המחברים מבקשים להודות ברוק Hjelm עבור המומחיות הטכנית שלה, אנדרו לארסן לניתוח החלבון שלו. עבודה זו מומנה בחלקה על ידי חלופות מחקר ופיתוח (MMHK) גרנט NIH מחלות המועברות במגע מיני NIAID ו microbicides מקומיים שיתופית מרכז המחקר IU19 AI062150-01 (MMHK). אנו בתודה להכיר ביולוגיה של רבייה לשימוש חוזר של דמויות.

<ol>
	<li>Herbst-Kralovetz, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+and+comparison+of+toll-like+receptor+expression+and+responsiveness+in+primary+and+immortalized+human+female+lower+genital+tract+epithelia.">Quantification and comparison of toll-like receptor expression and responsiveness in primary and immortalized human female lower genital tract epithelia.</a> Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 59 (3), 212-224 (2008).</li><li>Hjelm, B. E., Berta, A. N., Nickerson, C. A., Arntzen, C. J., Herbst-Kralovetz, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+a+three-dimensional+organotypic+human+vaginal+epithelial+cell+model.">Development and characterization of a three-dimensional organotypic human vaginal epithelial cell model.</a> Biol. Reprod. 82, 617-627 (2009).</li><li>Khaoustov, V. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+three-dimensional+assembly+of+human+liver+cells+by+simulated+microgravity.">Induction of three-dimensional assembly of human liver cells by simulated microgravity.</a> In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim. 35, 501-509 (1999).</li><li>Papadaki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+engineering+of+functional+cardiac+muscle:+molecular,+structural,+and+electrophysiological+studies.">Tissue engineering of functional cardiac muscle: molecular, structural, and electrophysiological studies.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 280, 168-178 (2001).</li><li>Ishikawa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstitution+of+hepatic+tissue+architectures+from+fetal+liver+cells+obtained+from+a+three-dimensional+culture+with+a+rotating+wall+vessel+bioreactor.">Reconstitution of hepatic tissue architectures from fetal liver cells obtained from a three-dimensional culture with a rotating wall vessel bioreactor.</a> J. Biosci. Bioeng. 111, 711-718 (2011).</li><li>Carvalho, H. M., Teel, L. D., Goping, G., O'Brien, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+tissue+culture+model+for+the+study+of+attach+and+efface+lesion+formation+by+enteropathogenic+and+enterohaemorrhagic+Escherichia+coli.">A three-dimensional tissue culture model for the study of attach and efface lesion formation by enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli.</a> Cell Microbiol. 7, 1771-1781 (2005).</li><li>Nickerson, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+tissue+assemblies:+novel+models+for+the+study+of+Salmonella+enterica+serovar+Typhimurium+pathogenesis.">Three-dimensional tissue assemblies: novel models for the study of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenesis.</a> Infection and Immunity. 69, 7106-7120 (2001).</li><li>Honer zu Bentrup, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+organotypic+models+of+human+colonic+epithelium+to+study+the+early+stages+of+enteric+salmonellosis.">Three-dimensional organotypic models of human colonic epithelium to study the early stages of enteric salmonellosis.</a> Microbes Infect. 8, 1813-1825 (2006).</li><li>Carterson, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A549+lung+epithelial+cells+grown+as+three-dimensional+aggregates:+alternative+tissue+culture+model+for+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+pathogenesis.">A549 lung epithelial cells grown as three-dimensional aggregates: alternative tissue culture model for Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis.</a> Infection and Immunity. 73, 1129-1140 (2005).</li><li>Smith, Y. C., Grande, K. K., Rasmussen, S. B., O'Brien, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+three-dimensional+organoid+model+for+evaluation+of+the+interaction+of+uropathogenic+Escherichia+coli+with+terminally+differentiated+human+urothelial+cells.">Novel three-dimensional organoid model for evaluation of the interaction of uropathogenic Escherichia coli with terminally differentiated human urothelial cells.</a> Infection and Immunity. 74, 750-757 (2006).</li><li>Sainz, B., TenCate, V., Uprichard, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+Huh7+cell+culture+system+for+the+study+of+Hepatitis+C+virus+infection.">Three-dimensional Huh7 cell culture system for the study of Hepatitis C virus infection.</a> Virol J. 6, 103 (2009).</li><li>Duray, P. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasion+of+human+tissue+ex+vivo+by+Borrelia+burgdorferi.">Invasion of human tissue ex vivo by Borrelia burgdorferi.</a> J. Infect Dis. 191, 1747-1754 (2005).</li><li>Margolis, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphocyte+trafficking+and+HIV+infection+of+human+lymphoid+tissue+in+a+rotating+wall+vessel+bioreactor.">Lymphocyte trafficking and HIV infection of human lymphoid tissue in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor.</a> AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 13, 1411-1420 (1997).</li><li>Reed, L. J., Muench, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+of+estimating+fifty+percent+endpoints.">A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints.</a> Am. J. Hyg. 27, 493-497 (1938).</li><li>Beer, B. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+preclinical+testing+of+nonoxynol-9+as+potential+anti-human+immunodeficiency+virus+microbicide:+a+retrospective+analysis+of+results+from+five+laboratories.">In vitro preclinical testing of nonoxynol-9 as potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus microbicide: a retrospective analysis of results from five laboratories.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 50, 713-723 (2006).</li><li>Hickey, D. K., Patel, M. V., Fahey, J. V., Wira, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+and+adaptive+immunity+at+mucosal+surfaces+of+the+female+reproductive+tract:+stratification+and+integration+of+immune+protection+against+the+transmission+of+sexually+transmitted+infections.">Innate and adaptive immunity at mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract: stratification and integration of immune protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.</a> J. Reprod. Immunol. 88, 185-194 (2011).</li><li>Andersch-Bjorkman, Y., Thomsson, K. A., Holmen Larsson, J. M., Ekerhovd, E., Hansson, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+scale+identification+of+proteins,+mucins,+and+their+O-glycosylation+in+the+endocervical+mucus+during+the+menstrual+cycle.">Large scale identification of proteins, mucins, and their O-glycosylation in the endocervical mucus during the menstrual cycle.</a> Mol. Cell Proteomics. 6, 708-716 (2007).</li><li>Barrila, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+cell+culture+models:+Innovative+platforms+for+studying+host-pathogen+interactions.">3D cell culture models: Innovative platforms for studying host-pathogen interactions.</a> Nature Reviews Microbiology. 8, 791-801 (2010).</li><li>Vamvakidou, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneous+breast+tumoroids:+An+in+vitro+assay+for+investigating+cellular+heterogeneity+and+drug+delivery.">Heterogeneous breast tumoroids: An in vitro assay for investigating cellular heterogeneity and drug delivery.</a> J. Biomol Screen. 12, 13-20 (2007).</li><li>Jin, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+three-dimensional+tissue-engineered+bone+constructs+under+microgravity-simulated+conditions.">Establishment of three-dimensional tissue-engineered bone constructs under microgravity-simulated conditions.</a> Artif Organs. 34, 118-125 (2010).</li><li>Vertrees, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+three-dimensional+model+of+lung+cancer+using+cultured+transformed+lung+cells.">Development of a three-dimensional model of lung cancer using cultured transformed lung cells.</a> Cancer Biol Ther. 8, 356-365 (2009).</li><li>Hwang, Y. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+murine+embryonic+stem+cells,+alginate+encapsulation,+and+rotary+microgravity+bioreactor+in+bone+tissue+engineering.">The use of murine embryonic stem cells, alginate encapsulation, and rotary microgravity bioreactor in bone tissue engineering.</a> Biomaterials. 30, 499-507 (2009).</li><li>Pei, M., He, F., Kish, V. L., Vunjak-Novakovic, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+of+functional+cartilage+tissue+using+stem+cells+from+synovial+lining:+a+preliminary+study.">Engineering of functional cartilage tissue using stem cells from synovial lining: a preliminary study.</a> Clin. Orthop Relat. Res. 466, 1880-1889 (2008).</li></ol>

החוקרים אין לי מה לחשוף.

ניצול הטכנולוגיה bioreactor RWV המוצג כאן עשוי לספק לחוקרים את היכולת לקדם את התרבות המערכת הנוכחית שלהם התא מודל רלוונטי יותר מבחינה פיזיולוגית תא organotypic התרבות. תא bioreactor RWV מערכת התרבות מספקת microenvironment גזירה נמוך המאפשר לתאים ליצירת אגרגטים הסלולר 3-D עם in vivo, כמו מאפי?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם מגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td><td> תגובות </td></tr><tr><td> Alexa פלואוריד 488 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A21131 </td><td> השתמשו ב דילול 1:500 </td></tr><tr><td> FACSDiva </td><td> BD </td><td></td><td> תזרים cytometer </td></tr><tr><td> β-tublin נוגדן </td><td> Calbiochem </td><td> 654162 </td><td> השתמשו בדילול 1:5000 </td></tr><tr><td> Bio-Plex 2000 </td><td> BioRad </td><td> 171-000205 </td><td> V5 תוכנה </td></tr><tr><td> Bioreactor ורכיבים </td><td> Synthecon </td><td> RCCS-4 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> תא מסננת </td><td> BD פלקון </td><td> 352340 </td><td> גודל הנקבוביות 40μm </td></tr><tr><td> צינור חרוטי (50 מ&quot;ל) </td><td> קורנינג </td><td> 5-538-60 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Coverslips </td><td> VWR </td><td> 48366067 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> חרוזים ציטוקינים מערך ערכות </td><td> BioRad </td><td> ערכת האדם מותאם אישית </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cytodex חרוזים </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> C3275 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DPBS </td><td> Gibco </td><td> 14190 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EDTA </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> ED-500 גרם </td><td> Ethylenediaminetetraacetic חומצה </td></tr><tr><td> נוגדן ספציפי אפיתל (ESA) </td><td> Chemicon </td><td> CBL251 </td><td> השתמשו בדילול 1:50 </td></tr><tr><td> העובר שור סרום (FBS) </td><td> Gibco </td><td> 10438 </td><td> מומת חום </td></tr><tr><td> הארוו (חד פעמי) </td><td> Synthecon </td><td> D-405 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מימן כלורי </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> 258148 </td><td> 37% </td></tr><tr><td> Involucrin נוגדן </td&gt; <td> סיגמא </td><td> אני 9018 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מיקרוסקופ שקופיות </td><td> VWR </td><td> 16004-368 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MTT מגיב </td><td> MP Biomedicals, LLC </td><td> 194592 </td><td> 3 - (4,5-Dimethylthiazolyl 1-2) -2,5-Diphenyl ברומיד Tetrazolium </td></tr><tr><td> MUC1 נוגדנים (מיקרוסקופ) </td><td> סנטה קרוז </td><td> SC-7313 </td><td> השתמשו בדילול 1:50 </td></tr><tr><td> MUC1 נוגדנים (cytometry זרימה) </td><td> BD Pharmingen </td><td> 559774 </td><td> נקרא גם CD227, השתמש 20μL לכל מבחן </td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldehyde </td><td> מיקרוסקופית אלקטרונים למדעים </td><td> 15710 </td><td> מדולל ל -4% ב DPBS </td></tr><tr><td> צלחת פטרי (קטן) </td><td> BD פלקון </td><td> 353002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> פוליסטירן צינור עם פילטר </td><td> BD פלקון </td><td> 352235 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td&gt; זרימת פוליסטירן צינור </td><td> BD פלקון </td><td> 352058 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> יחסי ציבור נוגדן </td><td> DAKO </td><td> M3569 </td><td> השתמשו ב דילול 1:100 </td></tr><tr><td> להאריך זהב </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> P36931 </td><td> התקשורת גובר עם DAPI </td></tr><tr><td> ערכת RNeasy מיני </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 74903 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dodecyl נתרן גופרתי </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> 71725 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> עיקור כיס </td><td> VWR </td><td> 11213-035 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> והברזים למיניהם (חד כיווני) </td><td> Medex </td><td> MX5061L </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מזרק (10 מ&quot;ל) </td><td> BD </td><td> 309604 </td><td> Luer נעילת קצה </td></tr><tr><td> מזרק (5 מ&quot;ל) </td><td> BD </td><td> 309603 </td><td> Luer נעילת קצה </td></tr><tr><td> Trypan כחול </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td>T10282 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vp5 נוגדן </td><td> סנטה קרוז </td><td> SC-13525 </td><td> HSV-2 Clone נוגדנים 6F10, המשמש בדילול 1:5000 </td></tr></tbody></table>

culturing and applications of rotating wall vessel bioreactor derived 3d epithelial cell models

תאים ורקמות של הגוף את הניסיון תנאים סביבתיים המשפיעים על הארכיטקטורה שלהם, תקשורת אינטר, פונקציות הכוללות. עבור בתרבות מודלים חוץ גופית סלולריים לחקות במדויק את הרקמה של עניין, את הסביבה הצמיחה של התרבות היא היבט חשוב לשקול. נפוץ קונבנציונאלי תרבות להפיץ מערכות תא מתאי אפיתל שטוחים על משטחים בלתי חדירים דו מימדי (2-D). למרות שדברים רבים נלמדו ממערכות התרבות תאים רגילים, ממצאים רבים אינם לשחזור ניסויים קליניים בבני אדם או explants רקמות, פוטנציאל כתוצאה מחוסר microenvironment רלוונטי מבחינה פיזיולוגית. כאן אנו מתארים מערכת תרבות מתגבר רבים של מצב גבולות התרבות של 2-D בתרביות תאים, באמצעות כלי חדשני מסתובב הקיר (RWV) טכנולוגיה bioreactor. אנחנו ואחרים הראו כי organotypic RWV הנגזרות מודלים יכול לסכם structur, פונקציה E, תגובות אנושי אמיתי לגירויים חיצוניים דומה לרקמות explant אדם 1-6. Bioreactor RWV היא תרבות ההשעיה מערכת המאפשרת צמיחה של תאים אפיתל תחת תנאים גזירה נמוכים פיסיולוגיות נוזל. Bioreactors מגיעים בשני פורמטים שונים, כלי גבוהה היבט מסתובב (הארוו) או כלי שיט איטי מפנה לרוחב (STLV), שבו הם נבדלים זה מזה על ידי מקור אוורור שלהם. בתאי אפיתל מתווספים bioreactor הבחירה בשילוב עם נקבוביים, קולגן מצופים חרוזים microcarrier (איור 1 א). התאים לנצל את החרוזים כמו צמיחה פיגום בסתיו חינם קבוע bioreactor (1B איור). Microenvironment מסופק על ידי bioreactor מאפשר לתאים כדי ליצור אגרגטים תלת ממדי (3-D) הצגת in vivo, כמו מאפיינים בדרך כלל לא נצפתה על פי תקן 2-D התנאים תרבות 1D (איור). מאפיינים אלה כוללים צמתים הדוקים, MUCלנו ייצור, הפסגה / הבסיס אוריינטציה, בלוקליזציה חלבון vivo, וגם נוספות אפיתל לתא מסוג מאפיינים ספציפיים. התקדמות מ monolayer של תאים אפיתל לצבור 3-D הבדיל באופן מלא משתנה בהתאם לסוג התא 1, 7-13. הדגימה מעת לעת bioreactor מאפשרת ניטור של היווצרות המצרפי אפיתל, סמנים התמיינות ועל הכדאיות (1D איור). לאחר התמיינות היווצרות המצרפי הוא הוקם, התאים נקצרים מן bioreactor, ואת מבחני דומה שבוצעה על 2-D תאים יכול להיות מיושם על המצרפים 3-D עם כמה שיקולים (איור 1E-G). בעבודה זו אנו מתארים שלבים מפורטים של איך תרבות 3-D אגרגטים תא אפיתל במערכת bioreactor RWV ועוד מגוון של מבחני וניתוחים פוטנציאליים כי ניתן לבצע עם 3-D אגרגטים. ניתוחים אלה כוללים, אך לא רק, מבני / מ &#39;ניתוח orphological (confocal, סריקה מיקרוסקופית אלקטרונים הילוכים), ציטוקינים / chemokine הפרשת ו איתות תא (מערך חרוז cytometric וניתוח כתם המערבי), ביטוי גנים ניתוח (בזמן אמת PCR), טוקסיקולוגית / סמים או ניתוח אינטראקציות בין מאכסן לפתוגן. ניצול של מבחני אלה להגדיר את הבסיס מחקרים מפורטים יותר ורחבה כמו metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics ועוד מגוון יישומים מבוססי. המטרה שלנו היא להציג לא קונבנציונאלי באמצעות תאים אנושיים culturing אפיתל לייצר organotypic 3-D מודלים לשחזר האנושי ברקמה vivo, במערכת קליל וחזק לשימוש על ידי חוקרים בעלי אינטרסים מדעיים שונים.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Culturing and Applications of Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Derived 3D Epithelial Cell Models at JoVE.com

Culturing and Applications of Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Derived 3D Epithelial Cell Models

תרבות מסתובב בתא מערכת המאפשר לתאי האפיתל לצמוח בתנאים פיסיולוגיים וכתוצאה מכך היווצרות 3 D-המצרפי הסלולרי המתואר. מצרפים את התצוגה באופן<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; כמו מאפיינים לא נצפתה מודלים תרבות קונבנציונליים ולשמש מערכת מדויקת יותר מודל organotypic עבור מספר רב של מחקרים מדעיים.

Culturing ויישומים של סיבוב bioreactor וול כלי נגזר מודלים 3D תא אפיתל

Cells and tissues in the body experience environmental conditions that influence their architecture, intercellular communications, and overall functions. ...

culturing-applications-rotating-wall-vessel-bioreactor-derived-3d

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

26.1K Views.  University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix. תרבות מסתובב בתא מערכת המאפשר לתאי האפיתל לצמוח בתנאים פיסיולוגיים וכתוצאה מכך היווצרות 3 D-המצרפי הסלולרי המתואר. מצרפים את התצוגה באופן In vivo כמו מאפיינים לא נצפתה מודלים תרבות קונבנציונליים ולשמש מערכת מדויקת יותר מודל organotypic עבור מספר רב של מחקרים מד?...

Video: Culturing and Applications of Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Derived 3D Epithelial Cell Models

Absolute Quantum Yield Measurement of Powder Samples

Measurement of fluorescence quantum yield has become an important tool in the search for new solutions in the development, evaluation, quality control and research of illumination, AV equipment, organic EL material, films, filters and fluorescent probes for bio-industry.
Quantum yield is calculated as the ratio of the number of photons absorbed, to the number of photons emitted by a material. The higher the quantum yield, the better the efficiency of the fluorescent material.
For the measurements featured in this video, we will use the Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer equipped with the Quantum Yield measuring accessory and Report Generator program. All the information provided applies to this system. 
Measurement of quantum yield in powder samples is performed following these steps:
<ol>
 <li>Generation of instrument correction factors for the excitation and emission monochromators. This is an important requirement for the correct measurement of quantum yield. It has been performed in advance for the full measurement range of the instrument and will not be shown in this video due to time limitations.</li>
 <li>Measurement of integrating sphere correction factors. The purpose of this step is to take into consideration reflectivity characteristics of the integrating sphere used for the measurements.</li>
 <li>Reference and Sample measurement using direct excitation and indirect excitation.</li>
 <li>Quantum Yield calculation using Direct and Indirect excitation. Direct excitation is when the sample is facing directly the excitation beam, which would be the normal measurement setup. However, because we use an integrating sphere, a portion of the emitted photons resulting from the sample fluorescence are reflected by the integrating sphere and will re-excite the sample, so we need to take into consideration indirect excitation. This is accomplished by measuring the sample placed in the port facing the emission monochromator, calculating indirect quantum yield and correcting the direct quantum yield calculation.</li>
 <li>Corrected quantum yield calculation.</li>
 <li>Chromaticity coordinates calculation using Report Generator program.</li>
</ol>
The Hitachi F-7000 Quantum Yield Measurement System offer advantages for this
application, as follows:
<ul>
 <li>High sensitivity (S/N ratio 800 or better RMS). Signal is the Raman band of water measured under the following conditions: Ex wavelength 350 nm, band pass Ex and Em 5 nm, response 2 sec), noise is measured at the maximum of the Raman peak. High sensitivity allows measurement of samples even with low quantum yield. Using this system we have measured quantum yields as low as 0.1 for a sample of salicylic acid and as high as 0.8 for a sample of magnesium tungstate.</li>
 <li>Highly accurate measurement with a dynamic range of 6 orders of magnitude allows for measurements of both sharp scattering peaks with high intensity, as well as broad fluorescence peaks of low intensity under the same conditions. </li>
 <li>High measuring throughput and reduced light exposure to the sample, due to a high scanning speed of up to 60,000 nm/minute and automatic shutter function. </li>
 <li>Measurement of quantum yield over a wide wavelength range from 240 to 800 nm.</li>
 <li>Accurate quantum yield measurements are the result of collecting instrument spectral response and integrating sphere correction factors before measuring the sample.</li>
 <li>Large selection of calculated parameters provided by dedicated and easy to use software.
</li>
</ul> 
During this video we will measure sodium salicylate in powder form which is known to have a quantum yield value of 0.4 to 0.5.

In this video we will demonstrate measuring and calculating absolute quantum yield and chromaticity coordinates directly in powder samples using the Hitachi F-7000 Quantum Yield Measuring System.

מדידה אבסולוטית קוונטית תשואה של דוגמאות אבקת

Measurement of fluorescence quantum yield has become an important tool in the search for new solutions in the development, evaluation, quality control and ...

A 3D System for Culturing Human Articular Chondrocytes in Synovial Fluid

Cartilage destruction is a central pathological feature of osteoarthritis, a leading cause of disability in the US. Cartilage in the adult does not regenerate very efficiently in vivo; and as a result, osteoarthritis leads to irreversible cartilage loss and is accompanied by chronic pain and immobility 1,2. Cartilage tissue engineering offers promising potential to regenerate and restore tissue function. This technology typically involves seeding chondrocytes into natural or synthetic scaffolds and culturing the resulting 3D construct in a balanced medium over a period of time with a goal of engineering a biochemically and biomechanically mature tissue that can be transplanted into a defect site in vivo 3-6. Achieving an optimal condition for chondrocyte growth and matrix deposition is essential for the success of cartilage tissue engineering. 
 In the native joint cavity, cartilage at the articular surface of the bone is bathed in synovial fluid. This clear and viscous fluid provides nutrients to the avascular articular cartilage and contains growth factors, cytokines and enzymes that are important for chondrocyte metabolism 7,8. Furthermore, synovial fluid facilitates low-friction movement between cartilaginous surfaces mainly through secreting two key components, hyaluronan and lubricin 9 10. In contrast, tissue engineered cartilage is most often cultured in artificial media. While these media are likely able to provide more defined conditions for studying chondrocyte metabolism, synovial fluid most accurately reflects the natural environment of which articular chondrocytes reside in.
 Indeed, synovial fluid has the advantage of being easy to obtain and store, and can often be regularly replenished by the body. Several groups have supplemented the culture medium with synovial fluid in growing human, bovine, rabbit and dog chondrocytes, but mostly used only low levels of synovial fluid (below 20&#37;) 11-25. While chicken, horse and human chondrocytes have been cultured in the medium with higher percentage of synovial fluid, these culture systems were two-dimensional 26-28. Here we present our method of culturing human articular chondrocytes in a 3D system with a high percentage of synovial fluid (up to 100&#37;) over a period of 21 days. In doing so, we overcame a major hurdle presented by the high viscosity of the synovial fluid. This system provides the possibility of studying human chondrocytes in synovial fluid in a 3D setting, which can be further combined with two other important factors (oxygen tension and mechanical loading) 29,30 that constitute the natural environment for cartilage to mimic the natural milieu for cartilage growth. Furthermore, This system may also be used for assaying synovial fluid activity on chondrocytes and provide a platform for developing cartilage regeneration technologies and therapeutic options for arthritis.

A 3D system of culturing human articular chondrocytes in high levels of synovial fluid is described. Synovial fluid reflects the most natural microenvironment for articular cartilage, and can be easily obtained and stored. This system thus can be used for studying cartilage regeneration and for screening therapeutics for treating arthritis.

מערכת 3D עבור chondrocytes culturing האדם במפרק של נוזל סינוביאלי

Cartilage destruction is a central pathological feature of osteoarthritis, a leading cause of disability in the US. Cartilage in the adult does not ...

Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I&middot;Cryo Kit

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies. Many of these valuable animals exist only as live animals, with no backup plan in case of emergency. Cryopreservation of embryos can provide this backup, but is costly, can be a lengthy procedure, and generally requires a large number of animals for success. Since the discovery that mouse sperm can be successfully cryopreserved with a basic cryoprotective agent (CPA) consisting of 18&#37; raffinose and 3&#37; skim milk, sperm cryopreservation has become an acceptable and cost-effective procedure for archiving, distributing and recovery of these valuable strains.
 Here we demonstrate a newly developed I&bull;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Sperm from five commonly-used strains of inbred mice were frozen using this kit and then recovered. Higher protection ratios of sperm motility (&gt; 60&#37;) and rapid progressive motility (&gt; 45&#37;) compared to the control (basic CPA) were seen for sperm frozen with this kit in 5 inbred mouse strains. Two cell stage embryo development after IVF with the recovered sperm was improved consistently in all 5 mouse strains examined. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 GM mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&bull;Cryo kit and later recovered by IVF.

Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I&amp;middot;Cryo Kit

Here we demonstrate the newly developed I&#x2022;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Two-cell stage embryo development with frozen-thawed sperm was improved consistently in 5 mouse strains with the use of this kit. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 genetically modified mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&#x2022;Cryo kit and later successfully recovered by IVF.

הזרע עכבר cryopreservation ושחזור באמצעות · אני cryo Kit

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies.  Many of these ...

Glycan Profiling of Plant Cell Wall Polymers using Microarrays

Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans which play an important role in the physiology and development of plants and provide the raw materials for human societies (e.g. wood, paper, textile and biofuel industries)1,2. However, understanding the biosynthesis and function of these components remains challenging.
Cell wall glycans are chemically and conformationally diverse due to the complexity of their building blocks, the glycosyl residues. These form linkages at multiple positions and differ in ring structure, isomeric or anomeric configuration, and in addition, are substituted with an array of non-sugar residues. Glycan composition varies in different cell and/or tissue types or even sub-domains of a single cell wall3. Furthermore, their composition is also modified during development1, or in response to environmental cues4.
In excess of 2,000 genes have Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans been predicted to be involved in cell wall glycan biosynthesis and modification in Arabidopsis5. However, relatively few of the biosynthetic genes have been functionally characterized 4,5. Reverse genetics approaches are difficult because the genes are often differentially expressed, often at low levels, between cell types6. Also, mutant studies are often hindered by gene redundancy or compensatory mechanisms to ensure appropriate cell wall function is maintained7. Thus novel approaches are needed to rapidly characterise the diverse range of glycan structures and to facilitate functional genomics approaches to understanding cell wall biosynthesis and modification.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)8,9 have emerged as an important tool for determining glycan structure and distribution in plants. These recognise distinct epitopes present within major classes of plant cell wall glycans, including pectins, xyloglucans, xylans, mannans, glucans and arabinogalactans. Recently their use has been extended to large-scale screening experiments to determine the relative abundance of glycans in a broad range of plant and tissue types simultaneously9,10,11.
Here we present a microarray-based glycan screening method called Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) (Figures 1 &amp; 2)10,11 that enables multiple samples (100 sec) to be screened using a miniaturised microarray platform with reduced reagent and sample volumes. The spot signals on the microarray can be formally quantified to give semi-quantitative data about glycan epitope occurrence. This approach is well suited to tracking glycan changes in complex biological systems12 and providing a global overview of cell wall composition particularly when prior knowledge of this is unavailable.

A technique called Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) for the characterisation of plant cell wall glycans is described. This method combines the specificity of monoclonal antibodies directed to defined glycan-epitopes with a miniature microarray analytical platform allowing screening of glycan occurrence in a broad range of biological contexts.

Profiling glycan של פולימרי דופן תא צמח באמצעות מערכים

Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans which play an important role in the physiology and development of plants and provide the ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

Culturing של אדם תאי אפיתל באף בממשק האוויר הנוזלי

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective isolation in culture. Recently, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we and other researchers prospectively identified and purified three subpopulations of multipotent precursor cells associated with the vasculature of human skeletal muscle. These three cell populations: myogenic endothelial cells (MECs), pericytes (PCs), and adventitial cells (ACs), are localized respectively to the three structural layers of blood vessels: intima, media, and adventitia. All of these human blood-vessel-derived stem cell (hBVSC) populations not only express classic MSC markers but also possess mesodermal developmental potentials similar to typical MSCs. Previously, MECs, PCs, and ACs have been isolated through distinct protocols and subsequently characterized in separate studies. The current isolation protocol, through modifications to the isolation process and adjustments in the selective cell surface markers, allows us to simultaneously purify all three hBVSC subpopulations by FACS from a single human muscle biopsy. This new method will not only streamline the isolation of multiple BVSC subpopulations but also facilitate future clinical applications of hBVSCs for distinct therapeutic purposes.

Blood vessels within human skeletal muscle harbor several multi-lineage precursor populations that are ideal for regenerative applications. This isolation method allows simultaneous purification of three multipotent precursor cell populations respectively from three structural layers of blood vessels: myogenic endothelial cells from intima, pericytes from media, and adventitial cells from adventitia.

בידוד של דם המופק מכולים multipotent מבשרים משרירי שלד אדם

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

הכתמה histochemical של<em&gt; Thaliana ארבידופסיס</em&gt; תא המשני בוול אלמנטים

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived-retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into a Large-eyed Model of Geographic Atrophy

Geographic atrophy (GA), the late stage of dry age-related macular degeneration is characterized by loss of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer, which leads to subsequent degeneration of vital retinal structures (e.g., photoreceptors) causing severe vision impairment. Similarly, RPE-loss and decrease in visual acuity is seen in long-term follow up of patients with advanced wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. Therefore, on the one hand, it is fundamental to efficiently derive RPE cells from an unlimited source that could serve as replacement therapy. On the other hand, it is important to assess the behavior and integration of the derived cells in a model of the disease entailing surgical and imaging methods as close as possible to those applied in humans. Here, we provide a detailed protocol based on our previous publications that describes the generation of a preclinical model of GA using the albino rabbit eye, for evaluation of the human embryonic stem cell derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (hESC-RPE) in a clinically relevant setting. Differentiated hESC-RPE are transplanted into naive eyes or eyes with NaIO3-induced GA-like retinal degeneration using a 25 G transvitreal pars plana technique. Evaluation of degenerated and transplanted areas is performed by multimodal high-resolution non-invasive real-time imaging.

Retinal pigment epithelial cells could serve as a cell-replacement therapy for the advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration. This protocol describes the generation of a large-eyed model of geographic atrophy and the subretinal transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells into this model of disease.

השתלת subretinal של תאי גזע עובריים אנושיים לתאי האפיתל של פיגמנט הרשתית נגזר למודל גדול-עיניים של אטרופיה גיאוגרפית

Geographic atrophy (GA), the late stage of dry age-related macular degeneration is characterized by loss of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer, ...

Application of Membrane and Cell Wall Selective Fluorescent Dyes for Live-Cell Imaging of Filamentous Fungi

The application of membrane and cell wall selective fluorescent dyes for live-cell imaging analyses of organelle dynamics in fungal cells started two decades ago and since then continues to contribute greatly to our understanding of the filamentous fungal lifestyle. This paper provides a practical guide for the utilization of the two membrane dyes FM 1-43 and FM 4-64 and the four cell wall stains Calcofluor White M2R, Solophenyl Flavine 7GFE 500, Pontamine Fast Scarlet 48 and Congo Red. The focus is on their low-dose application to ascertain artefact-free staining, their co-imaging properties, and their quantitative evaluation. The presented methods are applicable to all filamentous fungal samples that can be prepared in the described ways. The fundamental staining approaches can serve as starting points for adaptations to species that might require different cultivation conditions. First, biophysical and biochemical properties are reviewed as their understanding is essential for using these dyes as truly vital fluorescent stains. Secondly, step-by-step protocols are presented that detail the preparation of various fungal sample types for fluorescent live-cell imaging. Finally, example experiments illustrate different approaches to: (1) identify defects in the spatio-temporal organization of endocytosis in genetic mutants, (2) comparatively characterize shared and distinct co-localization of GFP-labeled target proteins in the endocytic pathway, (3) identify morphogenetic cell wall defects in a genetic mutant, and (4) monitor cell wall biogenesis in real time.

Vital fluorescent dyes are essential tools for live-cell imaging analyses in modern fungal cell biology. This paper details the application of established and lesser-known fluorescent dyes for tracking plasma membrane dynamics, endo-/exocytosis and cell wall morphogenesis in filamentous fungi.

יישום של ממברנה וקיר תא צבעי פלורסנט סלקטיבית עבור הדמיה בשידור חי התא של פטריות Filamentous

The application of membrane and cell wall selective fluorescent dyes for live-cell imaging analyses of organelle dynamics in fungal cells started two ...

3D Culturing of Organoids from the Intestinal Villi Epithelium Undergoing Dedifferentiation

Clonogenicity of organoids from the intestinal epithelium is attributed to the presence of stem cells therein. The mouse small intestinal epithelium is compartmentalized into crypts and villi: the stem and proliferating cells are confined to the crypts, whereas the villi epithelium contains only differentiated cells. Hence, the normal intestinal crypts, but not the villi, can give rise to organoids in 3D cultures. The procedure described here is applicable only to villus epithelium undergoing dedifferentiation leading to stemness. The method described uses the Smad4-loss-of-function:&#946;-catenin gain-of-function (Smad4KO:&#946;-cateninGOF) conditional mutant mouse. The mutation causes the intestinal villi to dedifferentiate and generate stem cells in the villi. Intestinal villi undergoing dedifferentiation are scraped off the intestine using glass slides, placed in a 70 &#181;m strainer and washed several times to filter out any loose cells or crypts prior to plating in BME-R1 matrix to determine their organoid-forming potential. Two main criteria were used to ensure that the resulting organoids were developed from the dedifferentiating villus compartment and not from the crypts: 1) microscopically evaluating&#160;the isolated villi to ensure absence of any tethered crypts, both before and after plating in the 3D matrix, and 2) monitoring the time course of organoid development from the villi. Organoid initiation from the villi occurs only two to five days after plating and appears irregularly shaped, whereas the crypt-derived organoids from the same intestinal epithelium are apparent within sixteen hours of plating and appear spherical. The limitation of the method, however, is that the number of organoids formed, and the time required for organoid initiation from the villi vary depending on the degree of dedifferentiation. Hence, depending upon the specificity of the mutation or the insult causing the dedifferentiation, the optimal stage at which villi can be harvested to assay their organoid forming potential, must be determined empirically.

The procedure describes isolation of the villi from the mouse intestinal epithelium undergoing dedifferentiation to determine their organoid forming potential.

פולחן תלת מימדי של אורגנוידים מאפיתל וילי במעיים העוברים דיפרנציה

Clonogenicity of organoids from the intestinal epithelium is attributed to the presence of stem cells therein. The mouse small intestinal epithelium is ...