachten Sie, dass Netzwerk-Verletzung in pulvinar kann in einem zusätzlichen Frontalschnitt direkt vor der Vorhöfe visualisiert werden. </li><li> Für den koronalen auf der Ebene der Vorhöfe, visualisieren Seitenventrikel auf der Ebene des Plexus choroideus. Identifizieren Sie die Schläfenlappen und Kleinhirnhemisphären. Notieren Sie sich die Echogenität periventrikuläre weißen Substanz im Vergleich zum Plexus. Vergleichen Sehstrahlung mit den normalen echo Bereiche oberhalb und seitlich zu den Vorhöfen in Frühgeborenen. </li><li> Für die koronalen parietooccipitalis Bild Winkel der Sonde nach hinten, um das Niveau der parietooccipitalis Sulcus der parietalen und Hinterhauptslappen zu erkennen. </li></ol></li><li> Sagittalebenen <ol><li> Drehen Sie die Sonde 90 ° mit der Markierung auf der Sonde zugewandte Gesicht des Neugeborenen. The vorderen Teil des Gehirns, wird auf der linken Seite des Monitors angezeigt werden. Aufzeichnung von Bildern auf dem Niveau der folgenden Strukturen (2). </li><li> Für die Media Bild, visualisieren die Corpus callosum, cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), dritten und vierten Ventrikel, Vermis, Cisterna magna, Pons und Mittelhirn. Beachten Sie die Anwesenheit von Cavum Vergae und Cavum veli interpositi 7. </li><li> Für die parasagittal Bildes durch einen gangliothalamic ovoid (zB dem rechten) Winkel der Sonde seitlich eine parasagittal Ansicht durch den lateralen Ventrikel. Identifizieren Sie die Plexus und beachten Sie die Echogenität des Thalamus und Basalganglien. Das gescannte Seite für parasagittalen Flugzeuge sollten angemessen mit Text-Tools angezeigt werden. </li><li> Für die parasagittalen Inselbild, Winkel die Sonde weitere seitliche durch die Insula. Identifizieren Sie die seitlichen Fissur und Frontal-, Zeitliches-, parietal- und Hinterhauptslappen. </li><li> Wiederholen parasagittalen Bilder für ter kontralateralen Seite (dh der linken Seite). </li></ol></li><li> Farb-Doppler- <ol><li> Weiter Bildgebung durch die vordere Fontanelle mit einem konvexen Sonde mit Farb-Doppler. Betrachten Sie die Bewertung Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten in zerebralen Arterien und Venen und erhalten abgeleiteten Indizes. HINWEIS: - enddiastolischen Geschwindigkeit / systolischen Spitzengeschwindigkeit Resistive Index (RI) als systolischen Spitzengeschwindigkeit definiert. RI ist winkelunabhängig, sind absolute Geschwindigkeitswerte nicht 8-10. RI ist nicht ähnlich in Arterien von anderem Kaliber. Serienmessungen sind nur sinnvoll, wenn in der exakt gleichen Position des gleichen Gefäß durchgeführt. </li></ol></li><li> Nehmen Sie Bilder in koronalen Ebenen der folgenden Gefäße (Abbildung 3): <ol><li> Visualisieren Sie die Quernebenhöhlen auf der Ebene des Kleinhirns. Wenn nur einer oder keiner der Querhöhlen visualisiert, verringern Sie die Impulswiederholungsfrequenz (PRF). Wenn dann immer noch nur eine oder keine der Querhöhlendurch die vordere Fontanelle identifiziert werden, verwenden Sie einen linearen Hochfrequenz-Sonde für die Visualisierung durch den Warzenfortsatz Fontanelle (siehe Abschnitt 4.4.2). </li><li> Visualisieren Sie den Kreis der Willis mit internen Halsschlagadern, der mittleren Hirnarterien und vorderen Hirnarterien auf der Ebene der Stirnhörnern der Seitenventrikel. Unterscheidung der linken und rechten vorderen Hirnarterien ist oft eine Herausforderung, aber in der Regel nicht notwendig. Identifizieren Sie das Striatum Kandelaber von Arterien. </li><li> Winkeln Sie die Sonde nach hinten die A. basilaris mit angrenzenden Halsvenen zu visualisieren. </li><li> Angle noch nach hinten, um die inneren Hirnvenen und thalamostriata visualisieren. </li></ol></li><li> Aufnehmen eines Bildes in der Sagittalebene eines anterioren zerebralen Arterie (Figur 4). Beurteilen der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und RI in einem bestimmten Teil dieses Behälters (üblicherweise unter Genu des Corpus callosum). In der Nähe der Mittellinie Geschwindigkeiten in der V. interna cerebri kannleicht gemessen. </li><li> Verwendung eines linearen Hochfrequenz-Sonde in einer Frontalebene in die vordere Fontanelle, identifizieren den Sinus sagittalis superior. Wenn dies fehlschlägt, reduzieren die Menge an Druck, mit der Sonde an der Fontanelle aufgebracht. HINWEIS: Die Linearsonde für detaillierte Visualisierung von Oberflächenstrukturen (Hirnhäute, Arachnoidea und Subduralraum, Rinde) verwendet werden. Tangential Gefäße sind in den Subarachnoidalraum. Idealerweise wird Doppler-Bildgebung, wie in den vorhergehenden Schritten beschrieben im ersten CUS Prüfung des Neugeborenen durchgeführt werden. Während des Follow-up-Prüfung einige der Schritte können übersprungen werden. Bei Verdacht auf Gehirn sinovenous Thrombose-Doppler-Bildgebung, wie in Schritt 3.3.5.1, 3.3.7 und 4.4.2 durchgeführt werden beschrieben. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Prüfung durch Alternative Acoustic Windows- <ol><li> Danach setzen Sie Prüfung durch alternative akustische Fenster. </li><li> Betrachten Sie die Aufzeichnung von Bildern durch die Lambda (PosTERIOR) FONTANEL mit einer konvexen Sonde (Abbildung 5). Die Fontanelle liegt an der Kreuzung der sagittalen und Lambdanähte 3,11 gelegen. Bild durch die Fontanelle, indem das Neugeborene in der Seitenlage. HINWEIS: In vielen Frühchen zufriedenstellende Bilder können auch durch die hintere Seite der Pfeilnaht mit dem Säugling in der Rückenlage 3, erhalten werden. <ol><li> Positionieren Sie die Sonde in die Mitte des Fontanelle für eine Sagittalansicht. Winkeln Sie die Sonde leicht von der Mittellinie, um den Körper des Seitenventrikels und seine Okzipitalhorn identifizieren. Drehen Sie die Sonde etwa 90 °, um eine koronale Ansicht zu erhalten. Identifizieren Sie die Hinterhaupthörner der Seitenventrikel. </li></ol></li><li> Betrachten wir die Aufnahme von Bildern durch die seitliche (zeitliche) Fenster mit einer konvexen oder lineare Sonde über dem Ohr (6). <ol><li> Wenn nötig, Bilder zu erhalten durch die seitliche Fenster, um eine zu ermöglichenDetailansicht des Hirnstamms 12. Die Sonde horizontal über und etwas vor dem Ohr. Bewegen Sie die Sonde bis die Hirnschenkel sichtbar gemacht werden. Hinweis: andere Strukturen, die identifiziert werden können, sind die dritten Ventrikel, Aquädukt und Temporallappen. Mit Farb-Doppler, kann der Kreis der Willis visualisiert werden. </li></ol></li><li> Nehmen Sie Bilder durch die Warzenfortsatzes Fontanelle (Abbildung 7). Der Warzenfortsatz Fontanelle wird hinter dem Ohr, an der Kreuzung der Schläfen-, Scheitel- und Hinterhauptknochen 4. Bild durch den Warzenfortsatz Fontanelle, indem das Neugeborene in einer Seitenlage 3. HINWEIS: Nach unserer Erfahrung Neugeborenen zeigen oft Anzeichen von Unbehagen, wenn Bilder durch die Warzenfortsatzes Fontanelle erhalten werden. Daher wäre es am besten, diese nach der Abbildung durch die vordere Fontanelle und andere akustische Fenster zu tun. Wir vermuten, dass diese Beschwerden können durch den Mechanismus der Hörempfindlichkeit puls verursacht werdenes von Hochfrequenz-Energie 13. <ol><li> Bild durch mastoid Fontanelle mit einem konvexen Sonde. Die Sonde parallel zum Ohr, um einen koronalen Ansicht zu erhalten. Fegen Sie die Sonde hin und her, um die Kleinhirnhemisphären, Vermis, dritten und vierten Ventrikel, Pons und Cisterna magna identifizieren. In kleinen Frühgeborenen kann die kontralateralen Kleinhirnhemisphäre gut abgebildet werden. </li><li> Bild durch mastoid Fontanelle mit einem linearen Sonde. Wenn der (den) die Quernebenhöhlen kann nicht durch die vordere Fontanelle identifiziert werden kann, verwenden Sie einen Hochfrequenz-Linearsonde zur Visualisierung durch den Warzenfortsatz Fontanelle. Die Sonde parallel zum Ohrläppchen einen koronalen Ansicht zu erhalten. <ol><li> Identifizieren Sie die Kleinhirnhemisphäre und vierten Ventrikels. Mit Farb-Doppler, identifizieren die Quer- und Sinus sigmoideus, Sinus und Tentorium Emissarien. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Betrachten Sie zusätzliche Visualisierung der hinteren Schädelgrube durch Foramen magnum 14. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Wir beschreiben und zeigen eine state-of-the-Art-Ansatz für die Neugeborenen-Doppler CUS. In erfahrenen Händen, das ist ein ausgezeichnetes Werkzeug für die sichere, serielle Nacht neonatale Bildgebung des Gehirns. In vielen NICUs die beschriebenen Möglichkeiten nicht optimal genutzt. Hinzufügen Doppler Studien ermöglicht Screening von Durchgängigkeit der intrakraniellen Arterien und Venen. Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten können ausgewertet werden und Indizes erhalten. Doppler CUS erlaubt den Nachweis von zerebralen...

Since its clinical introduction in the late 1970&#8217;s cranial ultrasound (CUS) has been widely used for detecting congenital anomalies and acquired brain lesions during the neonatal period. In many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), CUS has become indispensable in the care for critically ill neonates. Major advantages are its relatively low cost and the fact that it can be performed at bedside, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows for serial imaging. Another technique often used for neuroimaging in critically ill neonates is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI provides excellent image quality, but its clinical use in NICU&#8217;s is currently limited because of logistic and safety issues1. 
Over time, quality of CUS has drastically improved, with advancing technique leading to higher resolution, faster image processing and digital display and back-up. Important brain structures can be adequately visualized using optimal settings. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. This approach is less suitable for evaluation of infratentorial structures because they are located far away from the transducer and the highly echoic tentorium impedes their assessment. Use of high-frequency linear transducers through alternative acoustic windows and adapted settings also provides access to these brain regions. Examples of these supplemental acoustic windows are the lambdoid (posterior), mastoid and lateral (temporal) fontanels. So far, however, only few NICUs use these additional acoustic windows routinely2-5. Doppler techniques can be used for screening patency of intracranial vessels. Flow velocities and indices in cerebral arteries can also be obtained. Some manufacturers now provide hardware to visualize flow around 2 cm/sec (Raets, et al., unpublished data). Small vessels are well displayed: medullary trunks and channels, subependymal veins tributing to the thalamostriate veins, and perforator arteries. 
We present our approach of neonatal CUS, focusing on the use of different transducers, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. Neonatologists and radiologists use this approach in daily clinical practice but is also suitable for research purposes. In the practical part of the video we demonstrate bedside use in the NICU.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MyLab 70</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Esaote (Genoa, Italy)</td>
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state of the art cranial ultrasound imaging in neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a patient is unstable. In addition it is radiation-free and allows serial imaging. CUS possibilities have steadily expanded. However, in many neonatal intensive care units, these possibilities are not optimally used. We present a comprehensive approach for neonatal CUS, focusing on optimal settings, different probes, multiple acoustic windows and Doppler techniques. This approach is suited for both routine clinical practice and research purposes. In a live demonstration, we show how this technique is performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Using optimal settings and probes allows for better imaging quality and improves the diagnostic value of CUS in experienced hands. Traditionally, images are obtained through the anterior fontanel. Use of supplemental acoustic windows (lambdoid, mastoid, and lateral fontanels) improves detection of brain injury. Adding Doppler studies allows screening of patency of large intracranial arteries and veins. Flow velocities and indices can be obtained. Doppler CUS offers the possibility of detecting cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at an early stage, creating a window for therapeutic intervention prior to thrombosis-induced tissue damage. Equipment, data storage and safety aspects are also addressed.

7 - Beispiele für Bildwiedergabe nach dem beschriebenen Protokoll hergestellt sind in 1 dargestellt. Bilder sind sorgfältig von einem erfahrenen Beobachter interpretieren. Symmetrische Bildgebung ist für eine angemessene Interpretation der koronalen Bilder durch die vordere Fontanelle (Abbildung 1) erforderlich gemacht. Jeder vermutete Läsion sollte sowohl in koronaren und (Mitte) Sagittalebene oder durch Visualisierung durch ein akustisches Fenster außer der vorde...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates at JoVE.com

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique.

State of the Art Hirn Ultraschall-Bildgebung bei Neugeborenen

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a reputable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. It is safe, relatively cheap and easy to use, even when a ...

state-of-the-art-cranial-ultrasound-imaging-in-neonates

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23.9K Aufrufe.  Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital. Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is a valuable tool for brain imaging in critically ill neonates. This video shows a comprehensive approach for neonatal (Doppler) CUS for both clinical and research purposes, including a bedside demonstration of the technique. 

Serie: State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Dual-mode Imaging of Cutaneous Tissue Oxygenation and Vascular Function

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health disorders such as chronic wounds. We report the development of a dual-mode imaging system for non-invasive and non-contact imaging of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function. The imaging system integrated an infrared camera, a CCD camera, a liquid crystal tunable filter and a high intensity fiber light source. A Labview interface was programmed for equipment control, synchronization, image acquisition, processing, and visualization. Multispectral images captured by the CCD camera were used to reconstruct the tissue oxygenation map. Dynamic thermographic images captured by the infrared camera were used to reconstruct the vascular function map. Cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function images were co-registered through fiduciary markers. The performance characteristics of the dual-mode image system were tested in humans.

A dual-mode imaging system was developed for non-contact assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function.

Dual-Mode-Imaging von Hautgewebe Oxygenation und Gefäßfunktion

Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health ...

Forschung

Medizin

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

Murine Echokardiographie und Ultraschall-Bildgebung

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

MRI-geführten Störung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke mit Hilfe der transkraniellen fokussiertem Ultraschall in einem Rattenmodell

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

Multimodale Bildgebung von Angiogenese in einem Nude Rattenmodell der Brustkrebs Knochenmetastasen mittels Magnetresonanztomographie, volumetrische Computertomographie und Ultraschall

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

Glioma is the one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. The most effective glioma therapy to date-surgery followed by radiation treatment-offers patients only modest benefits, as most patients do not survive more than five years following diagnosis due to glioma relapse 1,2. The discovery of cancer stem cells in human brain tumors holds promise for having an enormous impact on the development of novel therapeutic strategies for glioma 3. Cancer stem cells are defined by their ability both to self-renew and to differentiate, and are thought to be the only cells in a tumor that have the capacity to initiate new tumors 4. Glioma relapse following radiation therapy is thought to arise from resistance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) to therapy 5-10. In vivo, GSCs are shown to reside in a perivascular niche that is important for maintaining their stem cell-like characteristics 11-14. Central to the organization of the GSC niche are vascular endothelial cells 12. Existing evidence suggests that GSCs and their interaction with the vascular endothelial cells are important for tumor development, and identify GSCs and their interaction with endothelial cells as important therapeutic targets for glioma. The presence of GSCs is determined experimentally by their capability to initiate new tumors upon orthotopic transplantation 15. This is typically achieved by injecting a specific number of GBM cells isolated from human tumors into the brains of severely immuno-deficient mice, or of mouse GBM cells into the brains of congenic host mice. Assays for tumor growth are then performed following sufficient time to allow GSCs among the injected GBM cells to give rise to new tumors-typically several weeks or months. Hence, existing assays do not allow examination of the important pathological process of tumor initiation from single GSCs in vivo. Consequently, essential insights into the specific roles of GSCs and their interaction with the vascular endothelial cells in the early stages of tumor initiation are lacking. Such insights are critical for developing novel therapeutic strategies for glioma, and will have great implications for preventing glioma relapse in patients. Here we have adapted the PoRTS cranial window procedure 16and in vivo two-photon microscopy to allow visualization of tumor initiation from injected GBM cells in the brain of a live mouse. Our technique will pave the way for future efforts to elucidate the key signaling mechanisms between GSCs and vascular endothelial cells during glioma initiation.

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

By combining a polished and reinforced thin-skull (PoRTS) cranial window and glioblastoma (GBM) cell injection, we can observe glioma initiation and growth from injected GBM cells in the brain of a live mouse longitudinally.

Imaging Gliom Initiation<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Durch eine Poliert und Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Fenster

Glioma is the one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. The most effective glioma therapy to date-surgery followed by radiation treatment-offers ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

A Novel Anwendung von Muskel-Skelett-Ultraschall-Bildgebung

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of prion disease transmission and pathogenesis. Vertical transmission is an area of interest among researchers studying infectious diseases, including prion disease, and these investigations require efficient methods for evaluating the effects of maternal infection on reproductive performance. Ultrasonographic examination is a well-established tool for diagnosing pregnancy and assessing fetal health in many animal species1-7, including several species of farmed cervids8-19, however this technique has not been described in Reeves' muntjac deer. Here we describe the application of transabdominal ultrasound to detect pregnancy in muntjac does and to evaluate fetal growth and development throughout the gestational period. Using this procedure, pregnant animals were identified as early as 35 days following doe-buck pairing and this was an effective means to safely monitor the pregnancy at regular intervals. Future goals of this work will include establishing normal fetal measurement references for estimation of gestational age, determining sensitivity and specificity of the technique for diagnosing pregnancy at various stages of gestation, and identifying variations in fetal growth and development under different experimental conditions.

Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves&#039; Muntjac Deer

Transabdominal ultrasound is described as an effective, noninvasive means for assessing reproductive status in Reeves' muntjac deer. These methods can be used to achieve early pregnancy diagnosis and to evaluate fetal viability. Future applications of this technique include estimation of gestational age and effects of maternal disease on fetal development.

Transabdominaler Ultraschall für die Schwangerschaftsdiagnose in Reeves' Muntjac-Hirsch

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive surgical procedures. Although this is an effective method of assessing in vitro diaphragm activity, it involves non-survival surgery. The application of non-invasive ultrasound imaging as an in vivo procedure is beneficial since it not only reduces the number of animals sacrificed, but is also suitable for monitoring disease progression in live mice. Thus, our ultrasound imaging method may likely assist in the development of novel therapies that alleviate muscle injury induced by various respiratory diseases. Particularly, in clinical diagnoses of obstructive lung diseases, ultrasound imaging has the potential to be used in conjunction with other standard tests to detect the early onset of diaphragm muscle fatigue. In the current protocol, we describe how to accurately evaluate diaphragm contractility in a mouse model using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging technique.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has proven to be effective in diagnosing various respiratory diseases in human and animal subjects. We demonstrate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol utilized by Dr. Zuo's lab to analyze diaphragm kinetics specifically in mouse models. This is also a non-invasive research technique which can provide quantitative information on mouse respiratory muscle function.

Diagnostische Ultraschall-Bildgebung der Maus Membranfunktion

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest capillaries, arterioles and venules. The magnifying effect visualizes the flow pattern of erythrocytes through these vessels.
It's non-invasive character makes it suitable to apply in (preterm) neonates, even in cardiorespiratory unstable patients. In adults and children, MI is mainly performed sublingually, but this is not possible in preterm infants as these cannot cooperate and the size of the probe is problematic. In preterm infants, MI is therefore performed transcutaneously. Their thin skin makes it possible to obtain high quality images of peripheral microcirculation. 
In this manuscript we will demonstrate the method of transcutaneous MI in preterm infants. We will focus on the different techniques and provide tips to optimize image quality. The highlights of software settings, safety and offline analysis are also addressed.

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is used to monitor peripheral perfusion in critically ill or preterm neonates. This manuscript and video demonstrates the optimal approach for obtaining high-quality images.

Transkutane Mikrozirkulatorische Imaging in Frühgeborenen

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

Ultraschall-Bildgebung der thorakalen und abdominalen Aorta bei Mäusen zu Aneurysma Abmessungen bestimmen

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...