הקדמה ברוב המקרים באזורים של allodynia עורית יזוהו ב dermatomes של הבטן חיץ הנקבים כי innervate תוך האגן מבנים - T11-L1 ו-S3, 4,5 בהתאמה. Allodynia המונח מתייחס לנוכחות של תחושת כאב כתוצאה של גירוי שאינו כואב בדרך כלל, במקרה זה מקל כותנה שקצהו תרבות. 1. בטן <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ההסבר של הבדיקה נעשית ורשות להמשיך מתקבל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> האישה חושפת את הבטן של כלוב הצלעות באזור של עצם הערווה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מקל כותנה שקצהו תרבות מוצג האשה התחככה בידה כדי להדגים כיצד הלחץ אור ירגיש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> האישה ביקשה לציין את הנקודה שבה הלחץ אור נמרח על העור הופכת חדה כמו מקל שקצהו כותנה התרבות נמשך לאורך דופן הבטן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מקל כותנה שקצהו תרבות אז נמשכים בקלילות למטה הבטן של האישה יהיה גם לציין את נוכחותם של כל שינוי בתחושה או יהיה פתק חדות פתאומי בדידה בתחושה. התהליך חוזר על עצמו עד האזור של allodynia עורית זוהה. מבחן חיובי מוגדר על ידי נוכחות של תחושה זו חד ופתאומי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> במקרים מסוימים באזורים גדולים אבל אצל אחרים הם יהיו קטנים. הם יכולים להיות חד צדדית, אבל בדרך כלל יהיה דו צדדי. </li></ol> 2. חיץ הנקבים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ההסבר של הבדיקה נעשית ורשות להמשיך מתקבל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> האישה חושפת את הנקבים בעמדה lithotomy. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מקל כותנה שקצהו תרבות מוצג האשה התחככה בידה כדי להדגים כיצד הלחץ אור ירגיש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> האישה ביקשה לציין את הנקודה שבה הלחץ אור נמרח על העור הופכת חדה כמו מקל כותנה שקצהו התרבות נמשך על פני חיץ הנקבים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מקל כותנה שקצהו התרבות נמשך אז דרך הישבן אופקית מן ההיבט לרוחב של הישבן אל אל פי הטבעת לחצות dermatome S3 בכיוון. התהליך חוזר על עצמו בצד הנגדי. בנוסף המוליך הכותנה שקצהו ניתן להסיק באזור השפתיים הגדולות לכיוון האחורי ישיר, הימנעות באזור הנרתיק. מבחן חיובי מוגדר על ידי נוכחות של תחושה חדה ופתאומית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> על חיץ הנקבים, האזור בדרך כלל מתאר את # S dermatome כאשר חיובית. התוצאות החיוביות ניתן לראות באופן חד צדדי, כמו גם אבל פחות נפוץ. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Giamberardino, M. A., Affaitati, G., Lerza, R., Lapenna, D., Costantini, R., Vecchiet, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+pain+symptoms+and+referred+sensory+and+trophic+changes+in+patients+with+gallbladder+pathology.">Relationship between pain symptoms and referred sensory and trophic changes in patients with gallbladder pathology.</a> Pain. 114 (1-2), 239-249 (2005).</li><li>Giamberardino, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Women+and+visceral+pain:+are+the+reproductive+organs+the+main+protagonists?+Mini-review+at+the+occasion+of+the+&amp;quot;European+Week+Against+Pain+in+Women+2007.">Women and visceral pain: are the reproductive organs the main protagonists? Mini-review at the occasion of the &amp;quot;European Week Against Pain in Women 2007.</a> Eur J Pain. 12 (3), 257-260 (2008).</li><li>Baranauskas, G., Nistri, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitization+of+pain+pathways+in+the+spinal+cord:+cellular+mechanisms.">Sensitization of pain pathways in the spinal cord: cellular mechanisms.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 54 (3), 349-365 (1998).</li></ol>

הנוכחות של allodynia עורית מציין האישה יש לו כאבים עזים בעבר במידה השינויים שחלו נוירופתי. למרות הבעיה ייתכן שמקורה dysmenorrhea או אנדומטריוזיס, מצב חדש התגלה - כאבי אגן כרוניים. התנאי המקורי עשוי להיות פעיל או שקט. הכרה של התפתחות חדשה זו היא חשובה לחינוך המטופל ליזום תהליכים ...

demonstration of cutaneous allodynia in association with chronic pelvic pain

כאבים באגן היא מצב שכיח המשויך dysmenorrhea ו אנדומטריוזיס. אצל חלק מהנשים את הפרקים חמורה של שינוי מחזורי כאב והכאב כתוצאה הופך מתמשך מצב זה הופך הידוע כאבי אגן כרוניים. מצב זה יכול להיות נוכח גם לאחר טיפול תרופתי או כירורגי מתאים כבר הנהיג. היא יכולה להיות קשורה לכאב ורגישות בשרירי קיר הבטן התוך שרירי האגן המוביל ביאה מכאיבה קשות. תסמינים נוספים של המעי הרגיז interstitial דלקת שלפוחית ​​השתן שכיחים. שלט משותף של התפתחות של מצב זה היא הופעתה של allodynia עורית אשר עולה מן שנקרא viscero-סומטיים רפלקס. מבחן המיטה פשוטה לנוכחות של allodynia עורית מוצג שאינה דורשת זמן מוגזם או ציוד מיוחד. מבחן זה מבוסס על עבודה קודמת הקשורה לשינויים תחושה הקשורים לתפקוד כיס המרה ואת הקרביים-סומטיים רפלקס (1, 2). הבדיקה נעשית באישור של הנושא לאחר הסבר על אופן הבדיקה תבוצע. Allodynia מתייחס למצב שבו גירוי שאינו כואב בדרך כלל מתפרש לפי נושא כמו כואב. במקרה זה לגעת באור הקשורים המוליך כותנה שקצהו לא יהיה צפוי להיות כואב. הבדיקה חיובית יש לציין זאת על ידי האישה כמו כואב פתאום או חדים פתאום. דפוסי תחושה זו הם בדרך כלל בדפוס בדידים של dermatome של העצבים כי innervate את האגן. הפתולוגיה הבסיסית מתפרשת כיום כעדות neuroplasticity כתוצאה מכאבים עזים וחזרה עם שינויים פונקציות של קרניים הגבי של חוט השדרה כי התוצאות פונקציה שונה של רקמות הקרביים וגם כתוצאה סימפטומים גופניים (3). החשיבות של הכרה בתנאי טמון במודעות כי תהליך זה עשוי להציג במקרה עם המצב ליזום או אחרי זה טופל. זה גם מאפשר למטפל כדי להעריך את המצב מנקודת המבט כי הסברים חלופיים על הכאב עשוי להיות נוכח כי אינן מחייבות ניתוח נוסף.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain at JoVE.com

Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain

הפגנה של מבחן המיטה עבור<em&gt; עורית allodynia</em&gt; ואת ההשלכות הקליניות שלה.

הפגנה של עורית Allodynia בשיתוף עם כאבי אגן כרוניים

Pelvic pain is a common condition that is associated with dysmenorrhea and endometriosis.  In some women the severe episodes of cyclic pain change and the ...

demonstration-cutaneous-allodynia-association-with-chronic-pelvic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain

19.6K Views.  University of Calgary. הפגנה של מבחן המיטה עבור עורית allodynia ואת ההשלכות הקליניות שלה.

Video: Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Many women undergo cesarean delivery without problems, however some experience significant pain after cesarean section. Pain is associated with negative short-term and long-term effects on the mother. Prior to women undergoing surgery, can we predict who is at risk for developing significant postoperative pain and potentially prevent or minimize its negative consequences? These are the fundamental questions that a team from the University of Washington, Stanford University, the Catholic University in Brussels, Belgium, Santa Joana Women's Hospital in S&atilde;o Paulo, Brazil, and Rambam Medical Center in Israel is currently evaluating in an international research collaboration. The ultimate goal of this project is to provide optimal pain relief during and after cesarean section by offering individualized anesthetic care to women who appear to be more 'susceptible' to pain after surgery.
A significant number of women experience moderate or severe acute post-partum pain after vaginal and cesarean deliveries. 1 Furthermore, 10-15% of women suffer chronic persistent pain after cesarean section. 2 With constant increase in cesarean rates in the US 3 and the already high rate in Brazil, this is bound to create a significant public health problem. When questioning women's fears and expectations from cesarean section, pain during and after it is their greatest concern. 4 Individual variability in severity of pain after vaginal or operative delivery is influenced by multiple factors including sensitivity to pain, psychological factors, age, and genetics. The unique birth experience leads to unpredictable requirements for analgesics, from 'none at all' to 'very high' doses of pain medication. Pain after cesarean section is an excellent model to study post-operative pain because it is performed on otherwise young and healthy women. Therefore, it is recommended to attenuate the pain during the acute phase because this may lead to chronic pain disorders. The impact of developing persistent pain is immense, since it may impair not only the ability of women to care for their child in the immediate postpartum period, but also their own well being for a long period of time.
In a series of projects, an international research network is currently investigating the effect of pregnancy on pain modulation and ways to predict who will suffer acute severe pain and potentially chronic pain, by using simple pain tests and questionnaires in combination with genetic analysis. A relatively recent approach to investigate pain modulation is via the psychophysical measure of Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC). This pain-modulating process is the neurophysiological basis for the well-known phenomenon of 'pain inhibits pain' from remote areas of the body. The DNIC paradigm has evolved recently into a clinical tool and simple test and has been shown to be a predictor of post-operative pain.5 Since pregnancy is associated with decreased pain sensitivity and/or enhanced processes of pain modulation, using tests that investigate pain modulation should provide a better understanding of the pathways involved with pregnancy-induced analgesia and may help predict pain outcomes during labor and delivery. For those women delivering by cesarean section, a DNIC test performed prior to surgery along with psychosocial questionnaires and genetic tests should enable one to identify women prone to suffer severe post-cesarean pain and persistent pain. These clinical tests should allow anesthesiologists to offer not only personalized medicine to women with the promise to improve well-being and satisfaction, but also a reduction in the overall cost of perioperative and long term care due to pain and suffering. On a larger scale, these tests that explore pain modulation may become bedside screening tests to predict the development of pain disorders following surgery.

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain PPOP

Diffuse noxious inhibitory control, temporal summation and wound hyperalgesia testing are demonstrated in the obstetric patient. These tests evaluate inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms of pain processing and are here utilized to evaluate endogenous analgesia at different time-points during pregnancy and the peripartum period to help reveal individual s risk for persistent pain.

פרדיגמה ניסויית עבור חיזוי של הכאבים שלאחר הניתוח (PPOP)

Many women undergo cesarean delivery without problems, however some experience significant pain after cesarean section. Pain is associated with negative ...

Medicine

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

אקוטי וכרוני בדיקה חושי טקטילי לאחר פגיעה בחוט השדרה של חולדות

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of the population1,2. Symptoms include spontaneous (tingling, burning, electric-shock like) pain, dysaesthesia, paraesthesia, allodynia (pain resulting from normally non-painful stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). The sensory symptoms are co-morbid with behavioural disabilities, such as insomnia and depression. To study chronic neuropathic pain several animal models mimicking peripheral nerve injury have been developed, one of the most widely used is Bennett and Xie's (1988) unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)3 (Figure 1). Here we present a method for performing CCI and testing pain hypersensitivity.
CCI is performed under anaesthesia, with the sciatic nerve on one side exposed by making a skin incision, and cutting through the connective tissue between the gluteus superficialis and biceps femoris muscles. Four chromic gut ligatures are tied loosely around the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals, to just occlude but not arrest epineural blood flow. The wound is closed with sutures in the muscle and staples in the skin. The animal is then allowed to recover from surgery for 24 hrs before pain hypersensitivity testing begins.
For behavioural testing, rats are placed into the testing apparatus and are allowed to habituate to the testing procedure. The area tested is the mid-plantar surface of the hindpaw (Figure 2), which falls within the sciatic nerve distribution. Mechanical withdrawal threshold is assessed by mechanically stimulating both injured and uninjured hindpaws using an electronic dynamic plantar von Frey aesthesiometer or manual von Frey hairs4. The mechanical withdrawal threshold is the maximum pressure exerted (in grams) that triggers paw withdrawal. For measurement of thermal withdrawal latency, first described by Hargreaves et al (1988), the hindpaw is exposed to a beam of radiant heat through a transparent glass surface using a plantar analgesia meter5,6. The withdrawal latency to the heat stimulus is recorded as the time for paw withdrawal in both injured and uninjured hindpaws. Following CCI, mechanical withdrawal threshold, as well as thermal withdrawal latency in the injured paw are both significantly reduced, compared to baseline measurements and the uninjured paw (Figure 3). The CCI model of peripheral nerve injury combined with pain hypersensitivity testing provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to modify chronic neuropathic pain. In our laboratory, we utilise CCI alongside thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaws to investigate the role of neuro-immune interactions in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropathic pain.

Due to the simplicity of surgery and the robust behavioural outcome, chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve is one of the pre-eminent animal models of neuropathic pain. Within 24 hrs following surgery, pain hypersensitivity is established and can be quantitatively measured using a von Frey aesthesiometer (mechanical test) and plantar analgesia meter (thermal test).

היצרות כרונית של העצב Sciatic ואת רגישות יתר לכאב בדיקה אצל חולדות

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of ...

Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity

Endometriosis is a common disease affecting 40 to 70% of reproductive-aged women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and/or infertility. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the use of a blue dye (methylene blue) to stain peritoneal surfaces during laparoscopy (L/S) to detect the loss of peritoneal integrity in patients with pelvic pain and suspected endometriosis. Forty women with CPP and 5 women without pain were evaluated in this pilot study. During L/S, concentrated dye was sprayed onto peritoneal surfaces, then aspirated and rinsed with Lactated Ringers solution. Areas of localized dye uptake were evaluated for the presence of visible endometriotic lesions. Areas of intense peritoneal staining were resected and some fixed in 2.5% buffered gluteraldehyde and examined by scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Blue dye uptake was more common in women with endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain than controls (85% vs. 40%). Resection of the blue stained areas revealed endometriosis by SEM and loss of peritoneal cell-cell contact compared to normal, non-staining peritoneum. Affected peritoneum was associated with visible endometriotic implants in most but not all patients. Subjective pain relief was reported in 80% of subjects. Based on scanning electron microscopy, we conclude that endometrial cells extend well beyond visible implants of endometriosis and appear to disrupt the underlying mesothelium. Subtle lesions of endometriosis could therefore cause pelvic pain by disruption of peritoneal integrity, allowing menstrual or ovulatory blood and associated pain factors access to underlying sensory nerves. Complete resection of affected peritoneum may provide a better long-term treatment for endometriosis and CPP. This simple technique appears to improve detection of subtle or near invisible endometriosis in women with CPP and minimal visual findings at L/S and may serve to elevate diagnostic accuracy for endometriosis at laparoscopy.

Loss of peritoneal integrity provides a new paradigm to understand and treat chronic pelvic pain in women with mild forms of endometriosis and can be easily detected using intraoperative instillation of dye at the time of laparoscopy.

איתור intraoperative של אנדומטריוזיס העדין: פרדיגמה חדשה לאיתור וטיפול בכאב באגן הקשורים לפגיעה בשלמות פריטונאלית

Endometriosis is a  common disease affecting 40 to 70% of reproductive-aged women with chronic  pelvic pain (CPP) and/or infertility. The purpose of this ...

Measurement of Tactile Allodynia in a Murine Model of Bacterial Prostatitis

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are pathogens that play an important role in urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis1. We have recently shown that UPEC have an important role in the initiation of chronic pelvic pain2, a feature of Chronic prostatitis/Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)3,4. Infection of the prostate by clinically relevant UPEC can initiate and establish chronic pain through mechanisms that may involve tissue damage and the initiation of mechanisms of autoimmunity5.
A challenge to understanding the pathogenesis of UPEC in the prostate is the relative inaccessibility of the prostate gland to manipulation. We utilized a previously described intraurethral infection method6 to deliver a clinical strain of UPEC into male mice thereby establishing an ascending infection of the prostate. Here, we describe our protocols for standardizing the bacterial inoculum7 as well as the procedure for catheterizing anesthetized male mice for instillation of bacteria.
CP/CPPS is primarily characterized by the presence of tactile allodynia4. Behavior testing was based on the concept of cutaneous hyperalgesia resulting from referred visceral pain8-10. An irritable focus in visceral tissues reduces cutaneous pain thresholds allowing for an exaggerated response to normally non-painful stimuli (allodynia). Application of normal force to the skin result in abnormal responses that tend to increase with the intensity of the underlying visceral pain. We describe methodology in NOD/ShiLtJ mice that utilize von Frey fibers to quantify tactile allodynia over time in response to a single infection with UPEC bacteria.

Infection of the prostate may be a contributing factor in mediating pelvic pain in chronic prostatitis. We describe the procedure for preparation of standardized bacterial inoculum, instillation of bacteria into the urethra of male mice and methodology for measuring tactile allodynia in mice over time.

מדידה של Allodynia משושים בדגם Murine של ערמונית קטריאלי

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are pathogens that play an important role in urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis1. We have recently ...

Immunology and Infection

Determining heat and mechanical pain threshold in inflamed skin of human subjects

In a previous article in the Journal of Visualized Experiments we have demonstrated skin microdialysis techniques for the collection of tissue-specific nociceptive and inflammatory biochemicals in humans. In this article we will show pain-testing paradigms that are often used in tandem with microdialysis procedures. Combining pain tests with microdialysis provides the critical link between behavioral and biochemical data that allows identifying key biochemicals responsible for generating and propagating pain.
Two models of evoking pain in inflamed skin of human study participants are shown. The first model evokes pain with aid of heat stimuli. Heat evoked pain as described here is predominantly mediated by small, non-myelinated peripheral nociceptive nerve fibers (C-fibers). The second model evokes pain via punctuated pressure stimuli. Punctuated pressure evoked pain is predominantly mediated by small, myelinated peripheral nociceptive nerve fibers (A-delta fibers). The two models are mechanistically distinct and independently examine nociceptive processing by the two major peripheral nerve fiber populations involved in pain signaling.
Heat pain is evoked with aid of the TSA II, a commercially available thermo-sensory analyzer (Medoc Advanced Medical Systems, Durham, NC). Stimulus configuration and delivery is handled with aid of specific software. Thermodes vary in size and shape but in principle consist of a metal plate that can be heated or cooled at various rates and for different periods of time. Algorithms assessing heat-evoked pain are manifold. In the experiments shown here, study participants are asked to indicate at what point they start experiencing pain while the thermode in contact with skin is heated at a predetermined rate starting at a temperature that does not evoke pain. The thermode temperature at which a subject starts experiencing pain constitutes the heat pain threshold.
Mechanical pain is evoked with punctuated probes. Such probes are commercially available from several manufacturers (von Frey hairs). However, the accuracy of von Frey hairs has been criticized and many investigators use custom made punctuated pressure probes. In the experiments shown here eight custom-made punctuated probes of different weights are applied in consecutive order, a procedure called up-down algorithm, to identify perceptional deflection points, i.e., a change from feeling no pain to feeling pain or vice versa. The average weight causing a perceptional deflection constitutes the mechanical pain threshold.

Algorithms assessing heat and mechanical pain thresholds in experimentally inflamed skin of human study subjects are shown. The two pain testing paradigms independently examine nociceptive processing by the two major peripheral nerve fiber populations transmitting pain, i.e., non-myelinated C fibers and small myelinated A-delta fibers.

קביעת חום סף כאב מכני של העור מודלק בבני אדם

In a previous article in the Journal of Visualized Experiments we have demonstrated skin microdialysis techniques for the collection of tissue-specific ...

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

Complex regional pain syndrome type-I (CRPS-I) is a neurological disease that causes severe pain among patients and remains an unresolved medical condition. However, the underlying mechanisms of CRPS-I have yet to be revealed. It is known that ischemia/reperfusion is one of the leading factors that causes CRPS-I. By means of prolonged ischemia and reperfusion of the hind limb, the rat chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) model has been established to mimic CRPS-I. The CPIP model has become a well-recognized animal model for studying the mechanisms of CRPS-I. This protocol describes the detailed procedures involved in the establishment of the rat model of CPIP, including anesthesia, followed by ischemia/reperfusion of the hind limb. Characteristics of the rat CPIP model are further evaluated by measuring the mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities of the hind limb as well as the nocifensive responses to acute capsaicin injection. The rat CPIP model exhibits several CRPS-I-like manifestations, including hind limb edema and hyperemia in the early stage after establishment, persistent thermal and mechanical hypersensitivities, and increased nocifensive responses to acute capsaicin injection. These characteristics render it a suitable animal model for further investigation of the mechanisms involved in CRPS-I.

Provided here is a protocol that details steps to establish an animal model of chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP). This is a well-recognized model mimicking human complex regional pain syndrome type-I. Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities are further evaluated, as well as capsaicin-induced nocifensive behaviors observed in the CPIP rat model.

כרונית לאחר איסכמיה כאב מודל עבור מורכבות אזור תסמונת כאב הסוג-אני בחולדות

Complex regional pain syndrome type-I (CRPS-I) is a neurological disease that causes severe pain among patients and remains an unresolved medical ...

Behavior

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.

תגובות שתן בשלפוחית ​​השתן ההתנפחות העוררת Visceromotor כמודל לשלפוחית ​​שתן כאב בעכברים

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Assessment of Perigenital Sensitivity and Prostatic Mast Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Maternal Separation

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has a lifetime prevalence of 14% and is the most common urological diagnosis for men under the age of 50, yet it is the least understood and studied chronic pelvic pain disorder. A significant subset of patients with chronic pelvic pain report having experienced early life stress or abuse, which can markedly affect the functioning and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Mast cell activation, which has been shown to be increased in both urine and expressed prostatic secretions of CP/CPPS patients, is partially regulated by downstream activation of the HPA axis. Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) has been used for over two decades to study the outcomes of early life stress in rodent models, including changes in the HPA axis and visceral sensitivity. Here we provide a detailed protocol for using NMS as a preclinical model of CP/CPPS in male C57BL/6 mice. We describe the methodology for performing NMS, assessing perigenital mechanical allodynia, and histological evidence of mast cell activation. We also provide evidence that early psychological stress can have long-lasting effects on the male urogenital system in mice.

We are measuring perigenital mechanical sensitivity and mast cell activation in the prostate of male C57BL/6 mice that underwent an early life stress paradigm &#8211; neonatal maternal separation, in order to induce a preclinical model of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

הערכה של הפעלת תא Perigenital רגישות וערמונית תורן במודל עכבר של הפרדה אימהית עובריים

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has a lifetime prevalence of 14% and is the most common urological diagnosis for men under the ...

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. Chronic neuropathic pain results from lesions or diseases in the somatosensory system. To investigate potential therapies with reduced side effects, animal pain models are the gold standard in preclinical studies. Therefore, well-characterized and well-described models are crucial for the development and validation of innovative therapies. 
Partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (pSNL) is a procedure that induces chronic neuropathic pain in mice, characterized by mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, ongoing pain, and changes in limb temperature, making this model a great fit to study neuropathic pain preclinically. pSNL is an advantageous model to study neuropathic pain as it reproduces many symptoms observed in humans with neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the surgical procedure is relatively fast and straightforward to perform. Unilateral pSNL of one limb allows for comparison between the ipsilateral and contralateral paws, as well as evaluation of central sensitization. 
To induce chronic neuropathic hypersensitivity, a 9-0 non-absorbable nylon thread is used to ligate the dorsal third of the sciatic nerve. This article describes the surgical procedure and characterizes the development of chronic neuropathic pain through multiple commonly used behavioral tests. As a plethora of innovative therapies are now being investigated to treat chronic pain, this article provides crucial concepts for standardization and an accurate description of surgeries required to induce neuropathic pain.

Partial sciatic nerve ligation induces long-lasting chronic neuropathic pain, characterized by exaggerated responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. This mouse model of neuropathic pain is commonly used to study innovative therapies for pain management. This article describes in detail the surgical procedure to improve standardization and reproducibility.

קשירת עצבים סיאטית חלקית: מודל עכברי של כאב נוירופתי כרוני לחקר ההשפעה האנטינוסיצפטיבית של טיפולים חדשניים

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. ...

הפגנה של עורית Allodynia בשיתוף עם כאבי אגן כרוניים

Summary

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Chapters in this video

פרדיגמה ניסויית עבור חיזוי של הכאבים שלאחר הניתוח (PPOP)

אקוטי וכרוני בדיקה חושי טקטילי לאחר פגיעה בחוט השדרה של חולדות

היצרות כרונית של העצב Sciatic ואת רגישות יתר לכאב בדיקה אצל חולדות

איתור intraoperative של אנדומטריוזיס העדין: פרדיגמה חדשה לאיתור וטיפול בכאב באגן הקשורים לפגיעה בשלמות פריטונאלית

מדידה של Allodynia משושים בדגם Murine של ערמונית קטריאלי

קביעת חום סף כאב מכני של העור מודלק בבני אדם

כרונית לאחר איסכמיה כאב מודל עבור מורכבות אזור תסמונת כאב הסוג-אני בחולדות

תגובות שתן בשלפוחית השתן ההתנפחות העוררת Visceromotor כמודל לשלפוחית שתן כאב בעכברים

הערכה של הפעלת תא Perigenital רגישות וערמונית תורן במודל עכבר של הפרדה אימהית עובריים

קשירת עצבים סיאטית חלקית: מודל עכברי של כאב נוירופתי כרוני לחקר ההשפעה האנטינוסיצפטיבית של טיפולים חדשניים

הפגנה של עורית Allodynia בשיתוף עם כאבי אגן כרוניים

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

פרדיגמה ניסויית עבור חיזוי של הכאבים שלאחר הניתוח (PPOP)

אקוטי וכרוני בדיקה חושי טקטילי לאחר פגיעה בחוט השדרה של חולדות

היצרות כרונית של העצב Sciatic ואת רגישות יתר לכאב בדיקה אצל חולדות

איתור intraoperative של אנדומטריוזיס העדין: פרדיגמה חדשה לאיתור וטיפול בכאב באגן הקשורים לפגיעה בשלמות פריטונאלית

מדידה של Allodynia משושים בדגם Murine של ערמונית קטריאלי

קביעת חום סף כאב מכני של העור מודלק בבני אדם

כרונית לאחר איסכמיה כאב מודל עבור מורכבות אזור תסמונת כאב הסוג-אני בחולדות

תגובות שתן בשלפוחית ​​השתן ההתנפחות העוררת Visceromotor כמודל לשלפוחית ​​שתן כאב בעכברים

הערכה של הפעלת תא Perigenital רגישות וערמונית תורן במודל עכבר של הפרדה אימהית עובריים

קשירת עצבים סיאטית חלקית: מודל עכברי של כאב נוירופתי כרוני לחקר ההשפעה האנטינוסיצפטיבית של טיפולים חדשניים

תגובות שתן בשלפוחית השתן ההתנפחות העוררת Visceromotor כמודל לשלפוחית שתן כאב בעכברים