<html> אנו מודים לכל הילדים ומטפלים שהשתתפו במחקרים העין מעקב שלנו במרכז Callier עבור להפרעות בתקשורת באוניברסיטת טקסס בדאלאס, ועל קרוליינה UNC המכון נכויות התפתחותיות. נ &#39;ששון נתמך על ידי מספר גרנט UL1RR024982, שכותרתו, &quot;צפון ומרכז היוזמה טקסס המדע קלינית Translational&quot; (מילטון פקר, MD, PI) של המרכז הלאומי למשאבי מחקר (NCRR), רכיב של מכוני הבריאות הלאומיים (NIH) ואת מפת הדרכים NIH למחקר רפואי, ותוכנו הם באחריות הבלעדית של הכותבים ולא בהכרח מייצגים את העמדה הרשמית של NCRR או NIH. מידע על NCRR זמין בכתובת <a href="http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/">http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/</a> . מידע על ארגוני Re-engineering מחקר קליני ניתן להשיגranslational.asp &quot;&gt; http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/clinicalresearch/overview-translational.asp. ג&#39;יי Elison נתמך על ידי פרס NRSA (5-T32-HD007376) מ NICHD לקונסורציום קרוליינה על הפיתוח האנושי במרכז למדע התפתחותית, UNC.

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החוקרים אין מה לחשוף ואין ניגוד עניינים.

הופעתה של מעקב עיניים ככלי אובייקטיבי ונגיש לבדיקת מאפיינים תפיסתיים של הפרעות פסיכיאטריות יש להקל מחקר תשומת לב חזותית נורמלי דפוסי oculomotor התורמים המאפיינים הקליניים של ASD. יישום מבטיח במיוחד של עבודה זו הייתה לחקור ילדים צעירים עם ASD כדי לתפוס מוקדם מתעוררים מנגנוני ההתפתחות של ההפרעה. בעוד חקירות עם קבוצת גיל זו הן קריטיות עבור הארת כמובן מוקדם המאפיינים של ASD, עושה זאת עם פרדיגמות ההתנהגות המסורתיים פעמים רבות מאתגרת לנוכח ליקויים חברתיים ותקשורתיים הקיימים באוכלוסיה זו. העין מעקב יכול להקל על חלק מן הדרישות המשימה על ידי מתן אמצעי ישיר וכמותיים של העדפות חזותיים להתבונן בהתנהגות. בסופו של דבר, גישה זו עשויה לסייע לחשוף מידע חשוב בתקופה קריטית בהתפתחות של ASD, tha תהליךלא בתורו יכול להודיע ​​זיהוי מוקדם מאמצי התערבות. למרות יתרונות אלה, העין מעקב ילדים צעירים עם ASD הוא מסובך ידי מספר אתגרים מתודולוגיים. הפרטים הנוכחי פרוטוקול הנחיות ליישום העין מעקב עם אוכלוסייה זו. בעוד הצעות המודגשים כאן הינם רק משותפים זמינים מסחרית השתקפות קרנית העין, מערכות מעקב, בעיקר אלה שאינם מגבילים תנועת משתתף יכול לתקן את הראש בתנועה, הם נועדו לספק הנחיה כללית עבור חוקרים המעוניינים. העיצוב האופטימלי הוא לעתים קרובות במחקר ספציפי, אבל המלצות כלליות כוללות בחירת ציוד יצירת סביבת בדיקות כי הם תורמת לחקר אוכלוסייה זו, יישום נהלים למזער את המכשולים והסחות דעת פוטנציאליים, רודף אסטרטגיות אנליטיות המתאימים. אימוץ של שיטות כאלה עשויים לזרז את העין מעקב ומחקרשנועד לבחון ביטויים סימפטום מוקדם של ASD, אבל הם עשויים צפות ועולות גם קבוצות מחקר המעוניינים העין מעקב אחר ילדים צעירים באופן כללי, כולל 22 תינוקות, כמו גם ילדים עם נכויות התפתחותיות שאינם אוטיסטים. יתר על כן, החוקרים אולי כדאי לבנות על המלצות אלה על ידי שילוב של מעקב עיניים עם אמצעים פיזיולוגיים אחרים, כגון מוליכות, EEG עור גלווני ואת קצב הלב ניטור, כדי לספק פרופיל מקיפה יותר של התגובה psychobiological. הזמינות הגוברת של העין מערכות מעקב ניידים גם משפר את האפשרות להרחיב את המחקר של התנהגות המבט ASD אל בהקשרים יותר מבחינה אקולוגית, חוקיים, כולל אינטראקציה חברתית חיה. עיצובים חדשניים אלה צפוי לעלות ב פופולריות בשנים הקרובות.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם החומר </td><td> סוג </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td><td> הערה </td></tr><tr><td> Eye-Tracker </td><td> עצמאי השתקפות המערכת מבוססת הקרנית. Eye-Tracker משולב 24 &quot;TFT צג מסך רחב. רשומות בכל 60Hz. </td><td> Tobii </td><td> Tobii 60XL </td><td> שמוצג באיור 2. זהו אחד מספר מערכות המאפשרת תנועה הראש (במקרה זה, בתוך המרחב מעוקב של 40x20x27cm ממרחק של 60 ס&quot;מ, תוך שמירה על דיוק ממוצע של 0.5 ~ ° זווית ויזואלית). </td></tr><tr><td> Eye-Tracker Control Software </td><td></td><td> Tobii </td><td> Tobii סטודיו נ &#39;2.1.14 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ניתוח קיבוע תוכנית </td><td></td><td> Tobii </td><td> Tobii סטודיו נ &#39;2.1.14 </td><td> לסדרניתוח ation באיור 3 שנוצר באמצעות תוכנית זו. פלט באיור 4 שנוצר בתוכנה חיצונית. </td></tr></tbody></table>

eye tracking young children with autism

עלייה של נגישים העין מעקב מערכות מסחריות הזינה עלייה מהירה של השימוש בהם במחקר הפסיכולוגי והפסיכיאטרי. על ידי מתן אמצעי ישיר, מפורטת המטרה של התנהגות המבט, העין מעקב הפכה כלי חשוב לבחינת אסטרטגיות תפיסה חריגים בקרב אוכלוסיות קליניות נעשה שימוש כדי לזהות הפרעה ספציפיים המאפיינים 1, לקדם זיהוי מוקדם 2, ולהודיע ​​הטיפול 3 . בפרט, החוקרים של הפרעות הספקטרום האוטיסטי (ASD) נהנו שילוב העין מעקב לתוך פרדיגמות מחקר 4-7 שלהם. העין מעקב יש בעיקר שימשו במחקרים אלה לחשוף המנגנונים בבסיס הביצועים המשימה לקוי 8 ותפקוד המוח נורמלי 9, במיוחד במהלך עיבוד של מידע חברתי 1,10-11. בעוד ילדים גדולים ומבוגרים עם ASD מהווים יתרון של המחקר בתחום זה, העין מעקבעשוי להיות שימושי במיוחד ללימוד ילדים צעירים עם הפרעת כפי שהוא מציע כלי לא פולשנית להערכת וכימות מוקדם מתפתחות הפרעות התפתחותיות 2,12-13. יישום העין מעקב עם ילדים צעירים עם ASD, לעומת זאת, מזוהה עם מספר אתגרים ייחודיים, כולל בעיות התנהגות הנובעות תואם לדרישות משימה ספציפית והפרעה הקשורות שיקולים פסיכולוגיים. בפרוטוקול זה, אנו פירוט שיקולים מתודולוגיים לייעול מערכי מחקר, איסוף נתונים וניתוח פסיכומטרי תוך העין מעקב אחר ילדים צעירים עם ASD. ההמלצות הניתנים נועדו גם להיות רחב יותר ישים עין מעקב אחר ילדים עם נכויות התפתחותיות אחרות. על ידי מתן הנחיות שיטות העבודה הטובות ביותר באזורים אלה בהתבסס על לקחים שהפיק מהעבודה שלנו, אנו מקווים לסייע לחוקרים אחרים לעשות תכנון מחקר קול אפשרויות ניתוח תוך הימנעות ממכשולים נפוצים שיכולים לסכן את הנתוניםהרכישה תוך העין מעקב אחר ילדים צעירים עם קשיים התפתחותיים עם ASD או אחר.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism at JoVE.com

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

מעקב עיניים מזה זמן רב בשימוש ללמוד דפוסי המבט אצל אנשים בדרך כלל, פיתוח, אבל הפיתוחים הטכנולוגיים האחרונים הפכו את השימוש בו עם אוכלוסיות קליניות, כולל אוטיזם, ריאלי יותר. בעוד העין מעקב ילדים צעירים עם אוטיזם יכולים להציע תובנה ביטוי הסימפטומים המוקדמים, מדובר אתגרים מתודולוגיים. הצעות מומלצות מסופקים.

מעקב עיניים ילדים צעירים עם אוטיזם

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

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Medicine

45.1K Views.  University of Texas at Dallas. מעקב עיניים מזה זמן רב בשימוש ללמוד דפוסי המבט אצל אנשים בדרך כלל, פיתוח, אבל הפיתוחים הטכנולוגיים האחרונים הפכו את השימוש בו עם אוכלוסיות קליניות, כולל אוטיזם, ריאלי יותר. בעוד העין מעקב ילדים צעירים עם אוטיזם יכולים להציע תובנה ביטוי הסימפטומים המוקדמים, מדובר...

Video: Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

Magnetic Resonance Derived Myocardial Strain Assessment Using Feature Tracking

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF. Current technologies for CMR are time consuming and difficult to implement in clinical practice. Feature tracking is a technology that can lead to more automization and robustness of quantitative analysis of medical images with less time consumption than comparable methods.
Methods: An automatic or manual input in a single phase serves as an initialization from which the system starts to track the displacement of individual patterns representing anatomical structures over time. The specialty of this method is that the images do not need to be manipulated in any way beforehand like e.g. tagging of CMR images.
Results: The method is very well suited for tracking muscular tissue and with this allowing quantitative elaboration of myocardium and also blood flow.
Conclusions: This new method offers a robust and time saving procedure to quantify myocardial tissue and blood with displacement, velocity and deformation parameters on regular sequences of CMR imaging. It therefore can be implemented in clinical practice.

An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF.

תהודה מגנטית נגזר מסננים הערכה שריר הלב באמצעות מעקב אחר תכונות

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that ...

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral symptoms displayed by individuals with autism. While structural neuroimaging findings have provided some insights into brain abnormalities in autism, the consistency of such findings is questionable. Functional neuroimaging, on the other hand, has been more fruitful in this regard because autism is a disorder of dynamic processing and allows examination of communication between cortical networks, which appears to be where the underlying problem occurs in autism. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal correlation of spatially separate neurological events1. Findings from a number of recent fMRI studies have supported the idea that there is weaker coordination between different parts of the brain that should be working together to accomplish complex social or language problems2,3,4,5,6. One of the mysteries of autism is the coexistence of deficits in several domains along with relatively intact, sometimes enhanced, abilities. Such complex manifestation of autism calls for a global and comprehensive examination of the disorder at the neural level. A compelling recent account of the brain functioning in autism, the cortical underconnectivity theory,2,7 provides an integrating framework for the neurobiological bases of autism. The cortical underconnectivity theory of autism suggests that any language, social, or psychological function that is dependent on the integration of multiple brain regions is susceptible to disruption as the processing demand increases. In autism, the underfunctioning of integrative circuitry in the brain may cause widespread underconnectivity. In other words, people with autism may interpret information in a piecemeal fashion at the expense of the whole. Since cortical underconnectivity among brain regions, especially the frontal cortex and more posterior areas 3,6, has now been relatively well established, we can begin to further understand brain connectivity as a critical component of autism symptomatology.
A logical next step in this direction is to examine the anatomical connections that may mediate the functional connections mentioned above. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a relatively novel neuroimaging technique that helps probe the diffusion of water in the brain to infer the integrity of white matter fibers. In this technique, water diffusion in the brain is examined in several directions using diffusion gradients. While functional connectivity provides information about the synchronization of brain activation across different brain areas during a task or during rest, DTI helps in understanding the underlying axonal organization which may facilitate the cross-talk among brain areas. This paper will describe these techniques as valuable tools in understanding the brain in autism and the challenges involved in this line of research.

Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging have become increasingly useful in characterizing the cognitive and neural deficits in autism. An examination of brain connectivity in autism at a network level along with adaptations for scanning children with developmental disabilities is presented.

לחקור את המוח באוטיזם באמצעות fMRI ו דימות מותח דיפוזי

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral ...

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

One of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty with language and communication.1 Children with ASD's onset of speaking is usually delayed, and many children with ASD consistently produce language less frequently and of lower lexical and grammatical complexity than their typically developing (TD) peers.6,8,12,23 However, children with ASD also exhibit a significant social deficit, and researchers and clinicians continue to debate the extent to which the deficits in social interaction account for or contribute to the deficits in language production.5,14,19,25
Standardized assessments of language in children with ASD usually do include a comprehension component; however, many such comprehension tasks assess just one aspect of language (e.g., vocabulary),5 or include a significant motor component (e.g., pointing, act-out), and/or require children to deliberately choose between a number of alternatives. These last two behaviors are known to also be challenging to children with ASD.7,12,13,16
We present a method which can assess the language comprehension of young typically developing children (9-36 months) and children with autism.2,4,9,11,22 This method, Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (P-IPL), projects side-by-side video images from a laptop onto a portable screen. The video images are paired first with a 'baseline' (nondirecting) audio, and then presented again paired with a 'test' linguistic audio that matches only one of the video images. Children's eye movements while watching the video are filmed and later coded. Children who understand the linguistic audio will look more quickly to, and longer at, the video that matches the linguistic audio.2,4,11,18,22,26
This paradigm includes a number of components that have recently been miniaturized (projector, camcorder, digitizer) to enable portability and easy setup in children's homes. This is a crucial point for assessing young children with ASD, who are frequently uncomfortable in new (e.g., laboratory) settings. Videos can be created to assess a wide range of specific components of linguistic knowledge, such as Subject-Verb-Object word order, wh-questions, and tense/aspect suffixes on verbs; videos can also assess principles of word learning such as a noun bias, a shape bias, and syntactic bootstrapping.10,14,17,21,24 Videos include characters and speech that are visually and acoustically salient and well tolerated by children with ASD.

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

A reliable home-based way to assess the language comprehension of very young typically developing children, as well as those with autism, is described. The method analyzes children's eye gaze while viewing side-by-side images but hearing an audio that matches only one image. Stimuli are designed with young participants in mind.

(IPL) ניידת intermodal מחפש מועדפת: הבנת חקירה בשפת פיתוח פעוטות וילדים בגיל רך עם אוטיזם בדרך כלל

One  of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty  with language and communication.1  Children with ASD's onset of ...

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction (NeMO) in Female Small Rodents

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) has a high prevalence, causes significant patient burden, and immense health care costs. The most common animal model to investigate bladder remodeling in pBOO are female rodents undergoing partial obstruction at the proximal urethra. Variability in the degree of obstruction and animal mortality are major concerns with proximal obstruction. Furthermore, dissecting around the proximal urethra and bladder neck jeopardizes bladder innervation.
We developed a nerve-sparing mid-urethral obstruction (NeMO) model for pBOO avoiding the disadvantages of the traditional model. We approached the urethra just inferior to the pubic symphysis, which obviated the need for laparotomy as well as for dissection in this area; also, the striated urethral sphincter remained untouched. We performed NeMO in female Sprague-Dawley rats (12 obstructions, 6 sham animals) as well as in female C57/bl6 mice (20 obstructions, 18 sham animals). After two weeks, we evaluated bladder function, bladder mass, and body mass.
We had no mortalities among obstructed- or sham-operated female rats; as described for the traditional proximal pBOO-method, we tied the suture around the proximal urethra and a temporarily placed 0.9 mm metal rod. NeMO induced an 85% increase in bladder mass after two weeks, average residual urine volume was 0.4 mL in partially obstructed rats while only 0.03 mL in sham animals. In mice, we tested 3 sizes of cannulas that we placed along the urethra when tying the suture. We found that using a 27-gauge cannula resulted in over 50% animal mortality; placing the 25-gauge cannula did not yield the desired response in increasing bladder mass; utilizing a 26-gauge cannula yielded favorable results with minimal animal mortality (1/8) yet a significant 2-fold increase in bladder mass.

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

Traditional modeling of partial bladder outlet obstruction in rodents is fraught with animal mortality. A denervation injury from dissection around the proximal urethra and bladder neck is also of major concern. We developed and evaluated a safe and reliable mid-urethral obstruction model, avoiding the shortcomings of the traditional model.

עצב-מקמץ חסימת אמצע שופכה (Nemo) ב הנקבה קטנה מכרסם

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) has a high prevalence, causes significant patient burden, and immense health care costs. The most common animal ...

Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

While the number of new treatment options tested in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is increasing, there is still no defining of the most reliable assessments regarding therapeutic efficacy. We present clinical and radiological outcome measures used in ambulatory patients participating in our trial &#34;Treatment with L-citrulline and metformin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#34;. The motor function measure is a validated test in patients with neuromuscular disorders that consists of 32 items and assesses all three dimensions of motor performance including standing and transfer (D1 subscore), axial and proximal motor function (D2 subscore), and distal motor function (D3 subscore). The test shows high intra- and inter-rater variability but only when strictly following guidelines of the materials, examination steps, and calculation of scores. The 6-minute walk test, timed 10-meter walk/run test, and supine-up time are commonly used timed functional tests that also sufficiently monitor changes in muscle function; however, they strongly depend on patient collaboration. Quantitative MRI is an objective and sensitive biomarker to detect subclinical changes, though the examination costs may be a reason for its limited use. In this study, a high correlation between all clinical assessments and quantitative MRI scans was found. The combinational use of these methods provides a better understanding about disease progression; however, longitudinal studies are needed to validate their reliability.

The aim of this study is to present the most reliable clinical outcome measures and their correlations with quantitative muscle MRI in ambulant patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

מדידות של המוטורית ופרמטרים אחרים התוצאה הקלינית בילדים מהיותו עם ניוון שרירים על שם דושן

While the number of new treatment options tested in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is increasing, there is still no defining of the most ...

Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and cone photoreceptor function as well as inner retinal function and is an important measure in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases as well as inflammatory, toxic, and nutritional retinopathies. Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid and reliable dark-adapted (scotopic) and light-adapted (photopic) ffERG responses. Performing ffERG in infants and children is challenging and often requires general anesthesia in the operating room. However, maintaining retinal dark adaptation in the operating room is becoming increasingly difficult given the numerous light sources from anesthesiology monitoring systems and other equipment. A practical and widely applicable method for ffERG testing is described in the operating room that optimizes retinal dark adaptation. The method reduces operating room time by dark-adapting the patient before general anesthesiology is instituted. The operating room is modified for dark adaptation and any remaining light source in the darkened operating room is minimized with the use of a modified portable foldable darkroom that encloses the patient&#8217;s head and the ERG examiner during ffERG scotopic recordings. The simple method adheres to ffERG international standards and provides valid reliable scotopic and photopic ffERG recordings that are critical to assess objective retinal function in this young age group where subjective assessment of visual function such as visual acuity and visual fields are not possible. Furthermore, the ffERG is the gold standard clinical test in detecting early onset inherited retinal diseases including Leber congenital amaurosis where approved gene therapy has become available. In sedated conditions, very low amplitude ffERG signals can be detected due to minimal orbicularis muscle activity interference, which is particularly relevant in patients after gene therapy to detect improved amplitude responses.

Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid full-field electroretinogram responses in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases. A practical protocol using a portable darkroom is provided to obtain full-field&#160;electroretinogram for infants and children under sedation or general anesthesia in the operating room setting.

הקלטת אלקטרורטינוגרם לתינוקות וילדים תחת הרדמה כדי להשיג הסתגלות כהה אופטימלית וסטנדרטים בינלאומיים

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and ...

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the clinical assessment of cardiovascular morphology and heart function. It is also the recognized standard-of-care for blood flow quantification based on phase contrast MRI. While such measurement of blood flow has been possible in adults for decades, methods to extend this capability to fetal blood flow have only recently been developed.
Fetal blood flow quantification in major vessels is important for monitoring fetal pathologies such as congenital heart disease (CHD) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). CHD causes alterations in the cardiac structure and vasculature that change the course of blood in the fetus. In FGR, the path of blood flow is altered through the dilation of shunts such that the oxygenated blood supply to the brain is increased. Blood flow quantification enables assessment of the severity of the fetal pathology, which in turn allows for suitable&#160;in utero&#160;patient management and planning for postnatal care.
The primary challenges of applying phase contrast MRI to the human fetus include small blood vessel size, high fetal heart rate, potential MRI data corruption due to maternal respiration, unpredictable fetal movements, and lack of conventional cardiac gating methods to synchronize data acquisition. Here, we describe recent technical developments from our lab that have enabled the quantification of fetal blood flow using phase contrast MRI, including advances in accelerated imaging, motion compensation, and cardiac gating.

Here we present a protocol for measuring fetal blood flow rapidly with MRI and retrospectively performing motion correction and cardiac gating.

כימות זרימת דם עוברי אנושי עם הדמיית תהודה מגנטית ופיצוי תנועה

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the clinical assessment of cardiovascular morphology and heart function. It is also the ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Assess Taste Detection Thresholds in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) Test

This paper describes a two-alternative, forced-choice, staircase, tracking procedure, called the Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) test, that provides a reliable measure of sweet, salty, and umami taste detection thresholds from childhood to adulthood. Advantages of the method include procedures that are identical for children and adults, thus allowing the determination of age-related and individual differences in taste perception, if any, and tasks that can be completed in a relatively short time frame, do not rely on continuous attention or require memorization, control for subjective response biases, and minimize the impact of language development. After a 1 hour fast, participants are presented with pairs of solutions; in each pair, one solution is water, and the other solution contains varying concentrations of the tastant.
Using a whole-mouth tasting method, participants taste each solution (without swallowing and with rinsing between tastings) and then point to the solution with a taste or that tastes different from water. The concentration of the stimulus in the subsequent pair increases after a single incorrect response and decreases after two consecutive correct responses. A reversal occurs when the concentration sequence changes direction. The task is deemed completed after the occurrence of four reversals, provided there are a maximum of two dilution steps between two successive reversals, and the series of reversals do not form an ascending pattern. These additional criteria ensure greater reliability in outcomes. The TDT is then calculated as the geometric mean of the concentrations of the four reversals. This method has real-world relevance as it provides information on a dimension of taste perception that is independent of hedonics, and that can change with aging and certain disease states, making it a valuable psychophysical test.

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Assess Taste Detection Thresholds in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The Taste Detection Threshold TDT Test

Psychophysical tools measure the functionality of the taste system for both research and health assessment purposes. This paper describes a method to measure taste detection thresholds that can determine the lowest concentration of sucrose, sodium chloride, or monosodium glutamate that can be tasted by individuals as young as 6 years.

שיטת מעקב פסיכופיזית להערכת סף זיהוי טעם אצל ילדים, מתבגרים ומבוגרים: מבחן סף זיהוי הטעם (TDT)

This paper describes a two-alternative, forced-choice, staircase, tracking procedure, called the Taste Detection Threshold (TDT) test, that provides a ...

תפקוד לקוי של בלוטת הדמעות הנגרמת על ידי סקופולמין בחולדות

A Rat Dry Eye Model with Lacrimal Gland Dysfunction Induced by Scopolamine

Aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) is a type of dry eye disease that can result in the reduction of tear secretion quantity and quality. Prolonged abnormal tear production can lead to a disturbance in the ocular surface environment, including corneal damage and inflammation. In severe cases, ADDE can cause vision loss or even blindness. Currently, dry eye treatment is limited to eye drops or physical therapy, which can only alleviate eye discomfort symptoms and cannot fundamentally cure dry eye syndrome. To restore the function of the lacrimal gland in dry eye, we have created an animal model of lacrimal gland dysfunction in rats induced by scopolamine. Through the comprehensive evaluation of the lacrimal gland, corneas, conjunctivas, and other factors, we aim to provide a full understanding of the pathological changes of ADDE. Compared with the current dry eye mouse model, this ADDE animal model includes a functional evaluation of the lacrimal gland, providing a better platform for studying lacrimal gland dysfunction in ADDE.

מחבר זרקור: אתגרים בפיתוח מודלים של בעלי חיים בעין יבשה וכיווני מחקר עתידיים

Here, we establish a rat model of lacrimal gland dysfunction to provide a basis for the study of aqueous-deficient dry eye.

מודל עין יבשה של חולדה עם תפקוד לקוי של בלוטת הדמעות המושרה על ידי סקופולמין

Aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) is a type of dry eye disease that can result in the reduction of tear secretion quantity and quality. Prolonged abnormal ...