Members of the Levy and Gatlin labs as well as colleagues in the Department of Molecular Biology offered helpful advice and discussions. Rebecca Heald provided support in the early stages of developing this protocol. This work was supported by the NIH/NIGMS (R15GM106318) and the American Cancer Society (RSG-15-035-01-DDC).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here is presented a novel method to study mechanisms of nuclear size regulation during X. laevis development. Developmental progression is associated with dramatic changes in cell physiology, metabolism, division rates, and migration, as well as alterations in the sizes of cells and intracellular structures. These varied processes are complex and essential, so it is difficult to study just one of these aspects of development in an in vivo setting. The X. laevis embryo extract and nuclear shrink...

Les tailles des organites cellulaires échelle , en général avec la taille de la cellule, ce qui a été peut - être mieux documenté pour la mise à l&#39; échelle de la taille nucléaire avec la taille des cellules 10/01. Cela est particulièrement vrai lors de l&#39; embryogenèse et la différenciation cellulaire, lorsque des réductions spectaculaires dans les deux cellules et la taille nucléaire sont souvent observées 11,12. En outre, la taille nucléaire modifié est un paramètre clé dans le diagnostic du cancer et le pronostic 13-17. Les mécanismes qui contribuent à la réglementation nucléaire de taille sont largement inconnus, en partie en raison de la complexité et de la nature essentielle de la structure et la fonction nucléaire. La méthode décrite ici a été développé comme un test in vitro pour la taille nucléaire mise à l&#39; échelle qui se prête à la manipulation biochimique et l&#39; élucidation des mécanismes de régulation nucléaire de taille. Xenopus laevis extrait d&#39;œuf est un système bien établi pour récapituler et étudier les processus cellulaires complexes in vitro </em&gt; Contexte. Ces extraits ont révélé de nouvelles informations fondamentales sur plusieurs processus cellulaires , y compris l&#39;assemblage et la fonction du fuseau mitotique, réticulum endoplasmique, et le noyau 18-22. Un des principaux avantages du système d&#39;extraction est que X. extraits d&#39;œufs de laevis représentent un cytoplasme presque pur , dont la composition peut être facilement modifié, par exemple par addition de protéines ou immunodéplétion recombinantes. Par ailleurs, on est en mesure de manipuler les processus essentiels en utilisant des traitements qui seraient autrement létale dans un contexte in vivo. Les modifications de la procédure d&#39;extrait d&#39;oeufs permettent d&#39;isoler des extraits de X. embryons laevis plutôt que des œufs, et ces extraits d&#39;embryons sont également prêtent à la manipulation biochimique 23. Pendant X. laevis développement, l&#39;embryon fécondé unicellulaire (~ 1 mm de diamètre) est soumis à une série de douze divisions cellulaires rapides (étapes 1-8) pour générer plusieurs milliers de 50 μm de diamètre et de plus petites cellules, atteignant un stade de développement appelé la transition midblastula (MBT) ou le stade 24 au 26 août. Le MBT est caractérisée par l&#39;apparition de la transcription zygotique, la migration cellulaire, des divisions cellulaires asynchrones, acquisition de phases d&#39;écart, et l&#39;établissement de tailles en régime permanent nucléaire plutôt que l&#39;expansion nucléaire continue comme dans l&#39;embryon pré-MBT. De l&#39; étape 4 à la gastrulation (étapes de 10,5 à 12), le volume des noyaux individuels diminue de plus de 10 fois 11. Ici, le but est d&#39;identifier les mécanismes responsables de ces réductions de la taille nucléaire au cours de la progression du développement. L&#39;approche consiste à assembler d&#39; abord les noyaux dans X. laevis extrait d&#39;oeufs et d&#39;isoler les noyaux du cytoplasme d&#39;oeuf / extrait. Ces noyaux sont ensuite remises en suspension dans le cytoplasme à partir d&#39;embryons à un stade avancé de gastrula. Après une période d&#39;incubation, les noyaux à partir de l&#39;extrait d&#39;œuf deviennent plus petits dans un extrait d&#39;embryon de fin de scène. Nous avons pensé que ce would être un test utile pour identifier les composants cytoplasmiques présents dans les embryons à un stade avancé de développement qui contribuent à la taille nucléaire mise à l&#39;échelle. L&#39; utilisation de ce test, couplé à la validation in vivo, nous avons démontré que la protéine kinase C (PKC) contribue à la réduction du développement de la taille nucléaire de X. laevis 23.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 568 Donkey anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A10037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP disodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2383</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzocaine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E1501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>J2-21M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>JS 13.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chymostatin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7268</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>creatine phosphate disodium</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>2380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cycloheximide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cytochalasin D</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8273</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disposable wipes (kimwipes)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z188956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-cysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W326306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F8775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass crystallizing dish (150x75 mm)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89090-662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Macron</td>
			<td>5094-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst - bisBenzimide H 33342 trihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B2261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin&#160;</td>
			<td>Prospec</td>
			<td>hor-250-c</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L15 Media</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L4386</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>leupeptin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysolecithin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L1381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mAb414</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab24609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>MX0045-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M9397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maltose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M5885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NP40</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>56009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin + Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Pp0781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pepstatin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic paraffin film (parafilm)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>70100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOH</td>
			<td>Baker</td>
			<td>5 3140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSG - Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin</td>
			<td>Prospec</td>
			<td>hor-272-a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP328</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHPO4</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>SX0720-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>SX0590</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pestle</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>3411D56</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round bottom glass tubes, 15 ml</td>
			<td>Corex</td>
			<td>8441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 568 donkey anti-mouse IgG)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A10037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sucrose</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>8550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thermal cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>T100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>L8-80M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>SW 50.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield (anti-fade mounting medium)</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a cell-free assay using xenopus laevis embryo extracts to study mechanisms of nuclear size regulation

Une question fondamentale en biologie cellulaire est de savoir comment la taille des cellules et des organites sont réglementés. Il est depuis longtemps reconnu que la taille du noyau des échelles généralement à la taille de la cellule, notamment lors de l&#39;embryogenèse alors que des réductions spectaculaires dans les deux cellules et les tailles nucléaires se produisent. Mécanismes de régulation nucléaire de taille sont largement inconnus et peuvent être pertinents pour le cancer où la taille nucléaire modifié est un paramètre diagnostique et pronostique clé. In vivo approches pour identifier les régulateurs nucléaires de taille sont compliquées par la nature essentielle et complexe de la fonction nucléaire. L&#39;approche in vitro décrit ici pour étudier le contrôle nucléaire de taille profite des réductions de taille normale nucléaire qui se produisent au cours du développement de Xenopus laevis. Tout d&#39; abord, les noyaux sont assemblés en X. laevis extrait d&#39;oeufs. Ensuite, ces noyaux sont isolés et resuspendus dans le cytoplasme des embryons à un stade avancé. Au bout d&#39;un 30-90 min période d&#39;incubation, la surface nucléairediminue de 20-60%, en fournissant un essai utile pour identifier les composants cytoplasmiques présents dans les embryons à un stade avancé de développement qui contribuent à la taille nucléaire mise à l&#39;échelle. Un avantage majeur de cette approche est la facilité relative avec laquelle les extraits d&#39;ovules et d&#39;embryons peuvent être manipulés biochimiquement, permettant l&#39;identification de nouvelles protéines et des activités qui régulent la taille nucléaire. Comme pour toute approche in vitro, la validation des résultats dans un système in vivo est importante, et la micro - injection de X. embryons laevis est particulièrement approprié pour ces études.

Assemblée des Nuclei dans Extrait de Egg Les premières étapes de ce protocole sont de préparer X. extrait de laevis d&#39;oeuf (Protocole 1) et les noyaux de sperme demembranated (protocole n ° 2). Ces réactifs sont ensuite utilisés pour assembler des noyaux de novo (protocole n ° 3). La figure 1 montre des données représentatives. L&#39;addition de calcium...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation at JoVE.com

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

Mechanisms of cellular and intra-cellular scaling remain elusive. The use of Xenopus embryo extracts has become increasingly common to elucidate mechanisms of organelle size regulation. This method describes embryo extract preparation and a novel nuclear scaling assay through which mechanisms of nuclear size regulation can be identified.

Un dosage cellulaire sans l&#39;aide<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Embryo Extraits d&#39;étudier les mécanismes de règlement des tailles nucléaire

A fundamental question in cell biology is how cell and organelle sizes are regulated. It has long been recognized that the size of the nucleus generally ...

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Biology

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

8.2K vues.  University of Wyoming. Mechanisms of cellular and intra-cellular scaling remain elusive. The use of Xenopus embryo extracts has become increasingly common to elucidate mechanisms of organelle size regulation. This method describes embryo extract preparation and a novel nuclear scaling assay through which mechanisms of nuclear size regulation can be identified.

Vidéo: A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

Plastic Embedding and Sectioning of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Plastic sections maintain true tissue morphology in thin sections of tissue that can be immunostained with fluorescent secondary antibodies, making this method more useful than paraffin-embedded or frozen sections for many types of tissue. The method for staining, plastic embedding, and sectioning is demonstrated in this video.

Plastique Embedding et le sectionnement des embryons de Xenopus laevis

Recherche

Biologie

Obtaining Eggs from Xenopus laevis Females

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

Obtention des oeufs de Xenopus laevis femelles

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, ...

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Préparation et fractionnement de Xenopus laevis oeufs Extraits

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm chromatin, cytosol, and light membrane fractions. Complete nuclei are formed, including nuclear membranes with pore complexes, and these reconstituted nuclei are capable of normal nuclear processes.

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm chromatin, cytosol, and light membrane fractions. Complete nuclei are formed, including nuclear membranes with pore complexes, and these reconstituted nuclei are capable of normal nuclear processes.

In Vitro Assemblée nucléaire utilisant fractionnée extraits d&#39;œufs de Xénope

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm ...

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic transport. Because of its large nucleus and high density of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), nuclear transport can be easily visualized in the Xenopus oocyte. Much insight into the mechanisms of nuclear import and export has been gained through use of this system (reviewed by Pant&eacute;, 2006). In addition, we have used microinjection of Xenopus oocytes to dissect the nuclear import pathways of several viruses that replicate in the host nucleus. 
Here we demonstrate the cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus oocytes with a nuclear import substrate. We also show preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning EM, including dissection, dehydration, and embedding of the oocytes into an epoxy embedding resin. Finally, we provide representative results for oocytes that have been microinjected with the capsid of the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) or the parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM), and discuss potential applications of the technique.

Here we demonstrate cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes with a nuclear import substrate, as well as preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning electron microscopy.

Microinjection d&#39;ovocytes de Xenopus laevis

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic ...

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant (ACT) Assay in Xenopus laevis

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development of a larger region of the embryo. This makes defining its role in a particular tissue difficult to analyze. For example, noggin overexpression in Xenopus laevis embryos causes the expansion of the entire anterior region, including the eye1,2. From this result, it is not known if Noggin plays a direct role in eye determination or that by causing an expansion of neural tissue, Noggin indirectly affects eye formation. Having this complex phenotype makes studying its eye-specific role in cell fate determination difficult to analyze. We have developed an assay that overcomes this problem. Taking advantage of the pluripotent nature of the Xenopus laevis animal cap 3, we have developed an assay to test the ability of gene product(s), like noggin or the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs), to transform caps into particular tissue or cell types by transplanting this tissue onto the side of the embryo 4. While we have found either Noggin protein treatment or a collection of transcription factors can determine retinal cell fate in animal caps, this procedure could be used to identify gene product(s) involved in specifying other tissues as well.

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant ACT Assay in Xenopus laevis

Animal caps overexpressing gene product(s) are transplanted to the flank of developing Xenopus laevis embryos in order to establish whether tissue is determined.

Détermination des tissus Utilisation de la transplantation Cap animale (ACT) Dosage dans<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development ...

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later stages of embryonic development, and to define how enhancers and promoters regulate gene expression within the embryo. The protocol demonstrated here can be used to efficiently produce transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos. This transgenesis approach involves three parts: 1. Sperm nuclei are isolated from adult X. laevis testis by treatment with lysolecithin, which permeabilizes the sperm plasma membrane. 2. Egg extract is prepared by low speed centrifugation, addition of calcium to cause the extract to progress to interphase of the cell cycle, and a high-speed centrifugation to isolate interphase cytosol. 3. Nuclear transplantation: the nuclei and extract are combined with the linearized plasmid DNA to be introduced as the transgene and a small amount of restriction enzyme. During a short reaction, egg extract partially decondenses the sperm chromatin and the restriction enzyme generates chromosomal breaks that promote recombination of the transgene into the genome. The treated sperm nuclei are then transplanted into unfertilized eggs. Integration of the transgene usually occurs prior to the first embryonic cleavage such that the resulting embryos are not chimeric. These embryos can be analyzed without any need to breed to the next generation, allowing for efficient and rapid generation of transgenic embryos for analyses of promoter and gene function. Adult X. laevis resulting from this procedure also propagate the transgene through the germline and can be used to generate lines of transgenic animals for multiple purposes.

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

This video protocol demonstrates a method for generating transgenic Xenopus laevis by introduction of transgenes into sperm nuclei followed by nuclear transplantation into unfertilized eggs.

La production de transgéniques Xenopus laevis Intégration par médiation des enzymes de restriction et de la transplantation nucléaire

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later ...

Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts

On a daily basis, cells are subjected to a variety of endogenous and environmental insults. To combat these insults, cells have evolved DNA damage checkpoint signaling as a surveillance mechanism to sense DNA damage and direct cellular responses to DNA damage. There are several groups of proteins called sensors, transducers and effectors involved in DNA damage checkpoint signaling (Figure 1). In this complex signaling pathway, ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) is one of the major kinases that can respond to DNA damage and replication stress. Activated ATR can phosphorylate its downstream substrates such as Chk1 (Checkpoint kinase 1). Consequently, phosphorylated and activated Chk1 leads to many downstream effects in the DNA damage checkpoint including cell cycle arrest, transcription activation, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis or senescence (Figure 1). When DNA is damaged, failing to activate the DNA damage checkpoint results in unrepaired damage and, subsequently, genomic instability. The study of the DNA damage checkpoint will elucidate how cells maintain genomic integrity and provide a better understanding of how human diseases, such as cancer, develop.
Xenopus laevis egg extracts are emerging as a powerful cell-free extract model system in DNA damage checkpoint research. Low-speed extract (LSE) was initially described by the Masui group1. The addition of demembranated sperm chromatin to LSE results in nuclei formation where DNA is replicated in a semiconservative fashion once per cell cycle.
The ATR/Chk1-mediated checkpoint signaling pathway is triggered by DNA damage or replication stress 2. Two methods are currently used to induce the DNA damage checkpoint: DNA damaging approaches and DNA damage-mimicking structures 3. DNA damage can be induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, &gamma;-irradiation, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), mitomycin C (MMC), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO), or aphidicolin3, 4. MMS is an alkylating agent that inhibits DNA replication and activates the ATR/Chk1-mediated DNA damage checkpoint 4-7. UV irradiation also triggers the ATR/Chk1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint 8. The DNA damage-mimicking structure AT70 is an annealed complex of two oligonucleotides poly-(dA)70 and poly-(dT)70. The AT70 system was developed in Bill Dunphy's laboratory and is widely used to induce ATR/Chk1 checkpoint signaling 9-12.
Here, we describe protocols (1) to prepare cell-free egg extracts (LSE), (2) to treat Xenopus sperm chromatin with two different DNA damaging approaches (MMS and UV), (3) to prepare the DNA damage-mimicking structure AT70, and (4) to trigger the ATR/Chk1-mediated DNA damage checkpoint in LSE with damaged sperm chromatin or a DNA damage-mimicking structure.

Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts

Xenopus egg extract is a useful model system to investigate the DNA damage checkpoint. This protocol is for the preparation of Xenopus egg extracts and DNA damage checkpoint inducing reagents. These techniques are adaptable to a variety of DNA damaging approaches in the study of the DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Etude de l&#39;ADN à l&#39;aide de Checkpoint dommages<em&gt; Xenopus</emExtraits d&#39;oeufs&gt;

On a daily basis, cells are subjected to a variety of endogenous and environmental insults. To combat these insults, cells have evolved DNA damage ...

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

Many organisms localize mRNAs to specific subcellular destinations to spatially and temporally control gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of the transcriptome is localized to a nonrandom position in cells and embryos. One approach to identify localized mRNAs is to biochemically purify a cellular structure of interest and to identify all associated transcripts. Using recently developed high-throughput sequencing technologies it is now straightforward to identify all RNAs associated with a subcellular structure. To facilitate transcript identification it is necessary to work with an organism with a fully sequenced genome. One attractive system for the biochemical purification of subcellular structures are egg extracts produced from the frog Xenopus laevis. However, X. laevis currently does not have a fully sequenced genome, which hampers transcript identification. In this article we describe a method to produce egg extracts from a related frog, X. tropicalis, that has a fully sequenced genome. We provide details for microtubule polymerization, purification and transcript isolation. While this article describes a specific method for identification of microtubule-associated transcripts, we believe that it will be easily applied to other subcellular structures and will provide a powerful method for identification of localized RNAs.

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

We describe the collection of unfertilized Xenopus tropicalis eggs and production of a meiosis II-arrested egg extract. This egg extract can be used to purify microtubules and microtubule-associated RNAs.

Production d&#39;<em&gt; Xenopus tropicalis</em&gt; Œuf Extraits pour identifier les ARN associée aux microtubules

Many  organisms localize mRNAs to specific subcellular destinations to spatially and  temporally control gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

A technique for transplanting "Extreme Anterior Domain" facial tissue between Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. Tissue can be moved from one gene expression background into another, allowing the study of local requirements for craniofacial development and for signaling interactions between facial regions.

Transplantations faciales<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Embryons

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...