저자는 자신의 단백질 분석을 위해 그녀의 기술력과 앤드류 라센 위해 브룩 Hjelm 감사드립니다. 이 작품은 대안 연구 개발 재단 (MMHK) 그랜트와 NIH NIAID 성병 감염 및 연고제 Microbicides 협동 연구 센터 IU19 AI062150-01 (MMHK)에 의해 부분적으로 재정 지원되었다. 우리는 기꺼이 그 인물의 재사용을위한 복제의 생물을 인정합니다.

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

여기에 제시된 RWV의 생물 반응기 기술의 활용은 더욱 생리학 관련 organotypic 세포 배양 모델은 현재 세포 배양 시스템을 발전하기 위해 능력과 연구자를 제공할 수 있습니다. RWV의 생물 반응기의 세포 배양 시스템이 꽉 분기점, mucin 생산, 세포외 프로세스 (예 : microvilli)와 세포 극성을 포함하여 생체내 같은 특성에서와 3 차원 세포 집합체를 형성하는 세포를있게 낮은 전단 microenvironmen...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> 알렉사 형석 488 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A21131 </td><td> 1:500 희석에 사용 </td></tr><tr><td> FACSDiva </td><td> BD </td><td></td><td> 흐름 cytometer </td></tr><tr><td> β-tublin 항체 </td><td> Calbiochem </td><td> 654,162 </td><td> 1:5000 희석에 사용 </td></tr><tr><td> 바이오 플렉스 2000 </td><td> BioRad </td><td> 171-000205 </td><td> V5 소프트웨어 </td></tr><tr><td> 생물 반응기 및 구성 요소 </td><td> Synthecon </td><td> RCCS-4 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 셀 스트레이너 </td><td> BD 팔콘 </td><td> 352,340 </td><td> 40μm 기공 크기 </td></tr><tr><td> 원뿔 튜브 (50mL) </td><td> 코닝 </td><td> 5-538-60 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Coverslips </td><td> VWR </td><td> 48366067 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 시토킨 비​​드 어레이 키트 </td><td> BioRad </td><td> 맞춤 인간 키트 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cytodex 비즈 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> C3275 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DPBS </td><td> Gibco </td><td> 14,190 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> ED-500G </td><td> Ethylenediaminetetraacetic 산 </td></tr><tr><td> 상피 특정 항체 (ESA) </td><td> Chemicon </td><td> CBL251 </td><td> 1시 50분 희석에 사용 </td></tr><tr><td> 태아 소 혈청 (FBS) </td><td> Gibco </td><td> 10,438 </td><td> inactivated 히트 </td></tr><tr><td> 하브 (일회용) </td><td> Synthecon </td><td> D-405 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 염산 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> 258,148 </td><td> 37% </td></tr><tr><td> Involucrin 항체 </td&gt; <td> 시그마 </td><td> 전 9018 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 현미경 슬라이드 </td><td> VWR </td><td> 16004-368 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MTT 시약 </td><td> MP Biomedicals, LLC </td><td> 194,592 </td><td> 3 - (4,5-Dimethylthiazolyl 1-2) -2,5 - 디페닐 Tetrazolium 브로마이드 </td></tr><tr><td> MUC1 항체 (현미경) </td><td> 산타 크루즈 </td><td> SC-7313 </td><td> 1시 50분 희석에 사용 </td></tr><tr><td> MUC1 항체 (유동세포계측법) </td><td> BD Pharmingen </td><td> 559,774 </td><td> 또한 CD227라는, 테스트 당 20μL를 사용하여 </td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldehyde </td><td> 전자 현미경 과학 </td><td> 15,710 </td><td> DPBS에서 4 %로 희석 </td></tr><tr><td> 페트리 접시 (작은) </td><td> BD 팔콘 </td><td> 353,002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 필터 폴리스티렌 관 </td><td> BD 팔콘 </td><td> 352,235 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td&gt; 폴리스티렌 유동관 </td><td> BD 팔콘 </td><td> 352,058 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 홍보 항체 </td><td> DAKO </td><td> M3569 </td><td> 1:100 희석에 사용 </td></tr><tr><td> 골드을 연장 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> P36931 </td><td> DAPI로 마운트 미디어 </td></tr><tr><td> RNeasy 미니 키트 </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 74,903 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 나트륨 dodecyl 황산 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> 71,725 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 살균 파우치 </td><td> VWR </td><td> 11213-035 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Stopcocks (편도) </td><td> Medex </td><td> MX5061L </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 주사기 (10mL) </td><td> BD </td><td> 309,604 </td><td> Luer-잠금 팁 </td></tr><tr><td> 주사기 (5mL) </td><td> BD </td><td> 309,603 </td><td> Luer-잠금 팁 </td></tr><tr><td> Trypan 블루 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td>T10282 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vp5 항체 </td><td> 산타 크루즈 </td><td> SC-13525 </td><td> HSV-2 항체 클론 6F10, 1:5000 희석에 사용 </td></tr></tbody></table>

culturing and applications of rotating wall vessel bioreactor derived 3d epithelial cell models

셀 및 신체 경험들이 건축에 영향을 미치는 환경 조건, 세포 통신, 그리고 전반적인 기능의 조직. 체외 세포 배양 모델에 정확하게 흥미 조직을 모방하기 위해서는 문화의 성장 환경은 고려해야 할 중요한 측면이다. 일반적으로 사용되는 기존의 세포 배양 시스템은 평면 (2 차원) 2 차원 스며들지 않는 표면에 상피 세포를 증식. 많이는 기존의 세포 배양 시스템에서 배운되었지만, 많은 연구 결과는 잠재적으로 생리학 관련 microenvironment의 부족의 결과로, 인간 임상 실험이나 조직 explants에서 재현할 수 없습니다. 여기서는 혁신적인 회전 벽 혈관 (RWV) 생물 반응기 기술을 사용하여, 2 차원 세포 배양의 문화 조건 경계의 많은를 극복하는 문화 시스템을 설명합니다. 우리와 다른 organotypic RWV 파생 모델 structur을 요점을 되풀이 수있는 것으로 나타났습니다전자, 기능과 마찬가지로 인간 explant 조직 1-6 외부 자극에 본격적인 인간의 반응. RWV의 생물 반응기는 낮은 생리 유체 전단 조건 하에서 상피 세포의 성장을 허용 서스펜션 문화 시스템입니다. bioreactors는 두 가지 형식으로, 높은 측면 회전 용기 (하브) 또는 그들의 폭기 소스에 따라 다릅니다하는 천천히 돌려 측면 혈관 (STLV)로 왔습니다. 상피 세포는 다공성, 콜라겐 코팅 microcarrier 비즈 (그림 1A)와 함께 선택의 생물 반응기에 추가됩니다. 세포 생물 반응기에서 일정한 자유 낙하 (그림 1B) 동안 성장을 발판으로 구슬을 활용. 생물 반응기에서 제공하는 microenvironment는 세포가 종종 표준 2 차원 배양 조건 (그림 1D)에서 관찰되지 생체내 같은 특성으로 표시 (3-D) 입체 집계를 형성 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 특성은 꽉 분기점, muc 포함생체내 단백질 지방화 및 추가 상피 세포 타입의 특정 속성의 회사 생산, 기저 / 혀끝의 방향. 완전히 차별화된 3 차원 집계에 상피 세포 단일층의 진행은 셀 타입 1, 7-13에 따라 다릅니다. 생물 반응기에서주기적인 샘플링은 상피 집계 형성, 세포 분화 마커와 생존 (그림 1D)의 모니터링을 허용합니다. 일단 세포 분화 및 골재 형성이 설정되고, 세포가 생물 반응기에서 수확하고, 유사한 assays는 2-D 세포에서 수행된 몇 가지 고려 사항 (그림 1E-G)와 3 차원 집계에 적용할 수 있습니다. 이 작품에서 우리는 어떻게 문화의 RWV의 생물 반응기 시스템의 3 차원 상피 세포 집계하고 3 차원 합산으로 실행될 수있는 잠재적인 assays와 분석 다양한 있습니다. 세부 단계를 설명 이러한 분석을 포함하지만, M / 구조에 국한되지 않습니다orphological 분석 (공촛점, 검사 및 전송 전자 현미경), 시토킨 / 케모카인 분비 및 세포 신호 전달 (cytometric 비드 배열과 서양 얼룩 분석), 유전자 발현 분석 (실시간 PCR), 마약 / toxicological 분석과 호스트 병원체 상호 작용. 이러한 assays의 활용도는 metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics 및 기타 어레이 기반 응용 프로그램을 더욱 깊이와 광대한 연구를위한 토대를 설정합니다. 우리의 목표는 다양한 과학적인 이해 관계와 연구자에 의해 사용될 수있는 손쉬운하고 안정적인 시스템에서, 생체내 조직의 인간을 요점을 되풀이하다 organotypic 3 차원 모델을 생산하는 culturing 인간 상피 세포가 아닌 종래의 방법을 제시하는 것입니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Culturing and Applications of Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Derived 3D Epithelial Cell Models at JoVE.com

Culturing and Applications of Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Derived 3D Epithelial Cell Models

상피 세포가 3 차원 세포 골재 형성의 결과로 생리적 조건에서 성장할 수있는 회전 세포 배양 시스템이 설명되어 있습니다. 집계는 디스플레이를 생성<em&gt; 생체내에서</em&gt; 같은 특성은 종래의 문화 모델에서 관찰과 과학적 조사의 다수에 대한보다 정확한 organotypic 모델 시스템으로 사용할 수 없습니다.

Culturing 및 벽면 선박 생물 반응기를 회전의 응용은 3D 상피 세포 모델을 유래

Cells and tissues in the body experience environmental conditions that influence their architecture, intercellular communications, and overall functions. ...

culturing-applications-rotating-wall-vessel-bioreactor-derived-3d

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

26.3K 조회수.  University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix. 상피 세포가 3 차원 세포 골재 형성의 결과로 생리적 조건에서 성장할 수있는 회전 세포 배양 시스템이 설명되어 있습니다. 집계는 디스플레이를 생성 생체내에서 같은 특성은 종래의 문화 모델에서 관찰과 과학적 조사의 다수에 대한보다 정확한 organotypic 모델 시스템으로 사용할 수 없습니다.

비디오: Culturing and Applications of Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Derived 3D Epithelial Cell Models

A System for Culturing Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells to Study Lens Regeneration in Newt

Salamanders like newt and axolotl possess the ability to regenerate many of its lost body parts such as limbs, the tail with spinal cord, eye, brain, heart, the jaw 1. Specifically, newts are unique for its lens regeneration capability. Upon lens removal, IPE cells of the dorsal iris transdifferentiate to lens cells and eventually form a new lens in about a month 2,3. This property of regeneration is never exhibited by the ventral iris cells. The regeneration potential of the iris cells can be studied by making transplants of the in vitro cultured IPE cells. For the culture, the dorsal and ventral iris cells are first isolated from the eye and cultured separately for a time period of 2 weeks (Figure 1). These cultured cells are reaggregated and implanted back to the newt eye. Past studies have shown that the dorsal reaggregate maintains its lens forming capacity whereas the ventral aggregate does not form a lens, recapitulating, thus the in vivo process (Figure 2) 4,5. This system of determining regeneration potential of dorsal and ventral iris cells is very useful in studying the role of genes and proteins involved in lens regeneration.

In newt, the lens regenerates always from the dorsal iris by transdifferentiation of the iris pigmented epithelial cells (IPEs). Here we describe a procedure to culture dorsal and ventral newt IPE cells and their implantation to the newt eye. The implanted cells are then studied by tissue sectioning and immunohistochemistry.

뉴트의 렌즈 재생을 공부 Culturing 이리스 안료 상피 세포에 대한 시스템

Salamanders like newt and axolotl possess the ability to regenerate many of its lost body parts such as limbs, the tail with spinal cord, eye, brain, ...

연구

생물학

Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves composed of a number of terminal duct lobular units made of secretory alveoli and converging ducts1. In mice, a similar architecture is observed at pregnancy in which ducts and alveoli are interspersed within the connective tissue stroma. The mouse mammary gland epithelium is a tree like system of ducts composed of two layers of cells, an inner layer of luminal cells surrounded by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells denoted by the confines of a basement membrane2. At birth, only a rudimental ductal tree is present, composed of a primary duct and 15-20 branches. Branch elongation and amplification start at the beginning of puberty, around 4 weeks old, under the influence of hormones3,4,5. At 10 weeks, most of the stroma is invaded by a complex system of ducts that will undergo cycles of branching and regression in each estrous cycle until pregnancy2. At the onset of pregnancy, a second phase of development begins, with the proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium to form grape-shaped milk secretory structures called alveoli6,7. Following parturition and throughout lactation, milk is produced by luminal secretory cells and stored within the lumen of alveoli. Oxytocin release, stimulated by a neural reflex induced by suckling of pups, induces synchronized contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and along the ducts, allowing milk to be transported through the ducts to the nipple where it becomes available to the pups 8. Mammary gland development, differentiation and function are tightly orchestrated and require, not only interactions between the stroma and the epithelium, but also between myoepithelial and luminal cells within the epithelium9,10,11. Thereby, mutations in many genes implicated in these interactions may impair either ductal elongation during puberty or alveoli formation during early pregnancy, differentiation during late pregnancy and secretory activation leading to lactation12,13. In this article, we describe how to dissect mouse mammary glands and assess their development using whole mounts. We also demonstrate how to evaluate myoepithelial contractions and milk ejection using an ex-vivo oxytocin-based functional assay. The effect of a gene mutation on mammary gland development and function can thus be determined in situ by performing these two techniques in mutant and wild-type control mice.

This method describes how to dissect and assess mammary gland development and function from mice. Excised mammary glands are assessed for the degree of development using whole mount while milk ejection is evaluated using an oxytocin-based myoepithelial cell contraction assay.

마우스 모델에서 유선 개발 및 기능 평가

The human mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes that secrete milk into a branching duct system opening at the nipple. Those lobes are themselves ...

Absolute Quantum Yield Measurement of Powder Samples

Measurement of fluorescence quantum yield has become an important tool in the search for new solutions in the development, evaluation, quality control and research of illumination, AV equipment, organic EL material, films, filters and fluorescent probes for bio-industry.
Quantum yield is calculated as the ratio of the number of photons absorbed, to the number of photons emitted by a material. The higher the quantum yield, the better the efficiency of the fluorescent material.
For the measurements featured in this video, we will use the Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer equipped with the Quantum Yield measuring accessory and Report Generator program. All the information provided applies to this system. 
Measurement of quantum yield in powder samples is performed following these steps:
<ol>
 <li>Generation of instrument correction factors for the excitation and emission monochromators. This is an important requirement for the correct measurement of quantum yield. It has been performed in advance for the full measurement range of the instrument and will not be shown in this video due to time limitations.</li>
 <li>Measurement of integrating sphere correction factors. The purpose of this step is to take into consideration reflectivity characteristics of the integrating sphere used for the measurements.</li>
 <li>Reference and Sample measurement using direct excitation and indirect excitation.</li>
 <li>Quantum Yield calculation using Direct and Indirect excitation. Direct excitation is when the sample is facing directly the excitation beam, which would be the normal measurement setup. However, because we use an integrating sphere, a portion of the emitted photons resulting from the sample fluorescence are reflected by the integrating sphere and will re-excite the sample, so we need to take into consideration indirect excitation. This is accomplished by measuring the sample placed in the port facing the emission monochromator, calculating indirect quantum yield and correcting the direct quantum yield calculation.</li>
 <li>Corrected quantum yield calculation.</li>
 <li>Chromaticity coordinates calculation using Report Generator program.</li>
</ol>
The Hitachi F-7000 Quantum Yield Measurement System offer advantages for this
application, as follows:
<ul>
 <li>High sensitivity (S/N ratio 800 or better RMS). Signal is the Raman band of water measured under the following conditions: Ex wavelength 350 nm, band pass Ex and Em 5 nm, response 2 sec), noise is measured at the maximum of the Raman peak. High sensitivity allows measurement of samples even with low quantum yield. Using this system we have measured quantum yields as low as 0.1 for a sample of salicylic acid and as high as 0.8 for a sample of magnesium tungstate.</li>
 <li>Highly accurate measurement with a dynamic range of 6 orders of magnitude allows for measurements of both sharp scattering peaks with high intensity, as well as broad fluorescence peaks of low intensity under the same conditions. </li>
 <li>High measuring throughput and reduced light exposure to the sample, due to a high scanning speed of up to 60,000 nm/minute and automatic shutter function. </li>
 <li>Measurement of quantum yield over a wide wavelength range from 240 to 800 nm.</li>
 <li>Accurate quantum yield measurements are the result of collecting instrument spectral response and integrating sphere correction factors before measuring the sample.</li>
 <li>Large selection of calculated parameters provided by dedicated and easy to use software.
</li>
</ul> 
During this video we will measure sodium salicylate in powder form which is known to have a quantum yield value of 0.4 to 0.5.

In this video we will demonstrate measuring and calculating absolute quantum yield and chromaticity coordinates directly in powder samples using the Hitachi F-7000 Quantum Yield Measuring System.

파우더 샘플의 절대 양자 수율 측정

Measurement of fluorescence quantum yield has become an important tool in the search for new solutions in the development, evaluation, quality control and ...

A 3D System for Culturing Human Articular Chondrocytes in Synovial Fluid

Cartilage destruction is a central pathological feature of osteoarthritis, a leading cause of disability in the US. Cartilage in the adult does not regenerate very efficiently in vivo; and as a result, osteoarthritis leads to irreversible cartilage loss and is accompanied by chronic pain and immobility 1,2. Cartilage tissue engineering offers promising potential to regenerate and restore tissue function. This technology typically involves seeding chondrocytes into natural or synthetic scaffolds and culturing the resulting 3D construct in a balanced medium over a period of time with a goal of engineering a biochemically and biomechanically mature tissue that can be transplanted into a defect site in vivo 3-6. Achieving an optimal condition for chondrocyte growth and matrix deposition is essential for the success of cartilage tissue engineering. 
 In the native joint cavity, cartilage at the articular surface of the bone is bathed in synovial fluid. This clear and viscous fluid provides nutrients to the avascular articular cartilage and contains growth factors, cytokines and enzymes that are important for chondrocyte metabolism 7,8. Furthermore, synovial fluid facilitates low-friction movement between cartilaginous surfaces mainly through secreting two key components, hyaluronan and lubricin 9 10. In contrast, tissue engineered cartilage is most often cultured in artificial media. While these media are likely able to provide more defined conditions for studying chondrocyte metabolism, synovial fluid most accurately reflects the natural environment of which articular chondrocytes reside in.
 Indeed, synovial fluid has the advantage of being easy to obtain and store, and can often be regularly replenished by the body. Several groups have supplemented the culture medium with synovial fluid in growing human, bovine, rabbit and dog chondrocytes, but mostly used only low levels of synovial fluid (below 20&#37;) 11-25. While chicken, horse and human chondrocytes have been cultured in the medium with higher percentage of synovial fluid, these culture systems were two-dimensional 26-28. Here we present our method of culturing human articular chondrocytes in a 3D system with a high percentage of synovial fluid (up to 100&#37;) over a period of 21 days. In doing so, we overcame a major hurdle presented by the high viscosity of the synovial fluid. This system provides the possibility of studying human chondrocytes in synovial fluid in a 3D setting, which can be further combined with two other important factors (oxygen tension and mechanical loading) 29,30 that constitute the natural environment for cartilage to mimic the natural milieu for cartilage growth. Furthermore, This system may also be used for assaying synovial fluid activity on chondrocytes and provide a platform for developing cartilage regeneration technologies and therapeutic options for arthritis.

A 3D system of culturing human articular chondrocytes in high levels of synovial fluid is described. Synovial fluid reflects the most natural microenvironment for articular cartilage, and can be easily obtained and stored. This system thus can be used for studying cartilage regeneration and for screening therapeutics for treating arthritis.

활액 유체에 Culturing 인간 관절 Chondrocytes을위한 3D 시스템

Cartilage destruction is a central pathological feature of osteoarthritis, a leading cause of disability in the US. Cartilage in the adult does not ...

Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I&middot;Cryo Kit

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies. Many of these valuable animals exist only as live animals, with no backup plan in case of emergency. Cryopreservation of embryos can provide this backup, but is costly, can be a lengthy procedure, and generally requires a large number of animals for success. Since the discovery that mouse sperm can be successfully cryopreserved with a basic cryoprotective agent (CPA) consisting of 18&#37; raffinose and 3&#37; skim milk, sperm cryopreservation has become an acceptable and cost-effective procedure for archiving, distributing and recovery of these valuable strains.
 Here we demonstrate a newly developed I&bull;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Sperm from five commonly-used strains of inbred mice were frozen using this kit and then recovered. Higher protection ratios of sperm motility (&gt; 60&#37;) and rapid progressive motility (&gt; 45&#37;) compared to the control (basic CPA) were seen for sperm frozen with this kit in 5 inbred mouse strains. Two cell stage embryo development after IVF with the recovered sperm was improved consistently in all 5 mouse strains examined. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 GM mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&bull;Cryo kit and later recovered by IVF.

Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I&amp;middot;Cryo Kit

Here we demonstrate the newly developed I&#x2022;Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Two-cell stage embryo development with frozen-thawed sperm was improved consistently in 5 mouse strains with the use of this kit. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 genetically modified mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I&#x2022;Cryo kit and later successfully recovered by IVF.

전 · Cryo 키트를 사용하여 마우스 정자 Cryopreservation 및 복구

Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies.  Many of these ...

Glycan Profiling of Plant Cell Wall Polymers using Microarrays

Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans which play an important role in the physiology and development of plants and provide the raw materials for human societies (e.g. wood, paper, textile and biofuel industries)1,2. However, understanding the biosynthesis and function of these components remains challenging.
Cell wall glycans are chemically and conformationally diverse due to the complexity of their building blocks, the glycosyl residues. These form linkages at multiple positions and differ in ring structure, isomeric or anomeric configuration, and in addition, are substituted with an array of non-sugar residues. Glycan composition varies in different cell and/or tissue types or even sub-domains of a single cell wall3. Furthermore, their composition is also modified during development1, or in response to environmental cues4.
In excess of 2,000 genes have Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans been predicted to be involved in cell wall glycan biosynthesis and modification in Arabidopsis5. However, relatively few of the biosynthetic genes have been functionally characterized 4,5. Reverse genetics approaches are difficult because the genes are often differentially expressed, often at low levels, between cell types6. Also, mutant studies are often hindered by gene redundancy or compensatory mechanisms to ensure appropriate cell wall function is maintained7. Thus novel approaches are needed to rapidly characterise the diverse range of glycan structures and to facilitate functional genomics approaches to understanding cell wall biosynthesis and modification.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)8,9 have emerged as an important tool for determining glycan structure and distribution in plants. These recognise distinct epitopes present within major classes of plant cell wall glycans, including pectins, xyloglucans, xylans, mannans, glucans and arabinogalactans. Recently their use has been extended to large-scale screening experiments to determine the relative abundance of glycans in a broad range of plant and tissue types simultaneously9,10,11.
Here we present a microarray-based glycan screening method called Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) (Figures 1 &amp; 2)10,11 that enables multiple samples (100 sec) to be screened using a miniaturised microarray platform with reduced reagent and sample volumes. The spot signals on the microarray can be formally quantified to give semi-quantitative data about glycan epitope occurrence. This approach is well suited to tracking glycan changes in complex biological systems12 and providing a global overview of cell wall composition particularly when prior knowledge of this is unavailable.

A technique called Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) for the characterisation of plant cell wall glycans is described. This method combines the specificity of monoclonal antibodies directed to defined glycan-epitopes with a miniature microarray analytical platform allowing screening of glycan occurrence in a broad range of biological contexts.

Microarrays를 사용하여 식물 세포의 벽 폴리머의 Glycan 프로파일

Plant cell walls are complex matrixes of heterogeneous glycans which play an important role in the physiology and development of plants and provide the ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

에어 리퀴드 인터페이스에서 인간의 비강 상피 세포의 배양

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective isolation in culture. Recently, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we and other researchers prospectively identified and purified three subpopulations of multipotent precursor cells associated with the vasculature of human skeletal muscle. These three cell populations: myogenic endothelial cells (MECs), pericytes (PCs), and adventitial cells (ACs), are localized respectively to the three structural layers of blood vessels: intima, media, and adventitia. All of these human blood-vessel-derived stem cell (hBVSC) populations not only express classic MSC markers but also possess mesodermal developmental potentials similar to typical MSCs. Previously, MECs, PCs, and ACs have been isolated through distinct protocols and subsequently characterized in separate studies. The current isolation protocol, through modifications to the isolation process and adjustments in the selective cell surface markers, allows us to simultaneously purify all three hBVSC subpopulations by FACS from a single human muscle biopsy. This new method will not only streamline the isolation of multiple BVSC subpopulations but also facilitate future clinical applications of hBVSCs for distinct therapeutic purposes.

Blood vessels within human skeletal muscle harbor several multi-lineage precursor populations that are ideal for regenerative applications. This isolation method allows simultaneous purification of three multipotent precursor cell populations respectively from three structural layers of blood vessels: myogenic endothelial cells from intima, pericytes from media, and adventitial cells from adventitia.

인간의 골격 근육에서 혈관 유래 다 능성 전구체의 분리

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

의 조직 화학 염색<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 차 전지 벽 요소

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

Application of Membrane and Cell Wall Selective Fluorescent Dyes for Live-Cell Imaging of Filamentous Fungi

The application of membrane and cell wall selective fluorescent dyes for live-cell imaging analyses of organelle dynamics in fungal cells started two decades ago and since then continues to contribute greatly to our understanding of the filamentous fungal lifestyle. This paper provides a practical guide for the utilization of the two membrane dyes FM 1-43 and FM 4-64 and the four cell wall stains Calcofluor White M2R, Solophenyl Flavine 7GFE 500, Pontamine Fast Scarlet 48 and Congo Red. The focus is on their low-dose application to ascertain artefact-free staining, their co-imaging properties, and their quantitative evaluation. The presented methods are applicable to all filamentous fungal samples that can be prepared in the described ways. The fundamental staining approaches can serve as starting points for adaptations to species that might require different cultivation conditions. First, biophysical and biochemical properties are reviewed as their understanding is essential for using these dyes as truly vital fluorescent stains. Secondly, step-by-step protocols are presented that detail the preparation of various fungal sample types for fluorescent live-cell imaging. Finally, example experiments illustrate different approaches to: (1) identify defects in the spatio-temporal organization of endocytosis in genetic mutants, (2) comparatively characterize shared and distinct co-localization of GFP-labeled target proteins in the endocytic pathway, (3) identify morphogenetic cell wall defects in a genetic mutant, and (4) monitor cell wall biogenesis in real time.

Vital fluorescent dyes are essential tools for live-cell imaging analyses in modern fungal cell biology. This paper details the application of established and lesser-known fluorescent dyes for tracking plasma membrane dynamics, endo-/exocytosis and cell wall morphogenesis in filamentous fungi.

필라멘트 곰팡이의 살아있는 세포 이미징을 위한 막 및 세포벽 선택적 형광 염료의 적용

The application of membrane and cell wall selective fluorescent dyes for live-cell imaging analyses of organelle dynamics in fungal cells started two ...