Kristen Brennand is a New York Stem Cell Foundation - Robertson Investigator. The Brennand Laboratory is supported by a Brain and Behavior Young Investigator Grant, National Institute of Health (NIH) grant R01 MH101454 and the New York Stem Cell Foundation.

1. hiPSC Differentiation to Neural Progenitor Cells
<ol>
	<li>Grow and expand hiPSCs in human embryonic stem cell (HES) media (Table 1) co-cultured on a mouse embryonic fibroblast (mEF) feeder layer until large (but subconfluent) colonies are ready for neural differentiation via an embryoid body (EB) intermediate (Figure 2). Routine hiPSC culture conditions are well described elsewhere 16,17; briefly, grow hiPSCs in HES media on a mEF feeder layer until confluent, then enzym...

<ol>
	<li>Brennand, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+differences+in+hiPSC+NPCs+derived+from+patients+with+schizophrenia.">Phenotypic differences in hiPSC NPCs derived from patients with schizophrenia.</a> Mol Psychiatry. , (2014).</li><li>Nicholas, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+maturation+of+hPSC-derived+forebrain+interneurons+requires+an+extended+timeline+and+mimics+human+neural+development.">Functional maturation of hPSC-derived forebrain interneurons requires an extended timeline and mimics human neural development.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 12, 573-586 (2013).</li><li>Mariani, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+human+cortical+development+in+vitro+using+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Modeling human cortical development in vitro using induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 12770-12775 (2012).</li><li>Hashimoto-Torii, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+heat+shock+factor+1+in+neuronal+response+to+fetal+environmental+risks+and+its+relevance+to+brain+disorders.">Roles of heat shock factor 1 in neuronal response to fetal environmental risks and its relevance to brain disorders.</a> Neuron. 82, 560-572 (2014).</li><li>Robicsek, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormal+neuronal+differentiation+and+mitochondrial+dysfunction+in+hair+follicle-derived+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+of+schizophrenia+patients.">Abnormal neuronal differentiation and mitochondrial dysfunction in hair follicle-derived induced pluripotent stem cells of schizophrenia patients.</a> Mol Psychiatry. 18 (10), 1067-1076 (2013).</li><li>Paulsen, B. 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We have described methods by which to differentiate hiPSCs into NPCs, a neural cell type in which a significant fraction of the gene signature of hiPSC-derived neurons is conserved and that may serve as a proxy for the developmental pathways potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis 8,11. Additionally, as we have detailed, NPCs are a robustly replicative and easily transduced neural population, which we believe may be suitable for molecular and biochemical studies of disease predisposition.
<p class...

Gene expression studies of neurons differentiated in vitro from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by us 1 and others 2,3 indicate that hiPSC neurons resemble fetal rather than adult brain tissue. At present, hiPSC-based models may be more appropriate for the study of predisposition to, rather than late features of, neurological disease. We have previously reported that a significant fraction of the gene signature of schizophrenia hiPSC-derived neurons is conserved in schizophrenia hiPSC-derived&#160;neural progenitor cells (NPCs), indicating that NPCs may be a useful cell type for studying the molecular pathways contributing to schizophrenia 1. We and others have reported aberrant migration, increased oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, sensitivity to sub-threshold environmental stresses and impaired mitochondrial function in schizophrenia hiPSC NPCs 1,4-6, as well as decreased neuronal connectivity and synaptic function in schizophrenia hiPSC neurons 5,7-10. If the molecular factors contributing to aberrant migration and/or oxidative stress in schizophrenia hiPSC NPCs also underlie the reduced neuronal connectivity in schizophrenia hiPSC-derived neurons, NPCs could be a robust and highly replicative neural population with which to study the mechanisms responsible for disease. Furthermore, because one can rapidly generate large numbers of cells and need not wait weeks or months for neuronal maturation, NPC-based assays are suitable for the study of larger patient cohorts and are more amenable to high throughput screening. We believe that hiPSC NPCs can serve as a proxy for the developmental pathways potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis, as has already been demonstrated in disorders as diverse as schizophrenia 1 and Huntington&#8217;s disease 11.
To differentiate NPCs from hiPSCs, initial neural induction is accomplished by dual-SMAD inhibition (0.1&#956;M LDN193189 and 10&#956;M SB431542) 12. By antagonizing BMP and TGF&#946; signaling with these small molecules, endoderm and mesoderm specification is blocked, accelerating neuronal differentiation and leading to the formation of visible neural rosettes within one week of plating. Neural patterning occurs early in this process, presumably during the period of neural rosette formation and immediately thereafter. In the absence of other cues, these primitive neural cells assume an anterior forebrain-like fate 13. Immediately following neural rosette formation, and ongoing throughout NPC expansion, forebrain NPCs are cultured with FGF2 8,14. They have dual lineage potential and can be differentiated to neural populations of 70-80% &#946;III-TUBULIN-positive neurons and 20-30% glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes (Figure 1). The majority of forebrain hiPSC neurons are VGLUT1-positive, and so are presumably glutamatergic, although approximately 30% of neurons are GAD67-positive (GABAergic) 8.
NPCs are routinely passaged more than ten times in vitro, while maintaining consistent differentiation profiles, and without accumulating karyotype abnormalities. Groups have reported passaging NPCs more than 40 times 15, however, we find that beyond ten passages, NPCs show increased propensity for astrocyte differentiation. NPCs well-tolerate multiple freeze-thaws and can be transitioned to grow as neurospheres by simply culturing in non-adherent plates. NPCs are efficiently transduced by viral vectors, enabling rapid evaluation of the molecular and cellular consequences of genetic perturbation, and easily expandable to yield sufficient material for biochemical studies. Furthermore, because viral vectors permit robust over-expression and/or knockdown of disease-relevant genes, in either control or patient derived neural cells, one can use this platform to test the effect of genetic background on these manipulations. Though not suitable for synaptic or activity-based assays requiring mature neurons, NPCs may be a practical alternative for many straightforward molecular or biochemical analyses of patient-derived neural cells.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1174">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#11330</td>
			<td>for HES media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#10565</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">for neural media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">KO-Serum Replacement</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#10828</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Needs to be lot tested</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">Glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#35050</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">NEAA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">&#160;#11140</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">2&#8208;mercaptoethanol (55mM 1000x)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">&#160;#21985-023</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">N2</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">&#160;#17502-048</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Needs to be lot tested</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">B27-RA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">&#160;#12587-010</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Needs to be lot tested</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">FGF2</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#13256-029</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Resuspend in PBS + 1% BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">LDN193189</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#04-0074</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">SB431542</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#04-0010</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">BDNF</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#450-02</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Resuspend in PBS + 0.1% BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">GDNF&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">&#160;#450-10</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Resuspend in PBS + 0.1% BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">Dibutyryl cyclic-AMP</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">&#160;#D0627</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Resuspend in PBS + 0.1% BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">L-ascorbic acid</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#A0278</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Resuspend in H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:288px;">STEMdiff Neural Rosette Selection Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">&#160;#05832</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:288px;">Accutase</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Innovative Cell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">AT-104</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">Collagenase IV</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#17104019</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">CF1 mEFs</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#PMEF-CF</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">Poly-L-Ornithine</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">P3655</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">Laminin, Natural Mouse 1mg</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#23017-015</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:288px;">BD Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">#354230</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">Resuspend on ice in cold DMEM at 10mg/ml, use 1mg per two 6-well plate equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">Tissue culture treated 6-well plates</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">3506</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">Ultra low attachment 6-well plates</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">3471</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">goat anti-Sox2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">sc&#173;17320</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">use at 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">mouse anti-human Nestin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">MAB5326</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">use at 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">rabbit anti-&#946;III-tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Covance</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">PRB&#173;435P</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">use at 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">mouse anti-&#946;III-tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Covance</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">MMS&#173;435P</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">use at 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:288px;">mouse anti-MAP2AB</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">M1406</td>
			<td style="width:500px;">use at 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:288px;">Plate centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Beckman Coulter Allegra X-14 (with SX4750 plate carrier)</td>
			<td style="width:500px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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a guide to generating and using hipsc derived npcs for the study of neurological diseases

Post-mortem studies of neurological diseases are not ideal for identifying the underlying causes of disease initiation, as many diseases include a long period of disease progression prior to the onset of symptoms. Because fibroblasts from patients and healthy controls can be efficiently reprogrammed into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and subsequently differentiated into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons for the study of these diseases, it is now possible to recapitulate the developmental events that occurred prior to symptom onset in patients. We present a method by which to efficiently differentiate hiPSCs into NPCs, which in addition to being capable of further differentiation into functional neurons, can also be robustly passaged, freeze-thawed or transitioned to grow as neurospheres, enabling rapid genetic screening to identify the molecular factors that impact cellular phenotypes including replication, migration, oxidative stress and/or apoptosis. Patient derived hiPSC NPCs are a unique platform, ideally suited for the empirical testing of the cellular or molecular consequences of manipulating gene expression.

Neural rosettes can be identified morphologically, using a brightfield microscope, by their characteristic appearance as round clusters of neuroepithelial cells with apico-basal polarity (Figure 1). Though NPCs are typically cultured at very high cell density, immediately following passaging, slightly pyramidal-shaped soma and bipolar neurite structure is visible (Figure 1D). Validated NPCs express NESTIN and SOX2 in the majority of cells, though &#946;III-TUBULIN staining is also visibl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Guide to Generating and Using hiPSC Derived NPCs for the Study of Neurological Diseases at JoVE.com

A Guide to Generating and Using hiPSC Derived NPCs for the Study of Neurological Diseases

This protocol describes how neural progenitor cells can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells, in order to yield a robust and replicative neural cell population, which may be used to identify the developmental pathways contributing to disease pathogenesis in many neurological disorders.

Post-mortem studies of neurological diseases are not ideal for identifying the underlying causes of disease initiation, as many diseases include a long ...

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18.0K vues.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. This protocol describes how neural progenitor cells can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells, in order to yield a robust and replicative neural cell population, which may be used to identify the developmental pathways contributing to disease pathogenesis in many neurological disorders.