Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Brooke Hjelm por sua perícia técnica e Larsen Andrew para a sua análise de proteínas. Este trabalho foi financiado em parte pela Alternativas de Pesquisa Fundação para o Desenvolvimento (MMHK) Grant eo NIH NIAID Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis e microbicidas tópicos Cooperativa Centro de Pesquisa IU19 AI062150-01 (MMHK). Agradecemos Biologia da Reprodução para a reutilização de números.

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A549+lung+epithelial+cells+grown+as+three-dimensional+aggregates:+alternative+tissue+culture+model+for+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+pathogenesis.">A549 lung epithelial cells grown as three-dimensional aggregates: alternative tissue culture model for Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis.</a> Infection and Immunity. 73, 1129-1140 (2005).</li><li>Smith, Y. C., Grande, K. K., Rasmussen, S. B., O'Brien, A. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasion+of+human+tissue+ex+vivo+by+Borrelia+burgdorferi.">Invasion of human tissue ex vivo by Borrelia burgdorferi.</a> J. Infect Dis. 191, 1747-1754 (2005).</li><li>Margolis, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphocyte+trafficking+and+HIV+infection+of+human+lymphoid+tissue+in+a+rotating+wall+vessel+bioreactor.">Lymphocyte trafficking and HIV infection of human lymphoid tissue in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor.</a> AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 13, 1411-1420 (1997).</li><li>Reed, L. J., Muench, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+of+estimating+fifty+percent+endpoints.">A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints.</a> Am. J. Hyg. 27, 493-497 (1938).</li><li>Beer, B. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+preclinical+testing+of+nonoxynol-9+as+potential+anti-human+immunodeficiency+virus+microbicide:+a+retrospective+analysis+of+results+from+five+laboratories.">In vitro preclinical testing of nonoxynol-9 as potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus microbicide: a retrospective analysis of results from five laboratories.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 50, 713-723 (2006).</li><li>Hickey, D. K., Patel, M. V., Fahey, J. V., Wira, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+and+adaptive+immunity+at+mucosal+surfaces+of+the+female+reproductive+tract:+stratification+and+integration+of+immune+protection+against+the+transmission+of+sexually+transmitted+infections.">Innate and adaptive immunity at mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract: stratification and integration of immune protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.</a> J. Reprod. Immunol. 88, 185-194 (2011).</li><li>Andersch-Bjorkman, Y., Thomsson, K. A., Holmen Larsson, J. M., Ekerhovd, E., Hansson, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+scale+identification+of+proteins,+mucins,+and+their+O-glycosylation+in+the+endocervical+mucus+during+the+menstrual+cycle.">Large scale identification of proteins, mucins, and their O-glycosylation in the endocervical mucus during the menstrual cycle.</a> Mol. Cell Proteomics. 6, 708-716 (2007).</li><li>Barrila, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+cell+culture+models:+Innovative+platforms+for+studying+host-pathogen+interactions.">3D cell culture models: Innovative platforms for studying host-pathogen interactions.</a> Nature Reviews Microbiology. 8, 791-801 (2010).</li><li>Vamvakidou, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneous+breast+tumoroids:+An+in+vitro+assay+for+investigating+cellular+heterogeneity+and+drug+delivery.">Heterogeneous breast tumoroids: An in vitro assay for investigating cellular heterogeneity and drug delivery.</a> J. Biomol Screen. 12, 13-20 (2007).</li><li>Jin, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+three-dimensional+tissue-engineered+bone+constructs+under+microgravity-simulated+conditions.">Establishment of three-dimensional tissue-engineered bone constructs under microgravity-simulated conditions.</a> Artif Organs. 34, 118-125 (2010).</li><li>Vertrees, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+three-dimensional+model+of+lung+cancer+using+cultured+transformed+lung+cells.">Development of a three-dimensional model of lung cancer using cultured transformed lung cells.</a> Cancer Biol Ther. 8, 356-365 (2009).</li><li>Hwang, Y. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+murine+embryonic+stem+cells,+alginate+encapsulation,+and+rotary+microgravity+bioreactor+in+bone+tissue+engineering.">The use of murine embryonic stem cells, alginate encapsulation, and rotary microgravity bioreactor in bone tissue engineering.</a> Biomaterials. 30, 499-507 (2009).</li><li>Pei, M., He, F., Kish, V. 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Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Utilização da tecnologia de bio-reactor RWV aqui apresentado pode fornecer investigadores com a capacidade para fazer avançar o seu sistema de cultura de células de corrente para um modelo de cultura mais fisiologicamente relevante organotípico célula. O bioreactor RWV sistema de cultura celular fornece um microambiente de baixo cisalhamento que permite que as células para formar 3-D agregados celulares in vivo com características semelhantes, incluindo junções apertadas, a produção de mucina, proce...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome do reagente </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentários </td></tr><tr><td> Alexa Fluor 488 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A21131 </td><td> Usado na diluição 1:500 </td></tr><tr><td> FACSDiva </td><td> BD </td><td></td><td> Citômetro de fluxo </td></tr><tr><td> β-tublin anticorpo </td><td> Calbiochem </td><td> 654162 </td><td> Usado na diluição 1:5000 </td></tr><tr><td> Bio-Plex 2000 </td><td> BioRad </td><td> 171-000205 </td><td> v5 software </td></tr><tr><td> Bioreactor e componentes </td><td> Synthecon </td><td> CCRs-4 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Coador celular </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 352340 </td><td> Tamanho de poro 40μm </td></tr><tr><td> Tubo cónico (50 mL) </td><td> Corning </td><td> 5-538-60 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Lamelas </td><td> VWR </td><td> 48366067 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kits de citocinas talão de matriz </td><td> BioRad </td><td> Kit humano personalizado </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Contas Cytodex </td><td> Sigma </td><td> C3275 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DPBS </td><td> Gibco </td><td> 14190 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EDTA </td><td> Sigma </td><td> ED-500G </td><td> Ácido etilenodiaminotetracético </td></tr><tr><td> Anticorpo específico epitelial (ESA) </td><td> Chemicon </td><td> CBL251 </td><td> Usado na diluição 1:50 </td></tr><tr><td> Soro fetal de bovino (FBS) </td><td> Gibco </td><td> 10438 </td><td> Inactivado pelo calor </td></tr><tr><td> HARV (descartável) </td><td> Synthecon </td><td> D-405 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ácido clorídrico </td><td> Sigma </td><td> 258148 </td><td> 37% </td></tr><tr><td> Anticorpo involucrina </td&gt; <td> Sigma </td><td> I 9018 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Lâminas de microscópio </td><td> VWR </td><td> 16004-368 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Reagente MTT </td><td> MP Biomedicals, LLC </td><td> 194592 </td><td> 3 - (4,5-Dimethylthiazolyl 1-2) -2,5-difenil tetrazólio </td></tr><tr><td> MUC1 anticorpo (microscopia) </td><td> Santa Cruz </td><td> Sc-7313 </td><td> Usado na diluição 1:50 </td></tr><tr><td> MUC1 anticorpo (citometria de fluxo) </td><td> BD Pharmingen </td><td> 559774 </td><td> Também chamado de CD227, use 20 uL por teste </td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldeído </td><td> Electron Microscopy Sciences </td><td> 15710 </td><td> Diluído a 4% em DPBS </td></tr><tr><td> Placa de Petri (pequenos) </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 353002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tubo de poliestireno com filtro </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 352235 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td&gt; Tubo de fluxo de poliestireno </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 352058 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PR anticorpo </td><td> DAKO </td><td> M3569 </td><td> Usado na diluição 1:100 </td></tr><tr><td> Prolongar Ouro </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> P36931 </td><td> Meios de montagem com DAPI </td></tr><tr><td> Kit Mini RNeasy </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 74903 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dodecil sulfato de sódio </td><td> Sigma </td><td> 71725 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bolsa de esterilização </td><td> VWR </td><td> 11213-035 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Torneiras (one-way) </td><td> Medex </td><td> MX5061L </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Seringa (10ml) </td><td> BD </td><td> 309604 </td><td> Luer-lock ponta </td></tr><tr><td> Seringa (5 mL) </td><td> BD </td><td> 309603 </td><td> Luer-lock ponta </td></tr><tr><td> Trypan Blue </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td>T10282 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> VP5 anticorpo </td><td> Santa Cruz </td><td> sc-13.525 </td><td> HSV-2 de anticorpo Clone 6F10; usado em 1:5000 diluição </td></tr></tbody></table>

culturing and applications of rotating wall vessel bioreactor derived 3d epithelial cell models

Células e tecidos nas condições corporais experiência ambientais que influenciam sua arquitetura, comunicação intercelular e funções gerais. Para nos modelos de cultura in vitro de células com precisão imitar o tecido de interesse, o ambiente de crescimento da cultura é um aspecto crítico a considerar. Comumente utilizados sistemas de cultura de células convencionais propagar células epiteliais em planos bidimensionais (2-D) superfícies impermeáveis. Embora muito tenha sido aprendido a partir de sistemas de cultivo convencional de células, muitos achados não são reprodutíveis em ensaios clínicos humanos ou explantes de tecido, potencialmente como um resultado da falta de um microambiente fisiologicamente relevante. Aqui, nós descrevemos um sistema de cultura que ultrapassa muitas das fronteiras de cultura de condição de 2-D culturas de células, usando o inovador rotativa parede do vaso (RWV) tecnologia bioreactor. Nós e outros mostraram que organotípicas RWV derivados modelos podem recapitular estruturaçãofunção e, autênticos e respostas humanas a estímulos externos de forma semelhante aos tecidos humanos explante 1-6. O bioreactor RWV é um sistema de cultura em suspensão que permite o crescimento de células epiteliais sob baixas condições de cisalhamento de fluidos fisiológicos. Os biorreactores vêm em dois formatos diferentes, uma alta aspecto recipiente rotativo (HARV) ou de um navio lento-girando lateral (STLV), em que diferem pela sua fonte de arejamento. As células epiteliais são adicionados ao bioreactor de escolha em combinação com colagénio grânulos porosos, revestidos microcarregador (Figura 1A). As células utilizam os talões como um crescimento andaime durante a queda livre constante no bioreactor (Figura 1B). O microambiente fornecido pelo bioreactor permite que as células para formar agregados tridimensionais (3-D) exibem in vivo características semelhantes muitas vezes não observada sob a norma 2-D condições de cultura (Figura 1D). Estas características incluem junções, MUCnos de produção, apical / basal orientação, in vivo de localização de proteínas, e adicionais epiteliais célula do tipo de propriedades específicas. A progressão de uma monocamada de células epiteliais para um totalmente diferenciados agregado 3-D varia dependendo do tipo de célula 1, 7-13. Amostragem periódica do bioreactor permite a monitorização da formação de agregado epitelial, marcadores de diferenciação celular e viabilidade (Figura 1D). Uma vez que a diferenciação celular e formação de agregados é estabelecida, as células são colhidas a partir do biorreactor, e ensaios semelhantes realizadas em 2-D células pode ser aplicado aos agregados 3-D com algumas considerações (Figura 1E-G). Neste trabalho, nós descrevemos passos detalhados de como a cultura em 3-D agregados de células epiteliais no sistema de bioreactor de RWV e uma variedade de ensaios e análises potenciais que podem ser executados com os agregados 3-D. Estas análises incluem, mas não estão limitados a, estruturais / manálise orphological (confocal, varredura e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão), citocina / quimiocina secreção e sinalização celular por citometria de talão (matriz e análise de Western blot), análise de expressão gênica (PCR em tempo real), toxicológicas / droga análise e agentes patogénicos. A utilização destes ensaios definir as bases para estudos mais aprofundados e expansivo como metabolômica, transcriptômica, proteômica e outras baseadas em arrays aplicações. Nosso objetivo é apresentar meios não-convencionais de cultivo de células epiteliais humanas para produzir organotípicas modelos 3-D que recapitulam o ser humano no tecido vivo, em um sistema fácil e robusto para ser utilizado por pesquisadores com diferentes interesses científicos.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Culturing and Applications of Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Derived 3D Epithelial Cell Models at JoVE.com

Culturing and Applications of Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Derived 3D Epithelial Cell Models

Um sistema de cultura rotativa célula que permite que as células epiteliais de crescer sob condições fisiológicas, resultando em 3-D formação de agregados celulares é descrito. Os agregados gerado visor<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Características semelhantes não observada em modelos de cultura convencionais e servir como um sistema modelo mais preciso organotípico para uma multiplicidade de investigação científica.

Cultura e Aplicações de rotação parede biorreator navio Derivado 3D Modelos de células epiteliais

Cells and tissues in the body experience environmental conditions that influence their architecture, intercellular communications, and overall functions. ...

culturing-applications-rotating-wall-vessel-bioreactor-derived-3d

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

26.2K visualizações.  University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix. Um sistema de cultura rotativa célula que permite que as células epiteliais de crescer sob condições fisiológicas, resultando em 3-D formação de agregados celulares é descrito. Os agregados gerado visor In vivo Características semelhantes não observada em modelos de cultura convencionais e servir como um sistema modelo mais preciso organotípico para uma multiplicidade de investigação científica.

Vídeo: Culturing and Applications of Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Derived 3D Epithelial Cell Models

A System for Culturing Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells to Study Lens Regeneration in Newt

Salamanders like newt and axolotl possess the ability to regenerate many of its lost body parts such as limbs, the tail with spinal cord, eye, brain, heart, the jaw 1. Specifically, newts are unique for its lens regeneration capability. Upon lens removal, IPE cells of the dorsal iris transdifferentiate to lens cells and eventually form a new lens in about a month 2,3. This property of regeneration is never exhibited by the ventral iris cells. The regeneration potential of the iris cells can be studied by making transplants of the in vitro cultured IPE cells. For the culture, the dorsal and ventral iris cells are first isolated from the eye and cultured separately for a time period of 2 weeks (Figure 1). These cultured cells are reaggregated and implanted back to the newt eye. Past studies have shown that the dorsal reaggregate maintains its lens forming capacity whereas the ventral aggregate does not form a lens, recapitulating, thus the in vivo process (Figure 2) 4,5. This system of determining regeneration potential of dorsal and ventral iris cells is very useful in studying the role of genes and proteins involved in lens regeneration.

In newt, the lens regenerates always from the dorsal iris by transdifferentiation of the iris pigmented epithelial cells (IPEs). Here we describe a procedure to culture dorsal and ventral newt IPE cells and their implantation to the newt eye. The implanted cells are then studied by tissue sectioning and immunohistochemistry.

Um sistema para a cultura de células epiteliais pigmentadas da íris para estudo da regeneração Lens em Newt

Salamanders like newt and axolotl possess the ability to regenerate many of its lost body parts such as limbs, the tail with spinal cord, eye, brain, ...

Biologia

Absolute Quantum Yield Measurement of Powder Samples

Measurement of fluorescence quantum yield has become an important tool in the search for new solutions in the development, evaluation, quality control and research of illumination, AV equipment, organic EL material, films, filters and fluorescent probes for bio-industry.
Quantum yield is calculated as the ratio of the number of photons absorbed, to the number of photons emitted by a material. The higher the quantum yield, the better the efficiency of the fluorescent material.
For the measurements featured in this video, we will use the Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer equipped with the Quantum Yield measuring accessory and Report Generator program. All the information provided applies to this system. 
Measurement of quantum yield in powder samples is performed following these steps:
<ol>
 <li>Generation of instrument correction factors for the excitation and emission monochromators. This is an important requirement for the correct measurement of quantum yield. It has been performed in advance for the full measurement range of the instrument and will not be shown in this video due to time limitations.</li>
 <li>Measurement of integrating sphere correction factors. The purpose of this step is to take into consideration reflectivity characteristics of the integrating sphere used for the measurements.</li>
 <li>Reference and Sample measurement using direct excitation and indirect excitation.</li>
 <li>Quantum Yield calculation using Direct and Indirect excitation. Direct excitation is when the sample is facing directly the excitation beam, which would be the normal measurement setup. However, because we use an integrating sphere, a portion of the emitted photons resulting from the sample fluorescence are reflected by the integrating sphere and will re-excite the sample, so we need to take into consideration indirect excitation. This is accomplished by measuring the sample placed in the port facing the emission monochromator, calculating indirect quantum yield and correcting the direct quantum yield calculation.</li>
 <li>Corrected quantum yield calculation.</li>
 <li>Chromaticity coordinates calculation using Report Generator program.</li>
</ol>
The Hitachi F-7000 Quantum Yield Measurement System offer advantages for this
application, as follows:
<ul>
 <li>High sensitivity (S/N ratio 800 or better RMS). Signal is the Raman band of water measured under the following conditions: Ex wavelength 350 nm, band pass Ex and Em 5 nm, response 2 sec), noise is measured at the maximum of the Raman peak. High sensitivity allows measurement of samples even with low quantum yield. Using this system we have measured quantum yields as low as 0.1 for a sample of salicylic acid and as high as 0.8 for a sample of magnesium tungstate.</li>
 <li>Highly accurate measurement with a dynamic range of 6 orders of magnitude allows for measurements of both sharp scattering peaks with high intensity, as well as broad fluorescence peaks of low intensity under the same conditions. </li>
 <li>High measuring throughput and reduced light exposure to the sample, due to a high scanning speed of up to 60,000 nm/minute and automatic shutter function. </li>
 <li>Measurement of quantum yield over a wide wavelength range from 240 to 800 nm.</li>
 <li>Accurate quantum yield measurements are the result of collecting instrument spectral response and integrating sphere correction factors before measuring the sample.</li>
 <li>Large selection of calculated parameters provided by dedicated and easy to use software.
</li>
</ul> 
During this video we will measure sodium salicylate in powder form which is known to have a quantum yield value of 0.4 to 0.5.

In this video we will demonstrate measuring and calculating absolute quantum yield and chromaticity coordinates directly in powder samples using the Hitachi F-7000 Quantum Yield Measuring System.

Medição Rendimento Absoluto Quantum of amostras de pó

Measurement of fluorescence quantum yield has become an important tool in the search for new solutions in the development, evaluation, quality control and ...

A 3D System for Culturing Human Articular Chondrocytes in Synovial Fluid

Cartilage destruction is a central pathological feature of osteoarthritis, a leading cause of disability in the US. Cartilage in the adult does not regenerate very efficiently in vivo; and as a result, osteoarthritis leads to irreversible cartilage loss and is accompanied by chronic pain and immobility 1,2. Cartilage tissue engineering offers promising potential to regenerate and restore tissue function. This technology typically involves seeding chondrocytes into natural or synthetic scaffolds and culturing the resulting 3D construct in a balanced medium over a period of time with a goal of engineering a biochemically and biomechanically mature tissue that can be transplanted into a defect site in vivo 3-6. Achieving an optimal condition for chondrocyte growth and matrix deposition is essential for the success of cartilage tissue engineering. 
 In the native joint cavity, cartilage at the articular surface of the bone is bathed in synovial fluid. This clear and viscous fluid provides nutrients to the avascular articular cartilage and contains growth factors, cytokines and enzymes that are important for chondrocyte metabolism 7,8. Furthermore, synovial fluid facilitates low-friction movement between cartilaginous surfaces mainly through secreting two key components, hyaluronan and lubricin 9 10. In contrast, tissue engineered cartilage is most often cultured in artificial media. While these media are likely able to provide more defined conditions for studying chondrocyte metabolism, synovial fluid most accurately reflects the natural environment of which articular chondrocytes reside in.
 Indeed, synovial fluid has the advantage of being easy to obtain and store, and can often be regularly replenished by the body. Several groups have supplemented the culture medium with synovial fluid in growing human, bovine, rabbit and dog chondrocytes, but mostly used only low levels of synovial fluid (below 20&#37;) 11-25. While chicken, horse and human chondrocytes have been cultured in the medium with higher percentage of synovial fluid, these culture systems were two-dimensional 26-28. Here we present our method of culturing human articular chondrocytes in a 3D system with a high percentage of synovial fluid (up to 100&#37;) over a period of 21 days. In doing so, we overcame a major hurdle presented by the high viscosity of the synovial fluid. This system provides the possibility of studying human chondrocytes in synovial fluid in a 3D setting, which can be further combined with two other important factors (oxygen tension and mechanical loading) 29,30 that constitute the natural environment for cartilage to mimic the natural milieu for cartilage growth. Furthermore, This system may also be used for assaying synovial fluid activity on chondrocytes and provide a platform for developing cartilage regeneration technologies and therapeutic options for arthritis.

A 3D system of culturing human articular chondrocytes in high levels of synovial fluid is described. Synovial fluid reflects the most natural microenvironment for articular cartilage, and can be easily obtained and stored. This system thus can be used for studying cartilage regeneration and for screening therapeutics for treating arthritis.

Um Sistema de 3D para condrócitos Cultivar Humanos Articular no líquido sinovial

Cartilage destruction is a central pathological feature of osteoarthritis, a leading cause of disability in the US. Cartilage in the adult does not ...

Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I&middot;Cryo Kit

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies. Many of these valuable animals exist only as live animals, with no backup plan in case of emergency. Cryopreservation of embryos can provide this backup, but is costly, can be a lengthy procedure, and generally requires a large number of animals for success. Since the discovery that mouse sperm can be successfully cryopreserved with a basic cryoprotective agent (CPA) consisting of 18&#37; raffinose and 3&#37; skim milk, sperm cryopreservation has become an acceptable and cost-effective procedure for archiving, distributing and recovery of these valuable strains.
 Here we demonstrate a newly developed I&bull;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Sperm from five commonly-used strains of inbred mice were frozen using this kit and then recovered. Higher protection ratios of sperm motility (&gt; 60&#37;) and rapid progressive motility (&gt; 45&#37;) compared to the control (basic CPA) were seen for sperm frozen with this kit in 5 inbred mouse strains. Two cell stage embryo development after IVF with the recovered sperm was improved consistently in all 5 mouse strains examined. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 GM mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&bull;Cryo kit and later recovered by IVF.

Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I&amp;middot;Cryo Kit

Here we demonstrate the newly developed I&#x2022;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Two-cell stage embryo development with frozen-thawed sperm was improved consistently in 5 mouse strains with the use of this kit. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 genetically modified mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&#x2022;Cryo kit and later successfully recovered by IVF.

Criopreservação do mouse Sperm and Recovery utilizando o I · Cryo Kit

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies.  Many of these ...

Glycan Profiling of Plant Cell Wall Polymers using Microarrays

Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans which play an important role in the physiology and development of plants and provide the raw materials for human societies (e.g. wood, paper, textile and biofuel industries)1,2. However, understanding the biosynthesis and function of these components remains challenging.
Cell wall glycans are chemically and conformationally diverse due to the complexity of their building blocks, the glycosyl residues. These form linkages at multiple positions and differ in ring structure, isomeric or anomeric configuration, and in addition, are substituted with an array of non-sugar residues. Glycan composition varies in different cell and/or tissue types or even sub-domains of a single cell wall3. Furthermore, their composition is also modified during development1, or in response to environmental cues4.
In excess of 2,000 genes have Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans been predicted to be involved in cell wall glycan biosynthesis and modification in Arabidopsis5. However, relatively few of the biosynthetic genes have been functionally characterized 4,5. Reverse genetics approaches are difficult because the genes are often differentially expressed, often at low levels, between cell types6. Also, mutant studies are often hindered by gene redundancy or compensatory mechanisms to ensure appropriate cell wall function is maintained7. Thus novel approaches are needed to rapidly characterise the diverse range of glycan structures and to facilitate functional genomics approaches to understanding cell wall biosynthesis and modification.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)8,9 have emerged as an important tool for determining glycan structure and distribution in plants. These recognise distinct epitopes present within major classes of plant cell wall glycans, including pectins, xyloglucans, xylans, mannans, glucans and arabinogalactans. Recently their use has been extended to large-scale screening experiments to determine the relative abundance of glycans in a broad range of plant and tissue types simultaneously9,10,11.
Here we present a microarray-based glycan screening method called Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) (Figures 1 &amp; 2)10,11 that enables multiple samples (100 sec) to be screened using a miniaturised microarray platform with reduced reagent and sample volumes. The spot signals on the microarray can be formally quantified to give semi-quantitative data about glycan epitope occurrence. This approach is well suited to tracking glycan changes in complex biological systems12 and providing a global overview of cell wall composition particularly when prior knowledge of this is unavailable.

A technique called Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) for the characterisation of plant cell wall glycans is described. This method combines the specificity of monoclonal antibodies directed to defined glycan-epitopes with a miniature microarray analytical platform allowing screening of glycan occurrence in a broad range of biological contexts.

Profiling glicana de Polímeros da planta da parede celular usando Microarrays

Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans which play an important role in the physiology and development of plants and provide the ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

A cultura de células epiteliais nasais Humano na interface ar líquido

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective isolation in culture. Recently, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we and other researchers prospectively identified and purified three subpopulations of multipotent precursor cells associated with the vasculature of human skeletal muscle. These three cell populations: myogenic endothelial cells (MECs), pericytes (PCs), and adventitial cells (ACs), are localized respectively to the three structural layers of blood vessels: intima, media, and adventitia. All of these human blood-vessel-derived stem cell (hBVSC) populations not only express classic MSC markers but also possess mesodermal developmental potentials similar to typical MSCs. Previously, MECs, PCs, and ACs have been isolated through distinct protocols and subsequently characterized in separate studies. The current isolation protocol, through modifications to the isolation process and adjustments in the selective cell surface markers, allows us to simultaneously purify all three hBVSC subpopulations by FACS from a single human muscle biopsy. This new method will not only streamline the isolation of multiple BVSC subpopulations but also facilitate future clinical applications of hBVSCs for distinct therapeutic purposes.

Blood vessels within human skeletal muscle harbor several multi-lineage precursor populations that are ideal for regenerative applications. This isolation method allows simultaneous purification of three multipotent precursor cell populations respectively from three structural layers of blood vessels: myogenic endothelial cells from intima, pericytes from media, and adventitial cells from adventitia.

Isolamento de Blood-derivado do navio Multipotentes Precursores do músculo-esquelético humano

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

Coloração histoquímica de<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Celular Secundária parede Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

Application of Membrane and Cell Wall Selective Fluorescent Dyes for Live-Cell Imaging of Filamentous Fungi

The application of membrane and cell wall selective fluorescent dyes for live-cell imaging analyses of organelle dynamics in fungal cells started two decades ago and since then continues to contribute greatly to our understanding of the filamentous fungal lifestyle. This paper provides a practical guide for the utilization of the two membrane dyes FM 1-43 and FM 4-64 and the four cell wall stains Calcofluor White M2R, Solophenyl Flavine 7GFE 500, Pontamine Fast Scarlet 48 and Congo Red. The focus is on their low-dose application to ascertain artefact-free staining, their co-imaging properties, and their quantitative evaluation. The presented methods are applicable to all filamentous fungal samples that can be prepared in the described ways. The fundamental staining approaches can serve as starting points for adaptations to species that might require different cultivation conditions. First, biophysical and biochemical properties are reviewed as their understanding is essential for using these dyes as truly vital fluorescent stains. Secondly, step-by-step protocols are presented that detail the preparation of various fungal sample types for fluorescent live-cell imaging. Finally, example experiments illustrate different approaches to: (1) identify defects in the spatio-temporal organization of endocytosis in genetic mutants, (2) comparatively characterize shared and distinct co-localization of GFP-labeled target proteins in the endocytic pathway, (3) identify morphogenetic cell wall defects in a genetic mutant, and (4) monitor cell wall biogenesis in real time.

Vital fluorescent dyes are essential tools for live-cell imaging analyses in modern fungal cell biology. This paper details the application of established and lesser-known fluorescent dyes for tracking plasma membrane dynamics, endo-/exocytosis and cell wall morphogenesis in filamentous fungi.

Aplicação de corantes fluorescentes seletivos da membrana e da parede de pilha para a imagem latente da Viver-pilha de fungos de Filamentous

The application of membrane and cell wall selective fluorescent dyes for live-cell imaging analyses of organelle dynamics in fungal cells started two ...

3D Culturing of Organoids from the Intestinal Villi Epithelium Undergoing Dedifferentiation

Clonogenicity of organoids from the intestinal epithelium is attributed to the presence of stem cells therein. The mouse small intestinal epithelium is compartmentalized into crypts and villi: the stem and proliferating cells are confined to the crypts, whereas the villi epithelium contains only differentiated cells. Hence, the normal intestinal crypts, but not the villi, can give rise to organoids in 3D cultures. The procedure described here is applicable only to villus epithelium undergoing dedifferentiation leading to stemness. The method described uses the Smad4-loss-of-function:&#946;-catenin gain-of-function (Smad4KO:&#946;-cateninGOF) conditional mutant mouse. The mutation causes the intestinal villi to dedifferentiate and generate stem cells in the villi. Intestinal villi undergoing dedifferentiation are scraped off the intestine using glass slides, placed in a 70 &#181;m strainer and washed several times to filter out any loose cells or crypts prior to plating in BME-R1 matrix to determine their organoid-forming potential. Two main criteria were used to ensure that the resulting organoids were developed from the dedifferentiating villus compartment and not from the crypts: 1) microscopically evaluating&#160;the isolated villi to ensure absence of any tethered crypts, both before and after plating in the 3D matrix, and 2) monitoring the time course of organoid development from the villi. Organoid initiation from the villi occurs only two to five days after plating and appears irregularly shaped, whereas the crypt-derived organoids from the same intestinal epithelium are apparent within sixteen hours of plating and appear spherical. The limitation of the method, however, is that the number of organoids formed, and the time required for organoid initiation from the villi vary depending on the degree of dedifferentiation. Hence, depending upon the specificity of the mutation or the insult causing the dedifferentiation, the optimal stage at which villi can be harvested to assay their organoid forming potential, must be determined empirically.

The procedure describes isolation of the villi from the mouse intestinal epithelium undergoing dedifferentiation to determine their organoid forming potential.

Culturação 3D de Organoides do Epitélio Intestinal Villi passando por Dediferente

Clonogenicity of organoids from the intestinal epithelium is attributed to the presence of stem cells therein. The mouse small intestinal epithelium is ...