A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content. Sign in or start your free trial.
A quasistatic load-to-fracture test with a non-fixed stainless steel ball was developed to determine the fracture strength of minimally invasive posterior computer-aided design and manufacturing restorations cemented to dentin analog materials. This test models the typical loading regime responsible for the fracture of dental restorations.
Under current minimally invasive treatment regimes, minor tooth preparation and thinner biomimetic ceramic restoration are used to preserve the restored tooth's vitality, aesthetics, and function. New computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic-like material are now available. To guarantee longevity, a dental clinician must know these newly launched product's mechanical strength compared to the relatively brittle glass-matrix ceramic. Furthermore, a tooth substitute has been promoted for laboratory investigation, especially after the pandemic, and more evidentiary support is required for its application.
This study developed a laboratory protocol for a monotonic load-to-fracture test to determine the fracture strength of 1 mm-thick CAD/CAM occlusal veneers. Master dies were milled from high-pressure fiberglass laminate, which has similar elastic modulus and bond strength as hydrated dentin. They were mounted into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) end caps with cold-curing epoxy resin. Occlusal veneers, also called tabletop restorations, were milled from lithium disilicate (LD) and resin nanoceramic blocks (RNC) and cemented to prepared master dies using dual-cured adhesive resin cement. They were allowed to cure fully by storing in distilled water for 48 h at 37 °C.
All samples were then placed in a universal testing machine and loaded via a non-fixed 5.5 mm stainless-steel ball that allows lateral movement as would occur against the antagonist teeth. Compression was applied at a 1 mm/min rate, and the load-displacement graph was generated. The average maximum load-bearing capacity of restorations in the RNC group (3,212.80 ± 558.67 N) was significantly higher than in the LD group (2727.10 ± 472.41 N) (p < 0.05). No debonding was found during the test. Both CAD/CAM materials may have a similar flaw distribution. Hertzian cone crack was found at the loading site, whereas radial cracks propagating from the cementation surface were found close to the margin in both groups.
Metal-free restorations are now highly preferred in anterior and posterior dentition due to their excellent optical characteristics and biocompatibility1. However, the major drawback of such materials is their susceptibility to fracture2. Most ceramics are vulnerable to cracks generated by tensile stresses, even under low strain3. Fractures of dental ceramic prostheses usually develop from slow radial crack growth due to long-term exposure to the tensile stresses generated during chewing4. Their weaknesses escalate with intrinsic flaws or defects within the materials and extrinsic flaws from fabrication and postprocessing5. Flexural strength, the capability to withstand tensile stress, of dental CAD/CAM materials can be achieved and compared through standard tests such as uniaxial (3-point or 4-point bending) and biaxial bending tests (ball-on-ring, ring-on-ring, and piston-on-three balls). Meanwhile, fracture toughness, the capability of a material to resist crack growth, can be derived from a single-edged notch beam and an indentation test. However, these tests cannot entirely predict and represent the behavior of the cemented prostheses with different anatomical configurations6. Other monotonic or dynamic mechanical tests have been introduced to justify their performance with various clinical aspects7,8.
A load to fracture or "crunch the crown" test has been used extensively in dentistry to investigate and compare the strengths of ceramic restorations with complex geometries9,10. Monotonic uniaxial compression is quasistatically exerted on the restorations in a vertical or lateral direction until a catastrophic fracture occurs. The fracture strength of the material can be determined from the maximum loading force, whereas the modes of fracture, including the site and direction of the crack(s), can be examined microscopically. A good restoration should be able to withstand both compressive and tensile stress from the voluntary maximum bite force, the highest masticatory force generated by jaw-elevator muscles under the influence of craniomandibular biomechanics and the reflex pathway11,12, which could be up to 900 N in the posterior teeth3. Furthermore, bruxism can involuntarily increase the force to 1,200 N in the same region13. In addition to material properties (i.e., elastic modulus), geometries, thicknesses, adhesive cement, and defect distributions influence any prosthesis's strength14. However, arguments have been raised on the clinical relevance of such tests due to the nonclinical high forces and the failure mechanisms being dissimilar to clinical situations6,14. A fatigue resistance test involving step-stress analysis and intraoral condition may be a more realistic approach for predicting the longevity of dental restorations7. Nevertheless, the load to fracture is still a quick, simple, and repeatable in vitro test to compare the strengths of new CAD/CAM ceramics materials launched onto the market where the manufacturer's data may not be dependable15,16,17. The result may reflect the prosthesis's tolerance to extreme forces from parafunction activities and unexpected clinical situations such as biting on hard seeds or gravels, which also causes failure in dental prostheses18,19,20,21.
With their increasing use to rehabilitate posterior teeth, the mechanical performance of occlusal veneers made from milled and printed CAD/CAM materials has been investigated for various aspects, including types of materials, prosthetic designs, tooth abutment preparation design, thicknesses, surface treatments, adhesive bonding, and luting cement system22,23. However, the data are still limited, and the test materials are from glass matrix ceramic and conventional CAD/CAM composite materials. An alternative hybrid material, resin nanoceramic, is now available. It claims to incorporate the strength of nanoceramic fillers and resiliency from resin matrix, which may be suitable for thin, minimally invasive restoration. However, its mechanical performance, especially in the molar region, requires more supporting evidence for clinical implications.
Until now, researchers have not had materials that can substitute for natural teeth in laboratory testing. High-pressure fiberglass laminate (National Electrical Manufacturers Association; NEMA grade G10) with the tradename of Garolite has been proposed as a dentin analog material for the mechanical testing of dental ceramics since 201014. It is a thermoset composite material comprising multilayers of fiberglass soaked in epoxy resin under high pressure. It can withstand high-stress conditions with similar elastic properties, fatigue behavior, and adhesive bond strengths as hydrated dentin14,24. It provides advantages over natural teeth regarding specimen preparation, standardization, and ethical authorization, with time savings due to reduced biosafety concerns24. Surface treatment can be performed by etching with 5% or 10% hydrofluoric acid from 60 s to 90 s and applying a silane coupling agent14,24. Nevertheless, studies on cemented prostheses with this material are limited, and the reliability of the existing evidence is still questionable24,25.
In this study, a laboratory protocol for a monotonic load-to-fracture test of 1 mm-thick occlusal veneers cemented to the master dies milled from dentin analog material against a nonfixed stainless steel ball was developed. The maximum load-bearing capacities of two dental CAD/CAM materials: lithium disilicate (LD) - IPS e.max CAD and resin nanoceramic (RNC) - Lava Ultimate, with n = 15 per group, were quantified and statistically compared through a two-sample independent t-test and Weibull statistical analysis. The fracture patterns were also investigated under optical stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The study hypothesis was that this was an appropriate method of modeling the failure of occlusal veneers in clinical applications. The statistical null hypothesis was that there should be no difference in the maximum load-bearing capacities between the occlusal veneers made from the two materials.
1. Tooth analog fabrication
2. Mounting
3. Occlusal veneer fabrication
4. Bonding and cementation
5. Quasistatic mechanical testing
6. Statistical analysis
7. Fractographic analysis
The sample size calculation was performed using the referenced software, which generated an effect size of 0.39 and suggested a minimum sample size of n = 13 per group. However, a sample size of n = 15 was chosen in this study to detect the difference of 5%. The null hypothesis was rejected. Despite having greater flexural strength, the mean values of the maximum loading force of the 1 mm-thick occlusal veneers (n = 15 per group) made from the LD (lithium disilicate: 2,727.10 ± 472.41 N) group were significantly low...
In recent years, minimally invasive occlusal veneers have increasingly received attention in contemporary restorative dentistry. These restorations are usually fabricated from monolithic CAD/CAM glass-matrix ceramic, polycrystalline, and hybrid materials26. Conservative tooth preparation, the ease of access and visibility during tooth preparation, impression taking and cementation, and preservation of the marginal gingiva have been promoted as advantages26,
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
This study has received funding from the Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. The authors thank Dr Erica Di Federico from School of Engineering and Materials Science and Dr Thomas Kelly from School of Geography at Queen Mary University of London for their expert technical inputs & guidance in this work.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
3D printing (SLA) | Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA | Form3+ | |
3Shape Dental Designer CAD software | 3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark | CAD software for tooth analog and veneers | |
5% hydrofluoric acid | Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein | IPS Ceramic Etching Gel | |
Alumina powder | Ronvig Dental Mfg. A/S, Daugaard, Denmark | ||
Bluehill Universal materials testing software | Instron Mechanical Testing Systems, Norwood, MA, USA | ||
CamLabLite software | Bresser UK Ltd, Kent, UK | Stereomicroscopy Software | |
Cold-curing low-viscosity epoxy resin | Struers SAS, Champigny-sur-Marne, France | ||
Dual-cure resin cement | 3M, Saint Paul, MN, USA | Rely X Ultimate Adhesive Resin Cement | |
Eyepiece camera | ToupTek Photonics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China | ||
High-pressure fibreglass laminate discs (G10) | PAR Group Ltd, Lancashire, UK | ||
IPS e.max CAD | Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein | YB54G9/605330 | Low translucency, A3, C14 |
Laboratory scanner | 3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark | D900L | |
Lava Ultimate | 3M ESPE, Saint Paul, MN, USA | 9541467/3314A3-LT | Low translucency, A3, 14L |
Light-emitting diode (LED) curing light | Woodpecker Medical Instrument, Guilin, China | ||
Milling machine | VHF camfacture AG, Amnnerbuch, Germany | VHF S2 | |
Minitab 18 | Minitab Inc, State College, PA, USA | ||
nQuery Advisor Version 9.2.10 | Statistical Solutions Ltd., CA, USA | Statistical Software | |
Polyvinyl chloride end cap | Plastic Pipe Shop Ltd, Stirling, UK | 25 mm X 21.5 mm; | |
Scanning electron microscope | Tescan, Brno, Czech Republic | Tescan Vega | |
Silane coupling agent | 3M, Saint Paul, MN, USA | RelyX Ceramic Primer | |
Autodesk Inventor Professional 2024 | Autodesk, San Francisco, CA, USA | CAD software for jig | |
Sputter vacuum coater | Quorum, East Sussex, UK | MiniQS Sputter Coater | |
Stata18 | StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA | ||
Stereomicroscope | Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkoche, Germany | Zeiss Stemi 508 | |
Typodont mandibular first molar | Frasaco GmbH, Tettnang, Germany | ANA-4 Z3RN-36 | |
Universal dental bonding agent | 3M, Saint Paul, MN, USA | Scotch Bond Universal Adhesive | |
Universal testing machine | Instron Mechanical Testing Systems, Norwood, MA, USA | Intron 5900-84 |
Request permission to reuse the text or figures of this JoVE article
Request PermissionThis article has been published
Video Coming Soon
Copyright © 2025 MyJoVE Corporation. All rights reserved