Name: a cell-free assay using xenopus laevis embryo extracts to study mechanisms of nuclear size regulation
Uploaded: 2016-08-08T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 14 min 27 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation at JoVE.com

Members of the Levy and Gatlin labs as well as colleagues in the Department of Molecular Biology offered helpful advice and discussions. Rebecca Heald provided support in the early stages of developing this protocol. This work was supported by the NIH/NIGMS (R15GM106318) and the American Cancer Society (RSG-15-035-01-DDC).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here is presented a novel method to study mechanisms of nuclear size regulation during X. laevis development. Developmental progression is associated with dramatic changes in cell physiology, metabolism, division rates, and migration, as well as alterations in the sizes of cells and intracellular structures. These varied processes are complex and essential, so it is difficult to study just one of these aspects of development in an in vivo setting. The X. laevis embryo extract and nuclear shrink...

Les tailles des organites cellulaires échelle , en général avec la taille de la cellule, ce qui a été peut - être mieux documenté pour la mise à l&#39; échelle de la taille nucléaire avec la taille des cellules 10/01. Cela est particulièrement vrai lors de l&#39; embryogenèse et la différenciation cellulaire, lorsque des réductions spectaculaires dans les deux cellules et la taille nucléaire sont souvent observées 11,12. En outre, la taille nucléaire modifié est un paramètre clé dans le diagnostic du cancer et le pronostic 13-17. Les mécanismes qui contribuent à la réglementation nucléaire de taille sont largement inconnus, en partie en raison de la complexité et de la nature essentielle de la structure et la fonction nucléaire. La méthode décrite ici a été développé comme un test in vitro pour la taille nucléaire mise à l&#39; échelle qui se prête à la manipulation biochimique et l&#39; élucidation des mécanismes de régulation nucléaire de taille. Xenopus laevis extrait d&#39;œuf est un système bien établi pour récapituler et étudier les processus cellulaires complexes in vitro </em&gt; Contexte. Ces extraits ont révélé de nouvelles informations fondamentales sur plusieurs processus cellulaires , y compris l&#39;assemblage et la fonction du fuseau mitotique, réticulum endoplasmique, et le noyau 18-22. Un des principaux avantages du système d&#39;extraction est que X. extraits d&#39;œufs de laevis représentent un cytoplasme presque pur , dont la composition peut être facilement modifié, par exemple par addition de protéines ou immunodéplétion recombinantes. Par ailleurs, on est en mesure de manipuler les processus essentiels en utilisant des traitements qui seraient autrement létale dans un contexte in vivo. Les modifications de la procédure d&#39;extrait d&#39;oeufs permettent d&#39;isoler des extraits de X. embryons laevis plutôt que des œufs, et ces extraits d&#39;embryons sont également prêtent à la manipulation biochimique 23. Pendant X. laevis développement, l&#39;embryon fécondé unicellulaire (~ 1 mm de diamètre) est soumis à une série de douze divisions cellulaires rapides (étapes 1-8) pour générer plusieurs milliers de 50 μm de diamètre et de plus petites cellules, atteignant un stade de développement appelé la transition midblastula (MBT) ou le stade 24 au 26 août. Le MBT est caractérisée par l&#39;apparition de la transcription zygotique, la migration cellulaire, des divisions cellulaires asynchrones, acquisition de phases d&#39;écart, et l&#39;établissement de tailles en régime permanent nucléaire plutôt que l&#39;expansion nucléaire continue comme dans l&#39;embryon pré-MBT. De l&#39; étape 4 à la gastrulation (étapes de 10,5 à 12), le volume des noyaux individuels diminue de plus de 10 fois 11. Ici, le but est d&#39;identifier les mécanismes responsables de ces réductions de la taille nucléaire au cours de la progression du développement. L&#39;approche consiste à assembler d&#39; abord les noyaux dans X. laevis extrait d&#39;oeufs et d&#39;isoler les noyaux du cytoplasme d&#39;oeuf / extrait. Ces noyaux sont ensuite remises en suspension dans le cytoplasme à partir d&#39;embryons à un stade avancé de gastrula. Après une période d&#39;incubation, les noyaux à partir de l&#39;extrait d&#39;œuf deviennent plus petits dans un extrait d&#39;embryon de fin de scène. Nous avons pensé que ce would être un test utile pour identifier les composants cytoplasmiques présents dans les embryons à un stade avancé de développement qui contribuent à la taille nucléaire mise à l&#39;échelle. L&#39; utilisation de ce test, couplé à la validation in vivo, nous avons démontré que la protéine kinase C (PKC) contribue à la réduction du développement de la taille nucléaire de X. laevis 23.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 568 Donkey anti-mouse IgG</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>A10037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ATP disodium salt</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A2383</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benzocaine</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E1501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A3059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C3306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Beckman</td><td>J2-21M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge rotor</td><td>Beckman</td><td>JS 13.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chymostatin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C7268</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>creatine phosphate disodium</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>2380</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cycloheximide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C6255</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cytochalasin D</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C8273</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disposable wipes (kimwipes)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Z188956</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-cysteine</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>W326306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E4378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F8775</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass crystallizing dish (150 x 75 mm)</td><td>VWR</td><td>89090-662</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Macron</td><td>5094-16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>H4034</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hoechst - bisBenzimide H 33342 trihydrochloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>B2261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Prospec</td><td>hor-250-c</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L15 Media</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L4386</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>leupeptin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L2884</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lysolecithin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L1381</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mAb414</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab24609</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>EMD</td><td>MX0045-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M9397</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maltose</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M5885</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NP40</td><td>BDH</td><td>56009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15710</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin + Streptomycin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Pp0781</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pepstatin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P5318</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PIPES</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P6757</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic paraffin film (parafilm)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P7793</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P9541</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Mallinckrodt</td><td>70100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KOH</td><td>Baker</td><td>5 3140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMSG - Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin</td><td>Prospec</td><td>hor-272-a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S3014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP328</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>EMD</td><td>SX0720-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>EMD</td><td>SX0590</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pestle</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>3411D56</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Round bottom glass tubes, 15 ml</td><td>Corex</td><td>8441</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 568 donkey anti-mouse IgG)</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>A10037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sucrose</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>8550</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>thermal cycler</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>T100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge</td><td>Beckman</td><td>L8-80M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge rotor</td><td>Beckman</td><td>SW 50.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectashield (anti-fade mounting medium)</td><td>Vector</td><td>H-1000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a cell-free assay using xenopus laevis embryo extracts to study mechanisms of nuclear size regulation

Une question fondamentale en biologie cellulaire est de savoir comment la taille des cellules et des organites sont réglementés. Il est depuis longtemps reconnu que la taille du noyau des échelles généralement à la taille de la cellule, notamment lors de l&#39;embryogenèse alors que des réductions spectaculaires dans les deux cellules et les tailles nucléaires se produisent. Mécanismes de régulation nucléaire de taille sont largement inconnus et peuvent être pertinents pour le cancer où la taille nucléaire modifié est un paramètre diagnostique et pronostique clé. In vivo approches pour identifier les régulateurs nucléaires de taille sont compliquées par la nature essentielle et complexe de la fonction nucléaire. L&#39;approche in vitro décrit ici pour étudier le contrôle nucléaire de taille profite des réductions de taille normale nucléaire qui se produisent au cours du développement de Xenopus laevis. Tout d&#39; abord, les noyaux sont assemblés en X. laevis extrait d&#39;oeufs. Ensuite, ces noyaux sont isolés et resuspendus dans le cytoplasme des embryons à un stade avancé. Au bout d&#39;un 30-90 min période d&#39;incubation, la surface nucléairediminue de 20-60%, en fournissant un essai utile pour identifier les composants cytoplasmiques présents dans les embryons à un stade avancé de développement qui contribuent à la taille nucléaire mise à l&#39;échelle. Un avantage majeur de cette approche est la facilité relative avec laquelle les extraits d&#39;ovules et d&#39;embryons peuvent être manipulés biochimiquement, permettant l&#39;identification de nouvelles protéines et des activités qui régulent la taille nucléaire. Comme pour toute approche in vitro, la validation des résultats dans un système in vivo est importante, et la micro - injection de X. embryons laevis est particulièrement approprié pour ces études.

Assemblée des Nuclei dans Extrait de Egg Les premières étapes de ce protocole sont de préparer X. extrait de laevis d&#39;oeuf (Protocole 1) et les noyaux de sperme demembranated (protocole n ° 2). Ces réactifs sont ensuite utilisés pour assembler des noyaux de novo (protocole n ° 3). La figure 1 montre des données représentatives. L&#39;addition de calcium...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation at JoVE.com

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

Mechanisms of cellular and intra-cellular scaling remain elusive. The use of Xenopus embryo extracts has become increasingly common to elucidate mechanisms of organelle size regulation. This method describes embryo extract preparation and a novel nuclear scaling assay through which mechanisms of nuclear size regulation can be identified.

Un dosage cellulaire sans l&#39;aide<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Embryo Extraits d&#39;étudier les mécanismes de règlement des tailles nucléaire

A fundamental question in cell biology is how cell and organelle sizes are regulated. It has long been recognized that the size of the nucleus generally ...

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Biology

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

8.3K vues.  University of Wyoming. Mechanisms of cellular and intra-cellular scaling remain elusive. The use of Xenopus embryo extracts has become increasingly common to elucidate mechanisms of organelle size regulation. This method describes embryo extract preparation and a novel nuclear scaling assay through which mechanisms of nuclear size regulation can be identified.

Vidéo: A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during oogenesis. In order to study roles of such maternal factors in early embryonic development, it is desirable to manipulate their functions from the very beginning of embryonic development. Conventional ways of gene interference are achieved by injection of antisense oligonucleotides (oligos) or mRNA into fertilized eggs, enabling under- or over-expression of specific proteins, respectively. However, these methods normally require more than several hours until protein expression is affected, and, hence, the interference of gene functions is not effective during early embryonic stages. Here, we introduce an experimental system in which expression levels of maternal proteins can be altered before fertilization. Xenopus laevis oocytes obtained from ovaries are defolliculated by incubating with enzymes. Antisense oligos or mRNAs are injected into defolliculated oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. These oocytes are in vitro matured to eggs at the metaphase II (MII) stage, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). By this way, up to 10% of ICSI embryos can reach the swimming tadpole stage, thus allowing functional tests of specific gene knockdown or overexpression. This approach can be a useful way to study roles of maternally stored factors in early embryonic development.

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

We describe methods of manipulating Xenopus laevis immature oocytes, in vitro maturation of oocytes to eggs, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This protocol allows degradation of some maternal proteins and overexpression of genes of interest at fertilization, and hence is valuable to study roles of specific factors in early embryonic development.

Manipulation et<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Maturation du<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; ovocytes, Suivi par injection intracytoplasmique de spermatozoïdes, pour étudier le développement embryonnaire

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during ...

Recherche

Biologie du développement

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the large size of their cells in early embryos, make Xenopus laevis a useful model for visualising GFP-tagged ligands. Synthetic mRNAs are efficiently translated after injection into early stage Xenopus embryos, and injections can be targeted to a single cell. When combined with a lineage tracer such as membrane tethered RFP, the injected cell (and its descendants) that are producing the overexpressed protein can easily be followed. This protocol describes a method for the production of fluorescently tagged Wnt and Shh ligands from injected mRNA. The methods involve the micro dissection of ectodermal explants (animal caps) and the analysis of ligand diffusion in multiple samples. By using confocal imaging, information about ligand secretion and diffusion over a field of cells can be obtained. Statistical analyses of confocal images provide quantitative data on the shape of ligand gradients. These methods may be useful to researchers who want to test the effects of factors that may regulate the shape of morphogen gradients.

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

The manuscript here provides a simple set of methods for analysing the secretion and diffusion of fluorescently tagged ligands in Xenopus. This provides a context for testing the ability of other proteins to modify ligand distribution and allowing experiments that may give insight into mechanisms regulating morphogen gradients.

Utilisation de l&#39;analyse confocale<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Chargé d&#39;enquêter sur les modulateurs de Wnt et Shh morphogène Dégradés

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts

Real-time measurement of oscillations at the single-cell level is important to uncover the mechanisms of biological clocks. Although bulk extracts prepared from Xenopus laevis eggs have been powerful in dissecting biochemical networks underlying the cell-cycle progression, their ensemble average measurement typically leads to a damped oscillation, despite each individual oscillator being sustained. This is due to the difficulty of perfect synchronization among individual oscillators in noisy biological systems. To retrieve the single-cell dynamics of the oscillator, we developed a droplet-based artificial cell system that can reconstitute mitotic cycles in cell-like compartments encapsulating cycling cytoplasmic extracts of Xenopus laevis eggs. These simple cytoplasmic-only cells exhibit sustained oscillations for over 30 cycles. To build more complicated cells with nuclei, we added demembranated sperm chromatin to trigger nuclei self-assembly in the system. We observed a periodic progression of chromosome condensation/decondensation and nuclei envelop breakdown/reformation, like in real cells. This indicates that the mitotic oscillator functions faithfully to drive multiple downstream mitotic events. We simultaneously tracked the dynamics of the mitotic oscillator and downstream processes in individual droplets using multi-channel time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. The artificial cell-cycle system provides a high-throughput framework for quantitative manipulation and analysis of mitotic oscillations with single-cell resolution, which likely provides important insights into the regulatory machinery and functions of the clock.

Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts

We present a method for the generation of in vitro self-sustained mitotic oscillations at the single-cell level by encapsulating egg extracts of Xenopus laevis in water-in-oil microemulsions.

Reconstitution du cycle cellulaire Oscillations Microemulsions des extraits d’oeufs acellulaire Xenopus

Real-time measurement of oscillations at the single-cell level is important to uncover the mechanisms of biological clocks. Although bulk extracts ...

Biochimie

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Préparation et fractionnement de Xenopus laevis oeufs Extraits

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

Biologie

In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm chromatin, cytosol, and light membrane fractions. Complete nuclei are formed, including nuclear membranes with pore complexes, and these reconstituted nuclei are capable of normal nuclear processes.

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm chromatin, cytosol, and light membrane fractions. Complete nuclei are formed, including nuclear membranes with pore complexes, and these reconstituted nuclei are capable of normal nuclear processes.

In Vitro Assemblée nucléaire utilisant fractionnée extraits d&#39;œufs de Xénope

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm ...

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

Imagerie des cellules vivantes et de l&#39;analyse quantitative des cellules embryonnaires épithéliales Xenopus laevis</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later stages of embryonic development, and to define how enhancers and promoters regulate gene expression within the embryo. The protocol demonstrated here can be used to efficiently produce transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos. This transgenesis approach involves three parts: 1. Sperm nuclei are isolated from adult X. laevis testis by treatment with lysolecithin, which permeabilizes the sperm plasma membrane. 2. Egg extract is prepared by low speed centrifugation, addition of calcium to cause the extract to progress to interphase of the cell cycle, and a high-speed centrifugation to isolate interphase cytosol. 3. Nuclear transplantation: the nuclei and extract are combined with the linearized plasmid DNA to be introduced as the transgene and a small amount of restriction enzyme. During a short reaction, egg extract partially decondenses the sperm chromatin and the restriction enzyme generates chromosomal breaks that promote recombination of the transgene into the genome. The treated sperm nuclei are then transplanted into unfertilized eggs. Integration of the transgene usually occurs prior to the first embryonic cleavage such that the resulting embryos are not chimeric. These embryos can be analyzed without any need to breed to the next generation, allowing for efficient and rapid generation of transgenic embryos for analyses of promoter and gene function. Adult X. laevis resulting from this procedure also propagate the transgene through the germline and can be used to generate lines of transgenic animals for multiple purposes.

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

This video protocol demonstrates a method for generating transgenic Xenopus laevis by introduction of transgenes into sperm nuclei followed by nuclear transplantation into unfertilized eggs.

La production de transgéniques Xenopus laevis Intégration par médiation des enzymes de restriction et de la transplantation nucléaire

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later ...

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

Many organisms localize mRNAs to specific subcellular destinations to spatially and temporally control gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of the transcriptome is localized to a nonrandom position in cells and embryos. One approach to identify localized mRNAs is to biochemically purify a cellular structure of interest and to identify all associated transcripts. Using recently developed high-throughput sequencing technologies it is now straightforward to identify all RNAs associated with a subcellular structure. To facilitate transcript identification it is necessary to work with an organism with a fully sequenced genome. One attractive system for the biochemical purification of subcellular structures are egg extracts produced from the frog Xenopus laevis. However, X. laevis currently does not have a fully sequenced genome, which hampers transcript identification. In this article we describe a method to produce egg extracts from a related frog, X. tropicalis, that has a fully sequenced genome. We provide details for microtubule polymerization, purification and transcript isolation. While this article describes a specific method for identification of microtubule-associated transcripts, we believe that it will be easily applied to other subcellular structures and will provide a powerful method for identification of localized RNAs.

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

We describe the collection of unfertilized Xenopus tropicalis eggs and production of a meiosis II-arrested egg extract. This egg extract can be used to purify microtubules and microtubule-associated RNAs.

Production d&#39;<em&gt; Xenopus tropicalis</em&gt; Œuf Extraits pour identifier les ARN associée aux microtubules

Many  organisms localize mRNAs to specific subcellular destinations to spatially and  temporally control gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated ...

Reconstitution Of &#946;-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

Xenopus laevis egg extract is a well-characterized, robust system for studying the biochemistry of diverse cellular processes. Xenopus egg extract has been used to study protein turnover in many cellular contexts, including the cell cycle and signal transduction pathways1-3. Herein, a method is described for isolating Xenopus egg extract that has been optimized to promote the degradation of the critical Wnt pathway component, &beta;-catenin. Two different methods are described to assess &beta;-catenin protein degradation in Xenopus egg extract. One method is visually informative ([35S]-radiolabeled proteins), while the other is more readily scaled for high-throughput assays (firefly luciferase-tagged fusion proteins). The techniques described can be used to, but are not limited to, assess &beta;-catenin protein turnover and identify molecular components contributing to its turnover. Additionally, the ability to purify large volumes of homogenous Xenopus egg extract combined with the quantitative and facile readout of luciferase-tagged proteins allows this system to be easily adapted for high-throughput screening for modulators of &beta;-catenin degradation.

Reconstitution Of &#946;-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

A method is described for analyzing protein degradation using radiolabeled and luciferase-fusion proteins in Xenopus egg extract and its adaptation for high-throughput screening for small molecule modulators of protein degradation.

Reconstitution de β-caténine dégradation dans<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Extrait des oeufs

Xenopus laevis egg extract is a well-characterized, robust system for studying the biochemistry of diverse cellular processes. Xenopus egg extract has ...

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod shaped chromosomes which are moved individually by the mitotic spindle apparatus. Mitotic chromatin condensation yields chromosomes compacted fifty-fold denser as in interphase. During exit from mitosis, chromosomes have to re-establish their functional interphase state, which is enclosed by a nuclear envelope and is competent for replication and transcription. The decondensation process is morphologically well described, but in molecular terms poorly understood: We lack knowledge about the underlying molecular events and to a large extent the factors involved as well as their regulation. We describe here a cell-free system that faithfully recapitulates chromatin decondensation in vitro, based on mitotic chromatin clusters purified from synchronized HeLa cells and X. laevis egg extract. Our cell-free system provides an important tool for further molecular characterization of chromatin decondensation and its co-ordination with processes simultaneously occurring during mitotic exit such as nuclear envelope and pore complex re-assembly.

The molecular mechanisms of the decondensation of highly compacted mitotic chromatin are ill-defined. We present a cell-free assay based on mitotic chromatin clusters isolated from HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis egg extract that faithfully reconstitutes the decondensation process in vitro.

A Cell Assay libre d&#39;étudier décondensation de chromatine à la fin de la mitose

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod ...

Un dosage cellulaire sans l'aide

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