Name: step-specific sorting of mouse spermatids by flow cytometry
Uploaded: 2015-12-31T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Step-specific Sorting of Mouse Spermatids by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

The authors wish to thank Dr. Leonid Volkov and &#201;ric Bouchard for their technical advice regarding epifluorescence microscopy.
Financial support 
Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant #MOP-93781) to G.B.

Animal care was in accordance with the Universit&#233; de Sherbrooke animal care and use committee.

1. Tube Preparation
<ol>
	<li>The day before cell sorting, add 1-2 ml of heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) to 5 ml polypropylene round bottom tubes, and to 15 ml and 50 ml polypropylene conical tubes. 
	Critical step: Ensure that every tube used in the protocol is coated. 
	Note: FBS coating prevents germ cells from sticking to tube walls.</li>
	<li>Slowly mix O/N by ...

<ol>
	<li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+production+of+functional+sperm+in+cultured+neonatal+mouse+testes.">In vitro production of functional sperm in cultured neonatal mouse testes.</a> Nature. 471 (7339), 504-507 (2011).</li><li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+production+of+fertile+sperm+from+murine+spermatogonial+stem+cell+lines.">In vitro production of fertile sperm from murine spermatogonial stem cell lines.</a> Nat. Commun. 2, 472 (2011).</li><li>Sun, X., Kovacs, T., Hu, Y. -. J., Yang, W. -. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+actin+and+myosin+during+spermatogenesis.">The role of actin and myosin during spermatogenesis.</a> Mol. Biol. Rep. 38 (6), 3993-4001 (2011).</li><li>Cheng, C. Y., Mruk, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+junction+dynamics+in+the+testis:+Sertoli-germ+cell+interactions+and+male+contraceptive+development.">Cell junction dynamics in the testis: Sertoli-germ cell interactions and male contraceptive development.</a> Physiol. Rev. 82, 825-874 (2002).</li><li>Laiho, A., Kotaja, N., Gyenesei, A., Sironen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+profiling+of+the+murine+testis+during+the+first+wave+of+spermatogenesis.">Transcriptome profiling of the murine testis during the first wave of spermatogenesis.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (4), (2013).</li><li>Leduc, F., Maquennehan, V., Nkoma, G. B., Boissonneault, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+damage+response+during+chromatin+remodeling+in+elongating+spermatids+of+mice.">DNA damage response during chromatin remodeling in elongating spermatids of mice.</a> Biol. Reprod. 78 (2), 324-332 (2008).</li><li>Meistrich, M. L., Mohapatra, B., Shirley, C. R., Zhao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+transition+nuclear+proteins+in+spermiogenesis.">Roles of transition nuclear proteins in spermiogenesis.</a> Chromosoma. 111 (8), 483-488 (2003).</li><li>Gr&#233;goire, M. -. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Male-driven+de+novo+mutations+in+haploid+germ+cells.">Male-driven de novo mutations in haploid germ cells.</a> Mol. Hum. Reprod. 19 (8), 495-499 (2013).</li><li>Simard, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Instability+of+trinucleotidic+repeats+during+chromatin+remodeling+in+spermatids.">Instability of trinucleotidic repeats during chromatin remodeling in spermatids.</a> Hum. Mutat. , (2014).</li><li>Wykes, S. M., Krawetz, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+spermatogenic+cells+from+adult+transgenic+mouse+testes+using+unit-gravity+sedimentation.">Separation of spermatogenic cells from adult transgenic mouse testes using unit-gravity sedimentation.</a> Mol. Biotechnol. 25 (2), 131-138 (2003).</li><li>Yoshida, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+first+round+of+mouse+spermatogenesis+is+a+distinctive+program+that+lacks+the+self-renewing+spermatogonia+stage.">The first round of mouse spermatogenesis is a distinctive program that lacks the self-renewing spermatogonia stage.</a> Development (Cambridge, England). 133 (8), 1495-1505 (2006).</li><li>Moreno, R. D., Lizama, C., Urz&#250;a, N., Vergara, S. P., Reyes, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caspase+activation+throughout+the+first+wave+of+spermatogenesis+in+the+rat.">Caspase activation throughout the first wave of spermatogenesis in the rat.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 325 (3), 533-540 (2006).</li><li>Meistrich, M. L., Trostle-Weige, P. K., Van Beek, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+specific+stages+of+spermatids+from+vitamin+A-synchronized+rat+testes+for+assessment+of+nucleoprotein+changes+during+spermiogenesis.">Separation of specific stages of spermatids from vitamin A-synchronized rat testes for assessment of nucleoprotein changes during spermiogenesis.</a> Biol. Reprod. 51 (2), 334-344 (1994).</li><li>van Pelt, A. M., de Rooij, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synchronization+of+the+seminiferous+epithelium+after+vitamin+A+replacement+in+vitamin+A-deficient+mice.">Synchronization of the seminiferous epithelium after vitamin A replacement in vitamin A-deficient mice.</a> Biol. Reprod. 43, 363-367 (1990).</li><li>Getun, I. V., Torres, B., Bois, P. R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+purification+of+mouse+meiotic+cells.">Flow cytometry purification of mouse meiotic cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2011).</li><li>Kovtun, I. V., McMurray, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trinucleotide+expansion+in+haploid+germ+cells+by+gap+repair.">Trinucleotide expansion in haploid germ cells by gap repair.</a> Nature Genet. 27 (4), 407-411 (2001).</li><li>Bastos, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+characterization+of+viable+meiotic+and+postmeiotic+cells+by+Hoechst+33342+in+mouse+spermatogenesis.">Flow cytometric characterization of viable meiotic and postmeiotic cells by Hoechst 33342 in mouse spermatogenesis.</a> Cytometry A. 65 (1), 40-49 (2005).</li><li>Lassalle, B., Ziyyat, A., Testart, J., Finaz, C., Lef&#232;vre, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+method+to+isolate+round+spermatids+from+mouse+testis.">Flow cytometric method to isolate round spermatids from mouse testis.</a> Hum. Reprod. 14 (2), 388-394 (1999).</li></ol>

Spermatogenic cells have always been challenging to study given the complexity of the seminiferous epithelium, as well as the limited success of in vitro culture. Over the years, many approaches to purify germ cells from various species were developed. Sedimentation techniques using gravity purification with Percoll or bovine serum albumin gradients usually provide a good yield of intact germinal cells, but lack proper definition between some cell types such as meiotic tetraploid cells and spermatids10</sup...

Haploid round spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa by a process called spermiogenesis. This involves many different steps including the acquisition of a flagellum, chromatin and cytoskeleton remodeling, condensation of the nucleus as well as the loss of most of the cytoplasm. These unique cellular events must be finely regulated in order to produce a mature functional gamete with an intact genome suitable for fertilization. Spermiogenesis can hardly be studied in vitro since no reliable cell culture system has so far been able to support progression through the different steps of the process. Moreover, actual in vitro techniques lead to a poor yield1,2. In vivo, proper transitions through the different steps of spermiogenesis are crucial for the natural functional integrity of the male gamete. Successful purification of spermatids according to their differentiation steps has never been accomplished with a level of enrichment sufficient to allow molecular characterization of spermiogenesis. For instance, purification of key steps of the spermatidal differentiation would be especially useful to study the developing acrosome, formation of the midpiece3, cell junction dynamics4, RNA dynamics5, chromatin remodeling process6,7 or genomic stability8. Purification of spermatids has been hampered by their progressive morphological transformation, the lack of known stage-specific external biomarkers, and their peculiar shape and size. 
Although most male germ cells display a direct relationship between DNA staining and ploidy (DNA content), we noticed that such positive correlation is no longer applicable to spermatids. This stems from our early observation that seminiferous tubule sections show variable intensity of DNA staining throughout the different spermiogenesis steps. Although DNA staining is consistent with their haploid set of chromosomes from spermiogenesis steps 1 to 7 (round spermatids), we observed a sharp increase in fluorescence intensity with DAPI or SYTO 16 around the onset of nuclear reorganization and chromatin remodeling (spermiogenesis step 8) reaching a peak at the onset of nuclear condensation (spermiogenesis steps 11-12). Following condensation of the nucleus, DNA staining intensity decreases until spermiation (spermiogenesis step 16). We surmised that this was likely associated with the formation of their peculiar chromatin structure transition where histones are replaced by protamines. We therefore developed a reliable flow cytometry method that allows the separation of spermatids using the variation of DNA intensity of spermatids as a main selection parameter.
A simple flow cytometry approach is described to separate mouse spermatids with high purity (95-100%) based on their apparent DNA content (SYTO16 staining), size and granulosity. Spermatids are separated into four populations; spermiogenesis steps 1-9, 10-12, 13-14 and 15-16. Purified spermatids are suitable for genetic/genomic analysis, as well as proteomic applications as described in a recent publication from our group9.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="565">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:135px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ABBOT</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">05260-05</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For mouse anesthesia before euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:135px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Wisent</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">90150</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For tube coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:135px;">1X PBS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:135px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">EDT</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For sorting buffer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:135px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">H</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For sorting buffer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:135px;">100 % Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Les alcools de commerce</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">092-09-11N</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:135px;">SYTO 16</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">S7578</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">DNA staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="81">
			<td height="81" style="height:81px;width:135px;">5 ml polypropylene round bottom tubes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">352063</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sorted cells collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="81">
			<td height="81" style="height:81px;width:135px;">15 ml polypropylene conical bottom tubes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PROgene</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">1500</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="81">
			<td height="81" style="height:81px;width:135px;">50 ml polypropylene conical bottom tubes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PROgene</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">5000</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:135px;">TEC4 anaesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ohmeda</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">1160526</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For mouse euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:135px;">CO2 gas tank</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Praxair</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">C799117902</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For mouse euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:135px;">O2 gas tank</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Praxair</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">O254130501</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For mouse euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:135px;">Homemade mouse gas chamber</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For mouse euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:135px;">40 &#181;m Falcon cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Corning Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">352340</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:135px;">50-micron sample line filters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">649049</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:135px;">Vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Labnet international, inc.</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">S0200</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">For cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:135px;">Dynac centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Clay Adams</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">101</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:135px;">Celltrics 50 &#181;m filters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Partec</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">04-004-2327</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:135px;">488 nm laser-euipped cell sorter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">FACSAria III</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:135px;">Accudop Fluorescent Beads</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">345249</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:135px;">Sorting Buffer: 1X PBS, 1mM EDTA pH 8.0, 25mM HEPES pH 7.0, 1%FBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:184px;">FBS is heat-inactivated. Make fresh solution, 0.22 &#956;m filtered and keep at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

step-specific sorting of mouse spermatids by flow cytometry

The differentiation of mouse spermatids is one critical process for the production of a functional male gamete with an intact genome to be transmitted to the next generation. So far, molecular studies of this morphological transition have been hampered by the lack of a method allowing adequate separation of these important steps of spermatid differentiation for subsequent analyses. Earlier attempts at proper gating of these cells using flow cytometry may have been difficult because of a peculiar increase in DNA fluorescence in spermatids undergoing chromatin remodeling. Based on this observation, we provide details of a simple flow cytometry scheme, allowing reproducible purification of four populations of mouse spermatids fixed with ethanol, each representing a different state in the nuclear remodeling process. Population enrichment is confirmed using step-specific markers and morphological criterions. The purified spermatids can be used for genomic and proteomic analyses.

Gating strategy used with flow cytometry
Figure 1 represents the gating strategy used in flow cytometry to sort four highly pure spermatid populations. Briefly, cells with positive DNA staining (Alexa Fluor 488-A) are first selected with Gate 1. Spermatids from spermiogenesis steps 1-12 are selected (Gate 2) on a dot plot showing the granulosity (SSC-A) vs size (FSC-A) from Gate 1. Then, spermatids from spermiog...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Step-specific Sorting of Mouse Spermatids by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Step-specific Sorting of Mouse Spermatids by Flow Cytometry

We describe a sorting strategy for mouse spermatids using flow cytometry. Spermatids are sorted into four highly pure populations, including round (spermiogenesis steps 1-9), early elongating (spermiogenesis steps 10-12), late elongating (spermiogenesis steps 13-14) and elongated spermatids (spermiogenesis steps 15-16). DNA staining, size and granulosity are used as selection parameters.

The differentiation of mouse spermatids is one critical process for the production of a functional male gamete with an intact genome to be transmitted to ...

step-specific-sorting-of-mouse-spermatids-by-flow-cytometry

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry

Macrophages are professional phagocytes from the innate arm of the immune system. In steady-state, sessile macrophages are found in adult tissues where they act as front line sentinels of infection and tissue damage. While other immune cells are continuously renewed from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) located in the bone marrow, a lineage of macrophages, known as resident macrophages, have been shown to be self-maintained in tissues without input from bone marrow HSPCs. This lineage is exemplified by microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver and Langerhans cells in the epidermis among others. The intestinal and colon lamina propria are the only adult tissues devoid of HSPC-independent resident macrophages. Recent investigations have identified that resident macrophages originate from the extra-embryonic yolk sac hematopoiesis from progenitor(s) distinct from fetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Among yolk sac definitive hematopoiesis, erythromyeloid progenitors (EMP) give rise both to erythroid and myeloid cells, in particular resident macrophages. EMP are only generated within the yolk sac between E8.5 and E10.5 days of development and they migrate to the fetal liver as early as circulation is connected, where they expand and differentiate until at least E16.5. Their progeny includes erythrocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells but only EMP-derived macrophages persist until adulthood in tissues. The transient nature of EMP emergence and the temporal overlap with HSC generation renders the analysis of these progenitors difficult. We have established a tamoxifen-inducible fate mapping protocol based on expression of the macrophage cytokine receptor Csf1r promoter to characterize EMP and EMP-derived cells in vivo by flow cytometry.

While infiltrating macrophages are continuously recruited to adult tissues from circulating precursors, resident macrophages seed their tissue during development, where they are maintained without further input from progenitors. The progenitors for resident macrophages were recently identified. Here, we present methods for the genetic fate mapping of the resident macrophage progenitors.

Macrophages are professional phagocytes from the innate arm of the immune system. In steady-state, sessile macrophages are found in adult tissues where ...

Isolating and Analyzing Cells of the Pancreas Mesenchyme by Flow Cytometry

The pancreas is comprised of epithelial cells that are required for food digestion and blood glucose regulation. Cells of the pancreas microenvironment, including endothelial, neuronal, and mesenchymal cells were shown to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation in the embryonic pancreas. In the adult, the function and mass of insulin-producing cells were shown to depend on cells in their microenvironment, including pericyte, immune, endothelial, and neuronal cells. Lastly, changes in the pancreas microenvironment were shown to regulate pancreas tumorigenesis. However, the cues underlying these processes are not fully defined. Therefore, characterizing the different cell types that comprise the pancreas microenvironment and profiling their gene expression are crucial to delineate the tissue development and function under normal and diseased states. Here, we describe a method that allows for the isolation of mesenchymal cells from the pancreas of embryonic, neonatal, and adult mice. This method utilizes the enzymatic digestion of mouse pancreatic tissue and the subsequent fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or flow-cytometric analysis of labeled cells. Cells can be labeled by either immunostaining for surface markers or by the expression of fluorescent proteins. Cell isolation can facilitate the characterization of genes and proteins expressed in cells of the pancreas mesenchyme. This protocol was successful in isolating and culturing highly enriched mesenchymal cell populations from the embryonic, neonatal, and adult mouse pancreas.

Here, we describe a method for the isolation of cells in the pancreas microenvironment from embryonic, neonatal and adult mouse tissue, focusing on the isolation of mesenchymal cells. This method allows profiling of cell gene expression and protein secretion in order to elucidate the extrinsic signals that regulate pancreas development, function, and tumorigenesis.

The pancreas is comprised of epithelial cells that are required for food digestion and blood glucose regulation. Cells of the pancreas microenvironment, ...

Expansion and Adipogenesis Induction of Adipocyte Progenitors from Perivascular Adipose Tissue Isolated by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting

Expansion of Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT), a major regulator of vascular function through paracrine signaling, is directly related to the development of hypertension during obesity. The extent of hypertrophy and hyperplasia depends on depot location, sex, and the type of Adipocyte Progenitor Cell (APC) phenotypes present. Techniques used for APC and preadipocytes isolation in the last 10 years have drastically improved the accuracy at which individual cells can be identified based on specific cell surface markers. However, isolation of APC and adipocytes can be a challenge due to the fragility of the cell, especially if the intact cell must be retained for cell culture applications.
Magnetic-activated Cell Sorting (MCS) provides a method of isolating greater number of viable APC per weight unit of adipose tissue. APC harvested by MCS can be used for in vitro protocols to expand preadipocytes and differentiate them into adipocytes through use of growth factor cocktails allowing for analysis of the prolific and adipogenic potential retained by the cells. This experiment focused on the aortic and mesenteric PVAT depots, which play key roles in the development of cardiovascular disease during expansion. These protocols describe methods to isolate, expand, and differentiate a defined population of APC. This MCS protocol allows isolation to be used in any experiment where cell sorting is needed with minimal equipment or training. These techniques can aid further experiments to determine the functionality of specific cell populations based on the presence of cell surface markers.

Here we report a method for isolation of Adipocyte Progenitor Cell (APC) populations from Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT) using Magnetic-activated Cell Sorting (MCS). This method allows for an increased isolation of APC per gram of adipose tissue when compared to Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS).

Expansion of Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT), a major regulator of vascular function through paracrine signaling, is directly related to the ...

A Standardized Approach for Multispecies Purification of Mammalian Male Germ Cells by Mechanical Tissue Dissociation and Flow Cytometry

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has been one of the methods of choice to isolate enriched populations of mammalian testicular germ cells. Currently, it allows the discrimination of up to 9 murine germ cell populations with high yield and purity. This high-resolution in discrimination and purification is possible due to unique changes in chromatin structure and quantity throughout spermatogenesis. These patterns can be captured by flow cytometry of male germ cells stained with fluorescent DNA-binding dyes such as Hoechst-33342 (Hoechst). Herein is a detailed description of a recently developed protocol to isolate mammalian testicular germ cells. Briefly, single cell suspensions are generated from testicular tissue by mechanical dissociation, double stained with Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) and processed by flow cytometry. A serial gating strategy, including the selection of live cells (PI negative) with different DNA content (Hoechst intensity), is used during FACS sorting to discriminate up to 5 germ cell types. These include, with corresponding average purities (determined by microscopy evaluation): spermatogonia (66%), primary (71%) and secondary (85%) spermatocytes, and spermatids (90%), further separated into round (93%) and elongating (87%) subpopulations. Execution of the entire workflow is straightforward, allows the isolation of 4 cell types simultaneously with the appropriate FACS machine, and can be performed in less than 2 h. As reduced processing time is crucial to preserve the physiology of ex vivo cells, this method is ideal for downstream high-throughput studies of male germ cell biology. Moreover, a standardized protocol for multispecies purification of mammalian germ cells eliminates methodological sources of variables and allows a single set of reagents to be used for different animal models.

This work describes the standardization of a method to obtain purified germ cell populations from testicular tissue of different mammalian species. It is a straightforward protocol that combines mechanical testis dissociation, staining with Hoechst-33342 and propidium iodide, and FACS sorting, with wide applications in comparative studies of male reproductive biology.

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has been one of the methods of choice to isolate enriched populations of mammalian testicular germ cells. ...

Use of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Assess the Origin of Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a diverse group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders that are defined by ineffective hematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenias, dysplasia, and a propensity for transformation to acute leukemia. NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) transgenic mice recapitulate human MDS in terms of peripheral blood cytopenias, dysplasia, and transformation to acute leukemia. We previously demonstrated that MDS could be transferred from a genetically engineered mouse with MDS to wild-type recipients by transplanting MDS bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC). To more clearly understand the MDS cell of origin, we have developed approaches to transplant specific, immunophenotypically defined hematopoietic subsets. In this article, we describe the process of isolating and transplanting specific populations of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Following transplantation, we describe approaches to assess the efficiency of transplantation and persistence of the donor MDS cells.

We describe the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to assess the malignant potential of genetically engineered hematopoietic cells. HSCT is useful for evaluating various malignant hematopoietic cells in vivo as well as generating a large cohort of mice with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or leukemia to evaluate novel therapies.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a diverse group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders that are defined by ineffective hematopoiesis, peripheral blood ...

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells

Live-cell flow cytometry is increasingly used among cell biologists to quantify biological processes in a living cell culture. This protocol describes a method whereby live-cell flow cytometry is extended upon to analyze the multiple functions of P2X7 receptor activation in real-time. Using a time module installed on a flow cytometer, live-cell functionality can be assessed and plotted over a given time period to explore the kinetics of calcium influx, transmembrane pore formation, and phagocytosis. This simple method is advantageous as all three canonical functions of the P2X7 receptor can be assessed using one machine, and the gathered data plotted over time provides information on the entire live-cell population rather than single-cell recordings often obtained using technically challenging patch-clamp methods. Calcium influx experiments use a calcium indicator dye, while P2X7 pore formation assays rely on ethidium bromide being allowed to pass through the transmembrane pore formed upon high agonist concentrations. Yellow-green (YG) latex beads are utilized to measure phagocytosis. Specific agonists and antagonists are applied to investigate the effects of P2X7 receptor activity. Individually, these methods can be modified to provide quantitative data on any number of calcium channels and purinergic and scavenger receptors. Taken together, they highlight how the use of real-time live-cell flow cytometry is a rapid, cost-effective, reproducible, and quantifiable method to investigate P2X7 receptor function.

Providing single-cell sensitivity, real-time flow cytometry is uniquely suited to quantify multimodal receptor functions of live cultures. Using adult neural progenitor cells, the P2X7 receptor function was assessed via calcium influx detected by calcium indicator dye, transmembrane pore formation by ethidium bromide uptake, and phagocytosis using fluorescent latex beads.

Live-cell flow cytometry is increasingly used among cell biologists to quantify biological processes in a living cell culture. This protocol describes a ...

Isolation and Staining of Mouse Skin Keratinocytes for Cell Cycle Specific Analysis of Cellular Protein Expression by Mass Cytometry

The goal of this protocol is to detect and quantify protein expression changes in a cell cycle-dependent manner using single cells isolated from the epidermis of mouse skin. There are seven important steps: separation of the epidermis from the dermis, digestion of the epidermis, staining of the epidermal cell populations with cisplatin, sample barcoding, staining with metal tagged antibodies for cell cycle markers and proteins of interest, detection of metal-tagged antibodies by mass cytometry, and the analysis of expression in the various cell cycle phases. The advantage of this approach over histological methods is the potential to assay the expression pattern of &#62;40 different markers in a single cell at different phases of the cell cycle. This approach also allows for the multivariate correlation analysis of protein expression that is more quantifiable than histological/imaging methods. The disadvantage of this protocol is that a suspension of single cells is needed, which results in the loss of location information provided by the staining of tissue sections. This approach may also require the inclusion of additional markers to identify different cell types in crude cell suspensions. The application of this protocol is evident in the analysis of hyperplastic skin disease models. Moreover, this protocol can be adapted for the analysis of specific sub-type of cells (e.g., stem cells) by the addition of lineage-specific antibodies. This protocol can also be adapted for the analysis of skin cells in other experimental species.

This protocol describes how to isolate skin keratinocytes from mouse models, to stain with metal-tagged antibodies, and to analyze stained cells by mass cytometry in order to profile the expression pattern of proteins of interest in the different cell cycle phases.

The goal of this protocol is to detect and quantify protein expression changes in a cell cycle-dependent manner using single cells isolated from the ...

Enrichment of Pachytene Spermatocytes and Spermatids from Mouse Testes Using Standard Laboratory Equipment

To characterize each step of spermatogenesis, researchers must separate different subpopulations of germ cells from testes. However, isolating discrete populations is challenging, because the adult testis contains a complex mix of germ cells from all steps of spermatogenesis along with certain populations of somatic cells. Over the past few decades, different techniques such as centrifugal elutriation, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and STA-PUT have been successfully applied to the isolation of germ cells. A drawback is that they all require dedicated devices and specialized training. Following principles underlying the STA-PUT method, a simple protocol has been developed for the isolation of pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongating spermatids from mouse testes. After preparing a single cell suspension of testicular cells, specific cell populations are enriched by gravity sedimentation through a discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) density gradient. The cell fractions are then manually collected and microscopically analysed. This modified density gradient for round spermatids (MDR) sedimentation protocol can be widely applied, because it requires only standard laboratory equipment. Furthermore, the protocol requires minimal starting materials, reducing its cost and use of laboratory animals.

Presented here is a protocol for enriching pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongating spermatids from adult mouse testes using a discontinuous bovine serum albumin density gradient with standard laboratory equipment.

To characterize each step of spermatogenesis, researchers must separate different subpopulations of germ cells from testes. However, isolating discrete ...

Using Flow Cytometry to Detect and Quantitate Altered Blood Formation in the Developing Zebrafish

The diversity of cell lineages that comprise mature blood in vertebrate animals arise from the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). This is a critical process that occurs throughout the lifespan of organisms, and disruption of the molecular pathways involved during embryogenesis can have catastrophic long-term consequences. For a multitude of reasons, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a model organism to study hematopoiesis. Zebrafish embryos develop externally, and by 7 days postfertilization (dpf) have produced most of the subtypes of definitive blood cells that will persist for their lifetime. Assays to assess the number of hematopoietic cells have been developed, mainly utilizing specific histological stains, in situ hybridization techniques, and microscopy of transgenic animals that utilize blood cell-specific promoters driving the expression of fluorescent proteins. However, most staining assays and in situ hybridization techniques do not accurately quantitate the number of blood cells present; only large differences in cell numbers are easily visualized. Utilizing transgenic animals and analyzing individuals with fluorescent or confocal microscopy can be performed, but the quantitation of these assays relies on either counting manually or utilizing expensive imaging software, both of which can make errors. Development of additional methods to assess blood cell numbers would be economical, faster, and could even be automated to quickly assess the effect of CRISPR-mediated genetic modification, morpholino-mediated transcript reduction, and the effect of drug compounds that affect hematopoiesis on a large scale. This novel assay to quantitate blood cells is performed by dissociating whole zebrafish embryos and analyzing the amount of fluorescently labelled blood cells present. These assays should allow elucidation of molecular pathways responsible for blood cell generation, expansion, and regulation during embryogenesis, which will allow researchers to further discover novel factors altered during blood diseases, as well as pathways essential during the evolution of vertebrate hematopoiesis.

This assay is a simple method to quantitate hematopoietic cells in developing embryonic zebrafish. Blood cells from dissociated zebrafish are subjected to flow cytometry analysis. This allows the detection of blood defects in mutant animals and after genetic modification.

The diversity of cell lineages that comprise mature blood in vertebrate animals arise from the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells ...

FACS-Isolation and Culture of Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitors and Muscle Stem Cells from Unperturbed and Injured Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) are a population of skeletal muscle-resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) capable of differentiating along fibrogenic, adipogenic, osteogenic, or chondrogenic lineage. Together with muscle stem cells (MuSCs), FAPs play a critical role in muscle homeostasis, repair, and regeneration, while actively maintaining and remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM). In pathological conditions, such as chronic damage and muscular dystrophies, FAPs undergo aberrant activation and differentiate into collagen-producing fibroblasts and adipocytes, leading to fibrosis and intramuscular fatty infiltration. Thus, FAPs play a dual role in muscle regeneration, either by sustaining MuSC turnover and promoting tissue repair or contributing to fibrotic scar formation and ectopic fat infiltrates, which compromise the integrity and function of the skeletal muscle tissue. A proper purification of FAPs and MuSCs is a prerequisite for understanding the biological role of these cells in physiological as well as in pathological conditions. Here, we describe a standardized method for the simultaneous isolation of FAPs and MuSCs from limb muscles of adult mice using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The protocol describes in detail the mechanical and enzymatic dissociation of mononucleated cells from whole limb muscles and injured tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. FAPs and MuSCs are subsequently isolated using a semi-automated cell sorter to obtain pure cell populations. We additionally describe an optimized method for culturing quiescent and activated FAPs and MuSCs, either alone or in coculture conditions.

The precise identification of fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) and muscle stem cells (MuSCs) is critical to studying their biological function in physiological and pathological conditions. This protocol provides guidelines for the isolation, purification, and culture of FAPs and MuSCs from adult mouse muscles.

Fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) are a population of skeletal muscle-resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) capable of differentiating along ...