This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant to A.S.M. (EY021784).

Le protocole suivant est conforme aux institutionnels en soins des animaux et l&#39;utilisation des lignes directrices du Comité de l&#39;Université Thomas Jefferson et à la Déclaration ARVO pour l&#39;utilisation d&#39;animaux dans Vision Research. 1. Configuration et préparation des Objectifs de la Culture ex vivo des plaies <ol><li> Passer trois plats 100 mm de Pétri dans, une hotte à flux laminaire stérile. Remplir deux des boîtes de Pétri à moitié avec du tampon Tris / dextrose (tampon TD; 140 mM de NaCl, 5 mM de KCl, 0,7 mM de Na 2 PO 4, 5 mM de D-glucose, 8,25 mM de base Tris, pH à 7,4 avec HCl) à la température ambiante , laissant le troisième vide. Des milieux de culture pré-chaud (Media 199 additionné de 1% de L-glutamine et 1% de pénicilline / streptomycine) à 37 o C. Remarque: La blessure norme guérison milieux de culture est sans sérum, comme cela se produit in vivo; toutefois, les cultures de réparation de plaie peuvent être cultivées avec succès dans des conditions définies de médias qui comprennent le sérum ou d&#39;autres facteurs. </li><li> Retirer fertile d embryonnaireay 15 White Leghorn poussin oeuf de l&#39;incubateur (tenue à 37,7 ° C avec doux balancement) </li><li> Placez l&#39;oeuf sélectionné dans la hotte à flux laminaire et à l&#39;extérieur de la coque propre avec 70% d&#39;éthanol à partir d&#39;une bouteille de lavage. Effectuer toutes les procédures ci-dessous dans des conditions aseptiques dans la hotte à flux laminaire, en utilisant des solutions et des instruments stériles. </li><li> Crack oeufs et placer le contenu dans la boîte de 100 mm de Pétri vide. Décapitez embryon en utilisant une pince standard et des ciseaux fins. Placez la tête d&#39;embryon de poulet dans une boîte de Pétri contenant un tampon de TD et jetez le reste de l&#39;embryon. Eventuellement garder les têtes d&#39;embryon de poulet dans un tampon TD pour une courte période de temps, pas plus de 15 min. </li><li> Placez la tête d&#39;embryon de poulet sur un couvercle de boîte de Pétri. En utilisant des pinces de haute précision, retirez l&#39;objectif avec son humeur vitrée de l&#39;œil fixé dans la séquence suivante. Pincez l&#39;arrière de l&#39;œil avec la pince pour créer une petite ouverture dans le fond de l&#39;œil. </li><li> Ensuite, saisir l&#39;humeur vitrée wvec pinces et tirez doucement sur le corps vitré avec un mouvement de roulis, le vitré avec l&#39;objectif fixé seront délogés de l&#39;œil. Fixer la lentille / vitré dans la boîte de Pétri contenant un tampon restante de TD. Laisser les lentilles de rester dans un tampon TD pour pas plus de 30 min. </li><li> Déplacer la lentille dans une nouvelle boîte de Pétri de couvercle sous un microscope à dissection. De ce point sur toutes les actions nécessaires sous un microscope de dissection. Avec des pinces de haute précision brosser soigneusement toute corps ciliaire (cellules pigmentées) qui ont été délogés avec la lentille en utilisant le bord de la pince, en prenant garde de ne pas endommager les tissus de la lentille. Remarque: Le retrait du corps ciliaire garantit que les types de cellules qui ne sont pas endogènes à la lentille ne sont pas inclus dans la culture plaie de réparation. </li><li> Séparer la lentille à partir de l&#39;humeur vitrée avec des pinces de haute précision par pincement le corps vitré à partir de sa liaison avec la capsule postérieure du cristallin. </li><li> Utilisation de haute précision Pince transférer la lentille dans une petite gouttede tampon TD (environ 200 ul) dans une boîte de culture tissulaire de 35 mm. </li></ol> 2. Réalisation de chirurgie de la cataracte Mock <ol><li> Orienter la lentille dans la goutte de tampon TD dans la boîte de 35 mm avec la face antérieure de la lentille vers le haut. Remarque: La antérieure de la lentille est facilement identifié par la présence d&#39;un anneau dense dans le tissu qui prend note de la frontière entre la partie antérieure et région équatoriale de l&#39;épithélium de la lentille. En revanche, il existe une absence de marquage sur la partie postérieure de la capsule du cristallin à laquelle les cellules de fibres de verre sont fixés. </li><li> L&#39;utilisation de deux pinces de haute précision font une petite incision (environ 850μm) dans le centre de la capsule antérieure du cristallin, la membrane basale épaisse qui entoure le tissu de lentille, et son épithélium de lentille antérieure associée, en saisissant le tissu avec une pince dans chaque main et tirant doucement dans des directions opposées. </li><li> Retirer la masse cellulaire de la fibre, ce qui constitue l&#39;essentiel du tissu de lentille, dislodging il de ses attaches à l&#39;épithélium de la lentille et entourant capsule du cristallin par hydro-élution (une approche utilisée dans la chirurgie de la cataracte classique, calqué sur la figure 1A). </li><li> Remplir une seringue de 1 ml avec une pointe d&#39;aiguille de 27,5 G avec 300 pi de tampon TD. Insérer la pointe de l&#39;aiguille dans l&#39;incision pratiquée dans la capsule antérieure du cristallin, et à mi-chemin dans l&#39;objectif. </li><li> Appuyer doucement la seringue injecter le tampon de TD dans la masse cellulaire de la fibre de verre. Injecter entre 50 et 200 pi TD, et jamais plus de 300 pi. Respecter la masse cellulaire de la fibre se desserrer de l&#39;épithélium et capsule du cristallin. </li><li> En utilisant des pinces de haute précision, retirer la masse cellulaire des fibres desserré de la lentille à travers le site de l&#39;incision antérieure. Remarque: Cette procédure laisse la lentille de la capsule postérieure de la membrane basale à laquelle les cellules des fibres avaient été attachés dénudée de cellules, et un épithélium de lentille blessé juste à côté de ce site. </li></ol> 3. Preparing Lens blessés pour Culture ex vivo <ol><li> Aplatir le sac capsulaire du cristallin qui résulte de l&#39;opération de la cataracte décrit ci-dessus sur la boîte de culture, jusqu&#39;à côté de la cellule, en faisant cinq découpes dans la face antérieure du sac capsulaire. </li><li> Couper perpendiculaire au site de l&#39;incision initiale par rapport à l&#39;équateur de la lentille. Aplatir les résultants cinq «volets» de capsule du cristallin par un épithélium attachée sur le côté plat de la culture de la capsule vers le bas, la cellule vers le haut. Notez la lentille ex vivo blessés aujourd&#39;hui devrait prendre sur une étoile ou une forme en fleur (voir la figure 1B). </li><li> Pour sécuriser la capsule à l&#39;antenne, appuyez doucement vers le bas avec la pince à chaque point de l&#39;étoile. Cela fera une petite empreinte sur les cinq conseils les plus à l&#39;extérieur de l&#39;expiant et aboutir à la fixation soutenue à l&#39;antenne. Remarque: Il est possible d&#39;endommager la capsule lors de cette procédure et il est donc important d&#39;assurer la capsule à l&#39;antenne au plus près les conseils de la flaps que possible, ainsi que de faire le moins de points de fixation que possible (généralement deux, maximum de trois par lambeau). </li><li> Retirez le tampon de TD à partir du plat 35mm et le remplacer par 1,5 ml de milieu préchauffées. Couvrir le plat 35mm avec son couvercle et le placer dans l&#39;incubateur (37 ° C, 5% de CO 2). </li></ol> 4. Séparation de la Zone Central Migration (CMZ), où Re-épithélialisation de la zone de blessés de la Capsule Postérieure se produit, à partir de la pièce jointe d&#39;origine Zone (OAZ) de cellules épithéliales d&#39;objectif, pour l&#39;analyse quantitative. Remarque: Les cellules commencent à se déplacer dans la région CMZ immédiatement en réponse à une blessure. Par jour dans la culture suffisamment de cellules migrent à travers le CMZ pour l&#39;analyse moléculaire et biochimique, après la séparation de la CMZ et OAZ par micro-dissection 23. Ce protocole implique l&#39;élimination d&#39;un volet (OAZ) à la fois à partir de la zone blessée de la capsule. <ol><li> Observer un demarcation, clairement visible sous le microscope de dissection, entre le OAZ et CMZ (voir Figure 2A). En utilisant deux pinces de haute précision, saisir avec les deux pinces sur le bord de la ligne OAZ / CMZ, un juste à côté de l&#39;autre, de chaque côté de la ligne (voir Figure 2A, B, flèche). </li><li> En utilisant une main / une pince sur le côté CMZ continuent à tenir sur la culture blessés, tandis que de l&#39;autre main / pince, tirez doucement le long de la ligne OAZ OAZ / CMZ. Le CMZ sépare facilement de la OAZ long de cette ligne. Continuez le long de cette ligne tout autour de la culture jusqu&#39;à ce que les deux régions sont complètement séparés. </li><li> Étudier les Oaz et CMZ fractions séparées pour l&#39;analyse moléculaire telles que 24 ou biochimique analyse de l&#39;ARN-Seq tels que Western blot ou co-immunoprécipitation 23,25. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Here is described a technique for preparing a culture model of wound repair that involves performing an ex vivo cataract surgery on chick embryo lenses after their removal from the eye. The lens epithelium responds to this clinically relevant wounding with a repair process that closely mimics that which occurs in vivo, and shares features with wound repair in other epithelial tissues2,4. While the protocol is straightforward and simple to follow, performing mock cataract surgery with embryoni...

La chirurgie de la cataracte cliniquement pertinente, maquette, modèle de cicatrisation des plaies ex vivo épithéliale décrit ici a été développé pour fournir un outil pour étudier les mécanismes qui régulent la réparation des tissus épithéliaux en réponse à une blessure. Principales caractéristiques qui visaient pour la création de ce modèle comprenaient 1) offrant des conditions qui reproduites étroitement la réponse in vivo pour blessant dans un cadre de culture, 2) la facilité de moduler les éléments de régulation de la réparation, et 3) capacité à l&#39;image du processus de réparation, dans sa totalité, en temps réel. Le défi était donc de créer un modèle de culture dans lequel il a été possible d&#39;étudier et manipuler, épithéliale réparation de blessure dans microenvironnement natif des cellules. La disponibilité de ce modèle plaie réparation ouvre de nouvelles possibilités pour identifier les signaux de signalisation endogènes de la matrice des protéines, des cytokines et des chimiokines qui régissent le processus de réparation. En outre, le modèle est idéal pour examiner comment unn épithélium est capable de se déplacer comme une feuille collective réépithélialisation de la plaie 2,3, et pour la détermination de la lignée de cellules mésenchymateuses de tête au niveau du bord de la plaie qui fonctionne dans la direction de la migration de l&#39;épithélium collective 4 blessé. Ce modèle fournit également une plate-forme permettant d&#39;identifier des thérapeutiques qui pourraient favoriser la cicatrisation efficace et prévenir la blessure aberrante réparation 5. Il existe déjà un certain nombre de modèles disponibles plaie réparation, à la fois dans la culture et in vivo, qui ont fourni la plupart de ce qui est connu sur le processus de réparation de la plaie aujourd&#39;hui. Dans les modèles de blessures animaux, tels que la cornée et la peau 6-12 13-17, il ya la possibilité d&#39;étudier la réponse du tissu à blessant dans le contexte de tous les médiateurs de réparation qui pourraient être impliqués dans le processus, y compris les contributions de la vasculaire et le système nerveux. Cependant, il ya des limites à la manipulation de l &#39;expérienceconditions mentales in vivo, et il est pas encore possible de mener des études d&#39;imagerie de la réponse de réparation in vivo, de façon continue au fil du temps. En revanche, la plupart des modèles de culture in vitro plaie réparation, telles que la plaie de zéro, peuvent être facilement manipulés et suivis dans le temps, mais manquent le contexte de l&#39;environnement de l&#39;étude de la cicatrisation des plaies dans les tissus in vivo. Bien ex vivo modèles offrent l&#39;avantage d&#39;étudier le processus blessures de réparation continue dans le temps dans le cadre du microenvironnement des cellules associée à la capacité de moduler les régulateurs moléculaires de réparation à tout point de temps dans le processus, il ya quelques modèles qui correspondent à ceux-ci paramètres. Ici, on décrit un procédé hautement reproductible pour générer ex vivo de cicatrisation epitheliale cultures qui reproduisent la réponse d&#39;un tissu épithélial à une blessure physiologique. Utilisation de la lentille d&#39;embryon de poulet comme source de tissus, un ex vivo mock chirurgie de la cataracte est effectuée. La lentille est un tissu idéal à utiliser pour ces études car il est auto-contenue dans une capsule de la membrane basale épaisse, avasculaire, pas innervé, et libre de toute stroma associé 18,19. Dans la maladie humaine, la chirurgie de la cataracte traite une perte de vision due à l&#39;opacification de la lentille, et implique l&#39;élimination de la masse de cellules de la fibre de verre, qui comprend la plus grande partie de la lentille. A la suite de la chirurgie de la cataracte vision est restaurée par l&#39;insertion d&#39;une lentille intraoculaire artificielle. La procédure de chirurgie de la cataracte, par élimination des cellules de la fibre, induit une réponse de lésion de l&#39;épithélium de la lentille adjacente, qui répond en ré-épithélialisation de la zone postérieure de la capsule du cristallin qui a été occupée par les cellules de la fibre. En chirurgie de la cataracte, comme dans la plupart des réponses plaie de réparation, il se produit parfois un résultat aberrant fibrotique à la réponse de cicatrisation de la plaie, associée à l&#39;apparition de myofibroblastes, qui, dans la lentille postérieure est connu comme Capsule opacification 20-22. Pour générer le modèle de cicatrisation de la plaie de la chirurgie de la cataracte, une procédure de chirurgie de la cataracte est imité dans les lentilles retirés de l&#39;œil d&#39;embryon de poulet pour produire une blessure physiologique. Enlèvement de microchirurgie de fibres de verre résultats des cellules dans une zone de la plaie circulaire très cohérent entouré par les cellules epitheliales du cristallin. Cette population de cellules reste fermement attachée à la capsule de la lentille membrane basale et est blessé par la procédure chirurgicale. Les cellules épithéliales migrent sur ​​la zone dénudée de la membrane basale endogène de guérir la plaie, dirigé par une population de cellules mésenchymateuses vimentine riche connus dans le processus de réparation en tant que cellules de 1 chef. Avec ce modèle, la réponse d&#39;un épithélium de blessure peut être facilement visualisé et suivie avec le temps dans le cadre de la micro-environnement des cellules. Les cellules sont facilement accessibles à des modifications de l&#39;expression ou l&#39;activation de molécules susceptibles de jouer un rôle dans la cicatrisation des plaies. Une puissante fonctionnalité de eest le modèle est la capacité à isoler et à étudier les changements spécifiques à la migration dans le cadre de la cicatrisation des plaies. La possibilité de préparer un grand nombre de plaies appariés ex vivo pour la guérison de cultures âgées études est un autre avantage de ce modèle. Ainsi, ce système de modèle fournit une occasion unique de démêler les mécanismes de la cicatrisation des plaies et de la thérapeutique de test pour leur effet sur le processus de cicatrisation des plaies. L&#39;ex vivo maquette modèle de chirurgie de la cataracte est prévu d&#39;avoir une large applicabilité, fournissant une ressource essentielle pour les mécanismes de réparation des lésions de l&#39;étude.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-3</td>
			<td>Use at 140mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td>Use at 5mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0876</td>
			<td>Use at .7mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose (Dextrose)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-500</td>
			<td>Use at 0.5mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td>Use at 8.25mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A144-500</td>
			<td>Use to pH TD buffer to 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media 199</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>11150-059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Corning/CellGro</td>
			<td>25-005-CI</td>
			<td>Use at 1% in Media199</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Corning/CellGro</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td>Use at 1% in Media199</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100mm petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875711Z</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stericup Filter Unit</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU01RE</td>
			<td>Use to filter sterilize Media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 forceps (need 2)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27 Gauge 1mL SlipTip with precision glide needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309623</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91100-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Other Items Needed: General dissection instruments,&#160; fertile white leghorn chicken eggs,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">check egg incubator (humidified, 37.7&#176;C), laminar flow hood, binocular stereovision dissecting&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model for investigating epithelial wound repair in a native microenvironment

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to follow and manipulate the wound response ex vivo in an environment that closely mimics that of epithelial tissue injury in vivo. This issue was addressed by creating a clinically relevant epithelial ex vivo injury-repair model based on cataract surgery. In this culture model, the response of the lens epithelium to wounding can be followed live in the cells&#8217; native microenvironment, and the molecular mediators of wound repair easily manipulated during the repair process. To prepare the cultures, lenses are removed from the eye and a small incision is made in the anterior of the lens from which the inner mass of lens fiber cells is removed. This procedure creates a circular wound on the posterior lens capsule, the thick basement membrane that surrounds the lens. This wound area where the fiber cells were attached is located just adjacent to a continuous monolayer of lens epithelial cells that remains linked to the lens capsule during the surgical procedure. The wounded epithelium, the cell type from which fiber cells are derived during development, responds to the injury of fiber cell removal by moving collectively across the wound area, led by a population of vimentin-rich repair cells whose mesenchymal progenitors are endogenous to the lens1. These properties are typical of a normal epithelial wound healing response. In this model, as in vivo, wound repair is dependent on signals supplied by the endogenous environment that is uniquely maintained in this ex vivo culture system, providing an ideal opportunity for discovery of the mechanisms that regulate repair of an epithelium following wounding.

Ex Vivo modèle créé pour étudier le processus de cicatrisation des plaies dans microenvironnement natif des cellules Pour étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la cicatrisation d&#39;un épithélium sein microenvironnement natif des cellules, un ex vivo maquette modèle de chirurgie de la cataracte cliniquement pertinente a été créé. Ce modèle est créé à partir de tissus de verre qui offre de nombreux avantages en raison de ses propriétés ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment at JoVE.com

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

Described here is the establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model that can be used to investigate mechanisms of the injury response of epithelial tissues within their native microenvironment.

Création d&#39;une importance clinique<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Mock Chirurgie de la cataracte modèle pour étudier épithéliale Wound Repair dans un microenvironnement maternelle

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to ...

establishment-clinically-relevant-ex-vivo-mock-cataract-surgery-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

6.5K vues.  Thomas Jefferson University. Described here is the establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model that can be used to investigate mechanisms of the injury response of epithelial tissues within their native microenvironment. 

Vidéo: Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

Capturing Tissue Repair in Zebrafish Larvae with Time-lapse Brightfield Stereomicroscopy

The zebrafish larval tail fin is ideal for studying tissue regeneration due to the simple architecture of the larval fin-fold, which comprises of two layers of skin that enclose undifferentiated mesenchyme, and because the larval tail fin regenerates rapidly within 2-3 days. Using this system, we demonstrate a method for capturing the repair dynamics of the amputated tail fin with time-lapse video brightfield stereomicroscopy. We demonstrate that fin amputation triggers a contraction of the amputation wound and extrusion of cells around the wound margin, leading to their subsequent clearance. Fin regeneration proceeds from proximal to distal direction after a short delay. In addition, developmental growth of the larva can be observed during all stages. The presented method provides an opportunity for observing and analyzing whole tissue-scale behaviors such as fin development and growth in a simple microscope setting, which is easily adaptable to any stereomicroscope with time-lapse capabilities.

We present a protocol for capturing the dynamics of zebrafish larval tail fin regeneration on a whole-tissue scale using brightfield-based stereomicroscopy. This technique enables capturing the regeneration dynamics with single cell resolution. This methodology can be adapted to any stereomicroscope equipped with a CCD camera and time-lapse software.

Capture réparation des tissus chez le poisson zèbre larves avec Time-lapse Brightfield stéréomicroscopie

The zebrafish larval tail fin is ideal for studying tissue regeneration due to the simple architecture of the larval fin-fold, which comprises of two ...

Recherche

Biologie du développement

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing cardiovascular progenitors during development and disease. While a number of factors have been implicated in epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) mobilization, the mechanisms governing their subsequent migration and differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we present in vitro and ex vivo strategies to study EPDC motility and differentiation. First, we describe a method of obtaining primary epicardial cells by outgrowth culture from the embryonic mouse heart. We also introduce a detailed protocol to assess three-dimensional migration of labeled EPDC in an organ culture system. We provide evidence using these techniques that genetic deletion of myocardin-related transcription factors in the epicardium attenuates EPDC migration. This approach serves as a platform to evaluate candidate modifiers of EPDC biology and could be used to develop genetic or chemical screens to identify novel regulators of EPDC mobilization that might be useful for cardiac repair.

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

Here, we describe methods for isolating primary mouse epicardial cells by an outgrowth culture assay and assessing the functional migration of epicardial-derived cells (EPDC) using an ex vivo heart culture system. These protocols are suitable for identifying genetic and chemical modulators of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and motility.

Épicardique Excroissance Culture Assay et<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Évaluation des épicardique dérivés Migration cellulaire

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing ...

Adenoviral Gene Therapy for Diabetic Keratopathy: Effects on Wound Healing and Stem Cell Marker Expression in Human Organ-cultured Corneas and Limbal Epithelial Cells

The goal of this protocol is to describe molecular alterations in human diabetic corneas and demonstrate how they can be alleviated by adenoviral gene therapy in organ-cultured corneas. The diabetic corneal disease is a complication of diabetes with frequent abnormalities of corneal nerves and epithelial wound healing. We have also documented significantly altered expression of several putative epithelial stem cell markers in human diabetic corneas. To alleviate these changes, adenoviral gene therapy was successfully implemented using the upregulation of c-met proto-oncogene expression and/or the downregulation of proteinases matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) and cathepsin F. This therapy accelerated wound healing in diabetic corneas even when only the limbal stem cell compartment was transduced. The best results were obtained with combined treatment. For possible patient transplantation of normalized stem cells, an example is also presented of the optimization of gene transduction in stem cell-enriched cultures using polycationic enhancers. This approach may be useful not only for the selected genes but also for the other mediators of corneal epithelial wound healing and stem cell function.

An example of adenoviral gene therapy in the human diabetic organ-cultured corneas is presented towards the normalization of delayed wound healing and markedly reduced epithelial stem cell marker expression in these corneas. It also describes the optimization of this process in stem cell-enriched limbal epithelial cultures.

Adénovirus thérapie génique diabétique Kératopathie: Effets sur la cicatrisation des plaies et des cellules souches Marker Expression dans Human cornées Organ-culture et de cellules épithéliales limbiques

The goal of this protocol is to describe molecular alterations in human diabetic corneas and demonstrate how they can be alleviated by adenoviral gene ...

A Submerged Filter Paper Sandwich for Long-term Ex Ovo Time-lapse Imaging of Early Chick Embryos

Due to its availability, low cost, flat geometry, and transparency, the ex ovo chick embryo has become a major vertebrate animal model for the study of morphogenetic events, such as gastrulation2, neurulation3-5, somitogenesis6, heart bending7,8, and brain formation9-13, during early embryogenesis. Key to understanding morphogenetic processes is to follow them dynamically by time-lapse imaging. The acquisition of time-lapse movies of chick embryogenesis ex ovo has been limited either to short time windows or to the need for an incubator to control temperature and humidity around the embryo14. Here, we present a new technique to culture chick embryos ex ovo for high-resolution time-lapse imaging using transmitted light microscopy. The submerged filter paper sandwich is a variant of the well-established filter paper carrier technique (EC-culture)1 and allows for the culturing of chick embryos without the need for a climate chamber. The embryo is sandwiched between two identical filter paper carriers and is kept fully submerged in a simple, temperature-controlled medium covered by a layer of light mineral oil. Starting from the primitive streak stage (Hamburger-Hamilton stage 5, HH5)15 up to at least the 28-somite stage (HH16)15, embryos can be cultured with either their ventral or dorsal side up. This allows the acquisition of time-lapse movies covering about 30 hr of embryonic development. Representative time-lapse frames and movies are shown. Embryos are compared morphologically to an embryo cultured in the standard EC-culture.
The submerged filter paper sandwich provides a stable environment to study early dorsal and ventral morphogenetic processes. It also allows for live fluorescence imaging and micromanipulations, such as microsurgery, bead implantation, microinjection, gene silencing, and electroporation, and has a strong potential to be combined with immersion objectives for laser-based imaging (including light-sheet microscopy).

A Submerged Filter Paper Sandwich for Long-term Ex Ovo Time-lapse Imaging of Early Chick Embryos

Here, we present a new technique to culture chick embryos ex ovo for time-lapse imaging using transmitted light and fluorescence microscopy. The submerged filter paper sandwich is a variant of the well-established filter paper carrier technique1 that allows for the culturing of chick embryos fully-submerged in a liquid culture medium.

Un filtre Sandwich de papier Submergé Long terme<em&gt; Ovo Ex</em&gt; Time-lapse Imaging of Early Chick Embryons

Due to its availability, low cost, flat geometry, and transparency, the ex ovo chick embryo has become a major vertebrate animal model for the study of ...

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka and zebrafish larvae are widely used to analyze the behavior of bone cells during bone formation, degeneration, and repair. Their optical clarity allows the visualization of fluorescently labeled bone cells and fluorescent dyes bound to the mineralized skeletal matrix. Our lab has generated transgenic medaka fish that express the osteoclast-inducing factor Receptor Activator of Nuclear-factor &#954;B Ligand (RANKL) under the control of a heat&#160;shock-inducible promoter. Ectopic expression of RANKL results in the excess formation of activated osteoclasts, which can be visualized in reporter lines with nlGFP expression under the control of the cathepsin K (ctsk) promoter. RANKL induction and ectopic osteoclast formation leads to severe osteoporosis-like phenotypes. Compound transgenic medaka lines that express ctsk:nlGFP in osteoclasts, as well as mCherry under the control of the osterix (osx) promoter in premature osteoblasts, can be used to study the interaction of both cell types. This facilitates the in vivo observation of cellular behavior under conditions of bone degeneration and repair. Here, we describe the use of this system to test a drug commonly used in human osteoporosis therapy and describe a protocol for live imaging. The medaka model complements studies in cell culture and mice, and offers a novel system for the in vivo analysis of drug action in the skeletal system.

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Small laboratory fish have become popular models for bone research on the mechanisms underlying human bone disorders and for the screening of bone-modulating drugs. In this report, we describe a protocol to assess the effect of alendronate on bone cells in medaka larvae with osteoporotic lesions.

Traitement de la toxicomanie et<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imagerie des ostéoblastes-ostéoclastes Interactions dans un modèle Medaka poisson Ostéoporose

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka ...

Rapid Isolation of BMPR-IB+ Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Use in a Calvarial Defect Healing Model

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own body. The ability to grow bone de novo using a patient's own cells would allow bony defects to be filled with adequate tissue without the morbidity of harvesting native bone. There is interest in the use of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) as a source for tissue engineering because these are obtained from an abundant source: the patient's own adipose tissue. However, ASCs are a heterogeneous population and some subpopulations may be more effective in this application than others. Isolation of the most osteogenic population of ASCs could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a bone engineering process. In this protocol, ASCs are obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue from a human donor. The subpopulation of ASCs expressing the marker BMPR-IB is isolated using FACS. These cells are then applied to an in vivo calvarial defect healing assay and are found to have improved osteogenic regenerative potential compared with unsorted cells.

Adipose-derived stromal cells may be useful for engineering new tissue from a patient's own cells. We present a protocol for the isolation of a subpopulation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with increased osteogenic potential, followed by application of the cells in an in vivo calvarial healing assay.

Isolement rapide de BMPR-IB + Adipose-Derived cellules stromales pour utilisation dans un calvarial Defect Modèle de guérison

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own ...

A Device for Performing Cell Migration/Wound Healing in a 96-Well Plate

The cell migration/wounding assay is a commonly used method to study cell migration and other biological processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. In this assay, cells are grown to form a confluent monolayer and a mechanical wound is created by scratching with a device. Then the migration rate of the cells towards the denuded area can be monitored by imaging. Our 8-channel mechanical wounder is designed to tackle most of the problems associated with the cell migration assay. Firstly, our wounder can be easily sterilized by autoclaving or with common disinfectants. Secondly, the individual adjustable pins allow even contact with the cell culture plate so that sharp and reproducible wounds can be created. Thirdly, the guiding bars on both sides of the wounder ensure consistent wounding position in each well. The use of disposable plastic pipette tips for wounding can further provide better handling of the wounder as well as to minimize cross-contamination. In conclusion, our cell wounder can provide researchers with a user friendly and reproducible device for performing the cell migration assay using the standard 96-well culture plate.

Here, we present a protocol to perform a semi-high throughput cell migration assay on a 96-well cell culture plate. This protocol is a fast, simple and economical method to create consistent scratch wounds on a cell monolayer.

Un dispositif pour effectuer la migration cellulaire / Wound Healing dans une plaque à 96 puits

The cell migration/wounding assay is a commonly used method to study cell migration and other biological processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor ...

Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose motility is not only important for localization, but also for cellular binding and invasion. Current animal models for the study of T. cruzi allow limited observation of parasites in vivo, representing a challenge for understanding parasite behavior during the initial stages of infection in humans. This protozoan has a flagellar stage in both vector and mammalian hosts, but there are no studies describing its motility in vivo.The objective of this project was to establish a live vertebrate zebrafish model to evaluate T. cruzi motility in the vascular system. Transparent zebrafish larvae were injected with fluorescently labeled trypomastigotes and observed using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), a noninvasive method to visualize live organisms with high optical resolution. The parasites could be visualized for extended periods of time due to this technique&#39;s relatively low risk of photodamage compared to confocal or epifluorescence microscopy. T. cruzi parasites were observed traveling in the circulatory system of live zebrafish in different-sized blood vessels and the yolk. They could also be seen attached to the yolk sac wall and to the atrioventricular valve despite the strong forces associated with heart contractions. LSFM of T. cruzi-inoculated zebrafish larvae is a valuable method that can be used to visualize circulating parasites and evaluate their tropism, migration patterns, and motility in the dynamic environment of the cardiovascular system of a live animal.

Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo

In this protocol, fluorescently labeled T. cruzi&#160;were injected into transparent zebrafish larvae, and parasite motility was observed in vivo using light sheet fluorescence microscopy.

Mise en place du poisson-zèbre larvaire comme modèle Animal pour enquêter sur Trypanosoma cruzi motilité In Vivo

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose motility is not only important for localization, but also for cellular binding ...

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological questions in cell and developmental biology. In addition, organoids together with recent technical advances in gene editing and viral gene delivery promises to advance medical research and development of new drugs for treatment of diseases. Organoids grown in vitro in basement matrix provide powerful model systems for studying the behavior and function of various proteins and are well suited for live-imaging of fluorescent-tagged proteins. However, establishing the expression and localization of the endogenous proteins in ex vivo tissue and in in vitro organoids is important to verify the behavior of the tagged proteins. To this end we have developed and modified tissue isolation, fixation, and immuno-labeling protocols for localization of microtubules, centrosomal, and associated proteins in ex vivo intestinal tissue and in in vitro intestinal organoids. The aim was for the fixative to preserve the 3D architecture of the organoids/tissue while also preserving antibody antigenicity and enabling good penetration and clearance of fixative and antibodies. Exposure to cold depolymerizes all but stable microtubules and this was a key factor when modifying the various protocols. We found that increasing the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentration from 3 mM to 30 mM gave efficient detachment of villi and crypts in the small intestine while 3 mM EDTA was sufficient for colonic crypts. The developed formaldehyde/methanol fixation protocol gave very good structural preservation while also preserving antigenicity for effective labeling of microtubules, actin, and the end-binding (EB) proteins. It also worked for the centrosomal protein ninein although the methanol protocol worked more consistently. We further established that fixation and immuno-labeling of microtubules and associated proteins could be achieved with organoids isolated from or remaining within the basement matrix.

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

We present protocols for isolation of intestinal 3D structures from in vivo tissue and in vitro basement matrix embedded organoids, and detail different fixation and staining protocols optimized for immuno-labeling of microtubule, centrosomal, and junctional proteins as well as cell markers including the stem cell protein Lgr5.

Immuno-fluorescence étiquetage des Microtubules et des centrosomes protéines dans les tissus intestinaux Ex Vivo et 3D In Vitro intestinale organoïdes

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological ...

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch&#39;s membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch&#39;s membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch&#39;s membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch&#39;s membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch&#39;s membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch&#039;s Membrane

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the culturing of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on aged and/or diseased human Bruch&#39;s membrane. This method is suitable to study RPE cell behavior on a compromised extracellular matrix.

Mise en culture des cellules épithéliales pigmentaire sur un modèle Ex Vivo de la Membrane de Bruch humain âgé

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic ...