אני רוצה להודות מייק דיואי ממרכז במלאי Peromyscus הגנטי על הסבלנות שלו, עזרה וידע.

העובר / הביצית אחזור <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפחות שעתיים לפני שליפה של עוברים / ביציות, KSOM ממוקם 37 º C-CO 2 החממה FHM חייב להיות מופשר מ -20 °. צלחת זכוכית המכיל שלוש בארות רדודות קעור משמש טיפות הבית של KSOM בחממה. כדי למנוע התייבשות, KSOM ואת צלחת ממוקמים במכולה עפעפיים כי יש מים בתחתית. מנגנון זה מונע אידוי ללא שימוש של שמן מינרלי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Oviducts מן הנקבה מבייצת ממוקמים התקשורת FHM. כדי להבטיח התמצאות infindibulum שלם, קטע קטן של השחלה הוא חתך יחד עם הסעיף oviduct קטן של הרחם. מחט קהה 30 מד משמש לגרש עוברים / ביציות מן oviduct על ידי החדרת מחט לתוך infindibulum בוטה. Infindibulum יש להשתמש כדי לאחזר את העוברים מאז צינורות oviduct קטן מדי עבור מחט לעבור. במקרה infindibulum נהרס, oviduct חייב להיות פרוס או פתוח או עוברים סחט. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> עוברים / ביציות נמצאים בתקשורת FHM ידי התמקדות מיקרוסקופ על טיפות שומן אשר שקעו לתחתית צלחת פטרי. העובר / בידוד הביצית יכולה להיות מושגת על 20x כמו זה מספק שטח צפייה גדול יותר בהגדלה גבוהה. העובר / ביציות נראים כמו טיפות שומן עגול, כי יש טבעת ברור סביבו. Pipetting הפה, בעזרת כוס משך נימי, משמש להעברת עוברים / ביציות כדי KSOM עבור הדגירה ומניפולציה נוספת. </li></ol> נוהל אחזור הביצית הכנה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפשירי FHM ולהכין kSOM. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כמה שעות קודם לכן, kSOM מקום בתוך מכולה ביצה אחזור ומקום בתיבת טיפ עם מים בתחתית, מקום CO 2 באינקובטור. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מביאים כלובים למעבדה להרוג את הנקבות קציר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חותכים את oviduct נזהר לחתוך חלק השחלה וחלק של הרחם כדי לוודא שאתה לא כורתים חלק oviduct. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מקום בתקשורת FHM בצלחת פטרי קטנות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> יוצקים כמה FHM יותר בתקשורת צלחות פטרי לשמש שטיפה. </li></ol> הסמקה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שימוש במחט שטיפה (30 מד בוטה) מחובר מחט 1ml עם סוף ספירלה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קח אחד oviduct בכל פעם, באמצעות מחט, להכניס לתוך משפך נמצא ליד החלק של השחלה השמאלית מחוברת. אם משפך הוא נהרס ולא ניתן להשתמש בו, ואז לקחת שני מלקחיים והחזק קצה אחד של oviduct. עם המלקחיים השני, ללחוץ בעדינות, כמו שפופרת משחת שיניים, כדי להוציא כל העובר של. הערה: פעולה זו תיצור כמות גדולה של בלגן בצלחת פטרי, כמו הרבה רקמות יבוא עם זה, ולכן מומלץ להשתמש בצלחת פטרי שונה לאחר מכן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי לראות את העוברים, להתמקד מיקרוסקופ על פיסות שומן לחפש &quot;חתיכת שומן&quot; עגול עם עיגול מסביב זה ברור. הערה: יש העוברים את המראה כמו השומן, כך שהוא עשוי להיות קשה למצוא. עוברים לשקוע לתחתית, כך נראה שם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> האם מריחות הנרתיק של נקבות הנמען. בשלב זה, הם צריכים להיות pseudopregnant. </li></ol>

במאמר זה, אנחנו מדגימים שליפה של ביציות מן הביוץ המושרה (superovulated) Peromyscus. השימוש superovulation (לעומת מחזור הייחום טבעי) נפוץ בשל המספרים וכתוצאה מכך הרבה יותר. עם זאת, זהירות יש לנקוט בפרשנות התוצאות ניצול כזה ביציות / עוברים, כמו גם בשימוש בהורמונים כדי לגרום הביוץ culturing עשויה להיות השפ?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
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<tr>
<td>Flushing needle</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Zephyrtronics</td>
<td>ZT5-130-L</td>
<td>30 gauge blunt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Forceps (2)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Roboz</td>
<td>RS-5060</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Peromyscus</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Scissors</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Roboz</td>
<td>RS-5880</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FHM HEPES Buffered Media</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Specialty Media</td>
<td>MR-025-d</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KSOM Embryo Culture Medium (5x10 ml)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Specialty Media</td>
<td>MR-020P-5F</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mouth Pipette</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pulled from glass capillaries and attached to rubber tubing</td>
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<tr>
<td>Oocyte holding dish</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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retrieval of mouse oocytes

נכון להיום, רק מעט מחקרים דיווחו על מניפולציות מוצלחת של העובר Peromyscus או לביולוגיה של הרבייה. יחד עם מאגר גנטי Peromyscus מרכז (http://stkctr.biol.sc.edu), אנחנו המאפיינת את ההבדלים הבולטים צורך לפתח את המערכת. המטרה העיקרית הייתה לייעל את הביצית / אחזור העובר המוקדם.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Retrieval of Mouse Oocytes at JoVE.com

Retrieval of Mouse Oocytes

פרוטוקול זה ממחיש את הטכניקה עבור ביציות לחילוץ או בשלב מוקדם, עוברים מן oviduct מופרית של עכברים. היכולת לזהות את infindibulum והכנס מחט סוף בוטה לתוך זה הכרחי נכון לבצע את ההליך.

איחזור של ביציות עכבר

To date, only a few studies have reported successful manipulations of Peromyscus embryogenesis or reproductive biology.  Together with the Peromyscus ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

27.2K Views.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). פרוטוקול זה ממחיש את הטכניקה עבור ביציות לחילוץ או בשלב מוקדם, עוברים מן oviduct מופרית של עכברים. היכולת לזהות את infindibulum והכנס מחט סוף בוטה לתוך זה הכרחי נכון לבצע את ההליך.

Video: Retrieval of Mouse Oocytes

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Nuclear transfer into an unfertilized oocyte can restore developmental potential to a differentiated cell. This demonstrates that the processes underlying development, differentiation and aging are epigenetic rather than genetic processes. The reversibility of these processes opens exciting perspectives in basic research, and in the more distant future, in regenerative medicine. In the mouse, embryonic stem cells can be derived from cloned preimplantation stage embryos. Such embryonic stem cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types of the adult organism. Importantly, these cells are genetically identical to the donor. If applicable to human, this would allow the derivation of stem cells from a patient. These cells could then be differentiated into the affected cell type of the patient and studied in vitro, or used to replace the damaged or missing cells. The study of nuclear transfer in the mouse remains important as it can inform us about the principles of nuclear reprogramming. This movie and the accompanying protocol are intended to help learning nuclear transfer in the mouse, a method initially developed in the group of Prof. Yanagimachi (WAKAYAMA et al. 1998).

This movie and the protocol are intended to help learning nuclear transfer.

העברת גרעין לתוך ביציות עכבר

Nuclear transfer into an unfertilized oocyte can restore developmental potential to a differentiated cell. This demonstrates that the processes underlying ...

Patch Clamp Recording of Ion Channels Expressed in  Xenopus Oocytes

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological measurement of single or multiple ion channels in cells. This technique can be applied to ion channels in both their native environment and expressed in heterologous cells, such as oocytes harvested from the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Here, we describe the well-established technique of patch clamp recording from Xenopus oocytes. This technique is used to measure the properties of expressed ion channels either in populations (macropatch) or individually (single-channel recording). We focus on techniques to maximize the quality of oocyte preparation and seal generation. With all factors optimized, this technique gives a probability of successful seal generation over 90 percent. The process may be optimized differently by every researcher based on the factors he or she finds most important, and we present the approach that have lead to the greatest success in our hands.

This is intended as an introduction to patch clamp recording from Xenopus laevis oocytes. It covers vitelline membrane removal, formation of a gigaohm seal (gigaseal), and the optional conversion of the patch to the outside-out topology.

הצמד תיקון הקלטה של ​​תעלות יונים מתבטא ביציות Xenopus

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological ...

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic transport. Because of its large nucleus and high density of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), nuclear transport can be easily visualized in the Xenopus oocyte. Much insight into the mechanisms of nuclear import and export has been gained through use of this system (reviewed by Pant&eacute;, 2006). In addition, we have used microinjection of Xenopus oocytes to dissect the nuclear import pathways of several viruses that replicate in the host nucleus. 
Here we demonstrate the cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus oocytes with a nuclear import substrate. We also show preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning EM, including dissection, dehydration, and embedding of the oocytes into an epoxy embedding resin. Finally, we provide representative results for oocytes that have been microinjected with the capsid of the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) or the parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM), and discuss potential applications of the technique.

Here we demonstrate cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes with a nuclear import substrate, as well as preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning electron microscopy.

Microinjection של ביציות Xenopus Laevis

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic ...

Collection and Cryopreservation of Hamster Oocytes and Mouse Embryos

Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago, when Whittingham et al. 1 and Wilmut 2 separately described that mouse embryos could be frozen and stored at -196 &deg;C and, a few years later, Parkening et al. 3 reported the birth of live offspring resulting from in vitro fertilization (IVF) of cryopreserved oocytes. Since then, the use of cryopreservation techniques has rapidly spread to become an essential component in the practice of human and animal assisted reproduction and in the conservation of animal genetic resources. Currently, there are two main methods used to cryopreserve oocytes and embryos: slow freezing and vitrification. A wide variety of approaches have been used to try to improve both techniques and millions of animals and thousands of children have been born from cryopreserved embryos. However, important shortcomings associated to cryopreservation still have to be overcome, since ice-crystal formation, solution effects and osmotic shock seem to cause several cryoinjuries in post-thawed oocytes and embryos. Slow freezing with programmable freezers has the advantage of using low concentrations of cryoprotectants, which are usually associated with chemical toxicity and osmotic shock, but their ability to avoid ice-crystal formation at low concentrations is limited. Slow freezing also induces supercooling effects that must be avoided using manual or automatic seeding 4. In the vitrification process, high concentrations of cryoprotectants inhibit the formation of ice-crystals and lead to the formation of a glasslike vitrified state in which water is solidified, but not expanded. However, due to the toxicity of cyroprotectants at the concentrations used, oocytes/embryos can only be exposed to the cryoprotectant solution for a very short period of time and in a minimum volume solution, before submerging the samples directly in liquid nitrogen 5. In the last decade, vitrification has become more popular because it is a very quick method in which no expensive equipment (programmable freezer) is required. However, slow freezing continues to be the most widely used method for oocyte/embryo cryopreservation. In this video-article we show, step-by-step, how to collect and slowly freeze hamster oocytes with high post-thaw survival rates. The same procedure can also be applied to successfully freeze and thaw mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development.

In this video-article we present a step-by-step demonstration on how to collect and cryopreserve hamster oocytes with high post-thaw survival rates. The same procedure can also be applied to successfully freeze and thaw mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development.

איסוף cryopreservation של ביציות ועוברים אוגר עכבר

Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago, when Whittingham et al. 1 and Wilmut 2 separately described that mouse ...

Primer Extension Capture: Targeted Sequence Retrieval from Heavily Degraded DNA Sources

We present a method of targeted DNA sequence retrieval from DNA sources which are heavily degraded and contaminated with microbial DNA, as is typical of ancient bones. The method greatly reduces sample destruction and sequencing demands relative to direct PCR or shotgun sequencing approaches. We used this method to reconstruct the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes of five Neandertals from across their geographic range. The mtDNA genetic diversity of the late Neandertals was approximately three times lower than that of contemporary modern humans. Together with analyses of mtDNA protein evolution, these data suggest that the long-term effective population size of Neandertals was smaller than that of modern humans and extant great apes.

We present a method of targeted ancient DNA sequence retrieval, which we used to reconstruct the complete mitochondrial genomes of five Neandertal individuals. Comparison of these sequences with present day humans suggests that Neandertals had a long term low effective population size.

הארכת לכידת פריימר: אחזור רצף ממוקד ממקורות DNA מושפל בכבדות

We present a method of targeted DNA sequence retrieval from DNA sources which are heavily degraded and contaminated with microbial DNA, as is typical of ...

Visualizing RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes

RNA localization is a conserved mechanism of establishing cell polarity. Vg1 mRNA localizes to the vegetal pole of Xenopus laevis oocytes and acts to spatially restrict gene expression of Vg1 protein. Tight control of Vg1 distribution in this manner is required for proper germ layer specification in the developing embryo. RNA sequence elements in the 3' UTR of the mRNA, the Vg1 localization element (VLE) are required and sufficient to direct transport. To study the recognition and transport of Vg1 mRNA in vivo, we have developed an imaging technique that allows extensive analysis of trans-factor directed transport mechanisms via a simple visual readout. 
To visualize RNA localization, we synthesize fluorescently labeled VLE RNA and microinject this transcript into individual oocytes. After oocyte culture to allow transport of the injected RNA, oocytes are fixed and dehydrated prior to imaging by confocal microscopy. Visualization of mRNA localization patterns provides a readout for monitoring the complete pathway of RNA transport and for identifying roles in directing RNA transport for cis-acting elements within the transcript and trans-acting factors that bind to the VLE (Lewis et al., 2008, Messitt et al., 2008). We have extended this technique through co-localization with additional RNAs and proteins (Gagnon and Mowry, 2009, Messitt et al., 2008), and in combination with disruption of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton (Messitt et al., 2008) to probe mechanisms underlying mRNA localization.

Visualizing RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes

Visualization of in vivo RNA transport is accomplished by microinjection of fluorescently labeled RNA transcripts into Xenopus oocytes, followed by confocal microscopy.

הדמיה ב-RNA לוקליזציה Xenopus ביציות

RNA localization is a conserved mechanism of establishing cell polarity.  Vg1 mRNA localizes to the vegetal pole of Xenopus laevis oocytes and acts to ...

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

Studying the contribution of maternally inherited molecules to vertebrate early development is often hampered by the time and expense necessary to generate maternal-effect mutant animals. Additionally, many of the techniques to overexpress or inhibit gene function in organisms such as Xenopus and zebrafish fail to sufficiently target critical maternal signaling pathways, such as Wnt signaling. In Xenopus, manipulating gene function in cultured oocytes and subsequently fertilizing them can ameliorate these problems to some extent. Oocytes are manually defolliculated from donor ovary tissue, injected or treated in culture as desired, and then stimulated with progesterone to induce maturation. Next, the oocytes are introduced into the body cavity of an ovulating host female frog, whereupon they will be translocated through the host's oviduct and acquire modifications and jelly coats necessary for fertilization. The resulting embryos can then be raised to the desired stage and analyzed for the effects of any experimental perturbations. This host-transfer method has been highly effective in uncovering basic mechanisms of early development and allows a wide range of experimental possibilities not available in any other vertebrate model organism.

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

Procedure for fertilizing Xenopus oocytes by the host transfer method.

הפריה של Xenopus ביציות באמצעות שיטת העברה מארח

Studying the contribution of maternally inherited molecules to vertebrate early development is often hampered by the time and expense necessary to ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

בשנת vivo ההדמיה לטיפולים במודל עכבר orthotopic של סרטן השחלות

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

דור של עכברים שמקורם בתאי גזע pluripotent מושרים

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

The Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell organization, and organelle structure and function. The availability of various GFP-tagged proteins means that many cellular processes can be monitored in living cells over the course of minutes or hours, and using this technique, processes such as RNP transport, epithelial morphogenesis, and tissue remodeling have been described in great detail in Drosophila oocytes1,2.
The ability to perform video imaging combined with a rich repertoire of mutants allows an enormous variety of genes and processes to be examined in incredible detail. One such example is the process of ooplasmic streaming, which initiates at mid-oogenesis3,4. This vigorous movement of cytoplasmic vesicles is microtubule and kinesin-dependent5 and provides a useful system for investigating cytoskeleton function at these stages.
Here I present a protocol for time lapse imaging of living oocytes using virtually any confocal microscopy setup.

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

A protocol for live imaging of GFP-tagged proteins or autofluorescent structures in individual Drosophila oocytes is described.