עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי חוזה ההגנה האמריקנית המחקר המתקדם פרויקטי סוכנות N66001-12-C-4039 לי&quot;ש, מענק של פ אלפרד סלואן הקרן לRSL, והמוסד אמריקאי הלאומי לבריאות מענקי R01 HG003224 וR21 CA130266 לFPRFPR היה גם נתמך על ידי מלגה מהמכון הקנדי למחקר מתקדם ועל ידי תכנית מחקר כיסאות אקסלנס קנדה.

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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+efficient+gene+disruption+cassette+for+repeated+use+in+budding+yeast.">A new efficient gene disruption cassette for repeated use in budding yeast.</a> Nucleic acids research. 24, 2519 (1996).</li><li>Delneri, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+redundancy+in+the+yeast+genome:+an+improved+strategy+for+use+of+the+cre-loxP+system.">Exploring redundancy in the yeast genome: an improved strategy for use of the cre-loxP system.</a> Gene. 252, 127-135 (2000).</li><li>Storici, F., Lewis, L. K., Resnick, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+site-directed+mutagenesis+using+oligonucleotides.">In vivo site-directed mutagenesis using oligonucleotides.</a> Nat. Biotech. 19, 773-776 (2001).</li><li>Noskov, V. N., Segall-Shapiro, T. H., Chuang, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tandem+repeat+coupled+with+endonuclease+cleavage+(TREC):+a+seamless+modification+tool+for+genome+engineering+in+yeast.">Tandem repeat coupled with endonuclease cleavage (TREC): a seamless modification tool for genome engineering in yeast.</a> Nucl. Acids Res. 38, 2570-2576 (2010).</li><li>Suzuki, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Knocking+out+multigene+redundancies+via+cycles+of+sexual+assortment+and+fluorescence+selection.">Knocking out multigene redundancies via cycles of sexual assortment and fluorescence selection.</a> Nat. Methods. 8, 159-164 (2011).</li><li>Winzeler, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+Characterization+of+the+S.+Genome+by+Gene+Deletion+and+Parallel+Analysis.">Functional Characterization of the S. Genome by Gene Deletion and Parallel Analysis.</a> Science. 285, 901-906 (1999).</li><li>Woods, R. A., Gietz, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+transformation+of+plasmid+DNA+into+yeast.">High-efficiency transformation of plasmid DNA into yeast.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 177, 85-97 (2001).</li><li>Hughes, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Widespread+aneuploidy+revealed+by+DNA+microarray+expression+profiling.">Widespread aneuploidy revealed by DNA microarray expression profiling.</a> Nature. 25, 333-337 (2000).</li><li>Goldstein, A. L., McCusker, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+new+dominant+drug+resistance+cassettes+for+gene+disruption+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Three new dominant drug resistance cassettes for gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Yeast. 15, 1541-1553 (1999).</li><li>Newman, J. R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+proteomic+analysis+of+S.+cerevisiae+reveals+the+architecture+of+biological+noise.">Single-cell proteomic analysis of S. cerevisiae reveals the architecture of biological noise.</a> Nature. 441, 840-846 (2006).</li><li>Rosenfeld, N., Young, J. W., Alon, U., Swain, P. S., Elowitz, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+regulation+at+the+single-cell+level.">Gene regulation at the single-cell level.</a> Science. 307, 1962 (2005).</li></ol>

אין ניגודי האינטרסים הכריזו.

כפי שפתחנו את גישת המפלצת הירוקה, שהעסקנו אותנו לאפשרות של רקומבינציה בין קלטות החלפת GFP שונות, שהוביל לארגון מחדש הגנום. מקלים נגד האפשרות הזאת הוא הבחירה שלנו לתאים שעברו סבבים רבים של הזדווגות ומיוזה בהצלחה. תאים הנושאים הגנום סודר מחדש צפויים להיות בכושר ירוד לאח...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שמו של המגיב או המכשיר </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגים </td><td> תגובות (אופציונלי) </td></tr><tr><td> G418 </td><td> סיגמה אולדריץ </td><td> A1720 </td><td> מתמוסס במים ומסננים לעקר (מסנן 0.2-מיקרומטר). ריכוז המלאי: 200 מ&quot;ג / מ&quot;ל. לאחסן ב 4 ° C. </td></tr><tr><td> ClonNAT (nourseothricin) </td><td> Bioagents רנר </td><td> 5001000 </td><td> מתמוסס במים ומסננים לעקר (מסנן 0.2-מיקרומטר). ריכוז המלאי: 100 מ&quot;ג / מ&quot;ל. לאחסן ב 4 ° C. </td></tr><tr><td> דוקסיציקלין </td><td> סיגמה אולדריץ </td><td> D9891 </td><td> להמס באתנול 50% ולסנן-לעקר (מסנן 0.2-מיקרומטר). ריכוז המלאי: 10 מ&quot;ג / מ&quot;ל. הפוך טרי מדי ארבעה שבועות. חומה מאור עם רדיד אלומיניום ולאחסן ב 4 ° C. </td></tr><tr><td> Zymolyase </td><td> ZymoResearch </td><td> E1005 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Difco בסיס w / o חומצות אמין חנקן שמרים </td><td> BD </td><td> 291940 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> (מסובב לצינורות) אקדח </td><td> Labnet </td><td> H5600 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> יחידת אלקטרופורזה XL ג&#39;ל אנדורו </td><td> Labnet </td><td> E0160 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sonifier 450 </td><td> ברנסון </td><td> 101-063-198 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Microtip לSonifier 450 </td><td> ברנסון </td><td> 101-148-062 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> סדרן התא FACSAria </td><td> BD </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> סדרן התא MoFlo </td><td> Beckman-קולטר </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Biomek FX או רובוט מקביל </td><td> Beckman Coulter </td><td></td><td> אופציונלי. להקמת PCRs genotyping. </td></tr></tbody> &lt;/ שולחן&gt;

the green monster process for the generation of yeast strains carrying multiple gene deletions

פנוטיפים למחיקת גן לעתים קרובות מתגלים רק כאשר המוטציה נבדקת ברקע גנטי מסוים או 1,2 תנאי הסביבה. ישנן דוגמאות שבו גנים רבים זקוקות למחיקה לחשוף פונקציות גנים נסתרות 3,4. למרות הפוטנציאל לתגליות חשובות, אינטראקציות הקשורים בשלושה או יותר גנים נחקרו במידה רבה. חיפושים הממצים של אינטראקציות מרובות מוטציה יהיו מעשיים בשל המספר העצום של צירופים אפשריים של מחיקות. עם זאת, מחקרים של קבוצות נבחרות של גנים, כגון ערכות של paralogs עם יותר סיכוי מראש של שיתוף פעולה משותפת, יהיו אינפורמטיבי. בcerevisiae Saccharomyces השמרים, נוקאאוט הגן מושג על ידי החלפת גנים עם סמן בחירה באמצעות רקומבינציה הומולוגית. מכיוון שמספר הסמנים הוא מוגבל, פותחו שיטות להסרה ושימוש חוזר בסם<html> סמן הדואר 5,6,7,8,9,10. עם זאת, ברצף מוטציות רבות הנדסיות באמצעות שיטות אלה הן זמן רב משום שהזמן דרוש ליניארית קשקשים עם מספר המחיקות להיות שנוצר. כאן אנו מתארים שיטת המפלצת הירוקה להנדסת מחיקות מרובות באופן שגרתי בשמרי 11. בשיטה זו, כתב חלבון פלואורסצנטי ירוק (GFP) שולב מחיקות משמש לכמותית זני תווית בהתאם למספר של מחיקות כלולות בכל מאמץ (איור 1). סיבובים חוזרים ונשנים של מבחר של GFP-מסומנים מחיקות באמצעות הזדווגות שמרים ומיוזה יחד עם העשרת הזרימה cytometric של זנים נושאים יותר של המחיקות הללו מובילות להצטברות של מחיקות בזנים (איור 2). ביצוע מספר רבים של תהליכים במקבילים, כאשר כל תהליך שילוב מחיקות אחד או יותר בכל סבב, מפחית את הזמן הנדרש לבניית מתח. תוכן &quot;&gt; הצעד הראשון הוא יכין מוטציות בודדות ההפלואידים כינו &#39;ProMonsters,&quot; כל אחד מהם נושא את כתב ה-GFP במוקד נמחק ואחד&#39; ארגז הכלים &#39;הלוקוסים-או GMToolkit-המפלצת הירוקה או GMToolkit-α ב . Can1Δ לוקוס (איור 3) שימוש בזנים מאוסף מחיקת שמרי 12, מחיקות GFP-מסומנות יכול להיות שנוצר בנוחות על ידי החלפת KanMX4 הקלטת המשותפת קיימת בזנים אלה עם GFP אוניברסלי - URA3 בר כל GMToolkit מכיל:. או - או α-הזדווגות סוג ספציפי סמן הפלואידים בחירה 1 ובדיוק אחד משני הסמנים ש, כאשר שני GMToolkits נמצא, באופן קולקטיבי מאפשרים בחירה של diploids. הצעד השני הוא לבצע רכיבה המינית שדרכו ניתן לשלב לוקוסי מחיקה בתוך תא בודד על ידי מבחר האקראי ו / או recomb meioticination המלווה כל מחזור של הזדווגות ונביגה.

כאשר מתח-הפלואידים נושאים ארבע מחיקות מסומנות-GFP (ycl033cΔ yer042wΔ ykl069wΔ yol118cΔ) נחצה עם מתח α-הפלואידים נושאים ארבע מחיקות (ycl033cΔ ydl242wΔ ydl227cΔ yer042wΔ), עם שתי מחיקות (ycl033cΔ yer042wΔ) משותף לשני זנים, נציג תוצאה הושגה. תערובת ההזדווגות הייתה בתרבית במדיום המכיל YPDA G418 ונט ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions at JoVE.com

The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions

שיטת המפלצת הירוקה מאפשרת הרכבה המהירה של מחיקות מרובות מסומנות בחלבון כתב גן קידוד ירוק זרחני. שיטה זו מבוססת על נהיגת זני שמרים במחזורים חוזרים ונשנים של מגוון מיני של מחיקות והעשרה פלואורסצנטי המבוסס של תאים שנשאו יותר מחיקות.

תהליך המפלצת הירוקה לדור של זני שמרי נשיאת מחיקות Gene מרובות

Phenotypes  for a gene deletion are often revealed only when the mutation is tested in a  particular genetic background or environmental condition1,2. ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.2K Views.  J. Craig Venter Institute. שיטת המפלצת הירוקה מאפשרת הרכבה המהירה של מחיקות מרובות מסומנות בחלבון כתב גן קידוד ירוק זרחני. שיטה זו מבוססת על נהיגת זני שמרים במחזורים חוזרים ונשנים של מגוון מיני של מחיקות והעשרה פלואורסצנטי המבוסס של תאים שנשאו יותר מחיקות.

Video: The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions

A Rapid Technique for the Visualization of Live Immobilized Yeast Cells

We present here a simple, rapid, and extremely flexible technique for the immobilization and visualization of growing yeast cells by epifluorescence microscopy. The technique is equally suited for visualization of static yeast populations, or time courses experiments up to ten hours in length. My microscopy investigates epigenetic inheritance at the silent mating loci in S. cerevisiae. There are two silent mating loci, HML and HMR, which are normally not expressed as they are packaged in heterochromatin. In the sir1 mutant background silencing is weakened such that each locus can either be in the expressed or silenced epigenetic state, so in the population as a whole there is a mix of cells of different epigenetic states for both HML and HMR. My microscopy demonstrated that there is no relationship between the epigenetic state of HML and HMR in an individual cell. sir1 cells stochastically switch epigenetic states, establishing silencing at a previously expressed locus or expressing a previously silenced locus. My time course microscopy tracked individual sir1 cells and their offspring to score the frequency of each of the four possible epigenetic switches, and thus the stability of each of the epigenetic states in sir1 cells. See also  Xu et al., Mol. Cell 2006.

A rapid technique for the visualization of growing immobilized yeast cells, here applied to fluorescent reporters at the silent mating loci HML and HMR

טכניקה מהירה עבור ויזואליזציה של תאים חיים שמרים ללא יכולת לזוז

We present here a simple, rapid, and extremely flexible technique for the immobilization and visualization of growing yeast cells by epifluorescence ...

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

הכנת ראשי בתרביות תאים hematopoietic ממח העצם Murine עבור electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the last decade. The investigation of molecular interactions with high temporal and spatial resolutions deep within cells has remained challenging due to the inherently weak signals arising from individual molecules. Recent works by Yang et al. demonstrated that narrow-field epifluorescence microscopy allows visualization of nucleocytoplasmic transport at the single molecule level. By the single molecule approach, important kinetics, such as nuclear transport time and efficiency, for signal-dependent and independent cargo molecules have been obtained. Here we described a protocol for the methodological approach with an improved spatiotemporal resolution of 0.4 ms and 12 nm. The improved resolution enabled us to capture transient active transport and passive diffusion events through the nuclear pore complexes (NPC) in semi-intact cells. We expect this method to be used in elucidating other binding and trafficking events within cells.

Single molecule microscopy approch provided novel insights into nuclear transport.

מולקולה בודדת הדמיה התחבורה גרעיני

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

ב הכינון במבחנה של ט פעילים castaneum שהטלומרז

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

Transposon mutagenesis and single-gene deletion are two methods applied in genome-wide gene knockout in bacteria 1,2. Although transposon mutagenesis is less time consuming, less costly, and does not require completed genome information, there are two weaknesses in this method: (1) the possibility of a disparate mutants in the mixed mutant library that counter-selects mutants with decreased competition; and (2) the possibility of partial gene inactivation whereby genes do not entirely lose their function following the insertion of a transposon. Single-gene deletion analysis may compensate for the drawbacks associated with transposon mutagenesis. To improve the efficiency of genome-wide single gene deletion, we attempt to establish a high-throughput technique for genome-wide single gene deletion using Streptococcus sanguinis as a model organism. Each gene deletion construct in S. sanguinis genome is designed to comprise 1-kb upstream of the targeted gene, the aphA-3 gene, encoding kanamycin resistance protein, and 1-kb downstream of the targeted gene. Three sets of primers F1/R1, F2/R2, and F3/R3, respectively, are designed and synthesized in a 96-well plate format for PCR-amplifications of those three components of each deletion construct. Primers R1 and F3 contain 25-bp sequences that are complementary to regions of the aphA-3 gene at their 5' end. A large scale PCR amplification of the aphA-3 gene is performed once for creating all single-gene deletion constructs. The promoter of aphA-3 gene is initially excluded to minimize the potential polar effect of kanamycin cassette. To create the gene deletion constructs, high-throughput PCR amplification and purification are performed in a 96-well plate format. A linear recombinant PCR amplicon for each gene deletion will be made up through four PCR reactions using high-fidelity DNA polymerase. The initial exponential growth phase of S. sanguinis cultured in Todd Hewitt broth supplemented with 2.5% inactivated horse serum is used to increase competence for the transformation of PCR-recombinant constructs. Under this condition, up to 20% of S. sanguinis cells can be transformed using ~50 ng of DNA. Based on this approach, 2,048 mutants with single-gene deletion were ultimately obtained from the 2,270 genes in S. sanguinis excluding four gene ORFs contained entirely within other ORFs in S. sanguinis SK36 and 218 potential essential genes. The technique on creating gene deletion constructs is high throughput and could be easy to use in genome-wide single gene deletions for any transformable bacteria.

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

An efficient genome-wide single gene mutation method has been established using Streptococcus sanguinis as a model organism. This method has achieved via high throughput recombinant PCRs and transformations.

מחיקות Gene הגנום ב<em&gt; סטרפטוקוקוס sanguinis</em&gt; על ידי תפוקה הגבוהה PCR

Transposon  mutagenesis and single-gene deletion are two methods applied in genome-wide  gene knockout in bacteria 1,2. Although transposon mutagenesis is ...

Budding Yeast Protein Extraction and Purification for the Study of Function, Interactions, and Post-translational Modifications

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously hard to disrupt. Here we describe the use of a bead mill homogenizer for the extraction of proteins into buffers optimized to maintain the functions, interactions and post-translational modifications of proteins. Logarithmically growing cells expressing the protein of interest are grown in a liquid growth media of choice. The growth media may be supplemented with reagents to induce protein expression from inducible promoters (e.g. galactose), synchronize cell cycle stage (e.g. nocodazole), or inhibit proteasome function (e.g. MG132). Cells are then pelleted and resuspended in a suitable buffer containing protease and/or phosphatase inhibitors and are either processed immediately or frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use. Homogenization is accomplished by six cycles of 20 sec&#160;bead-beating (5.5 m/sec), each followed by one minute incubation on ice. The resulting homogenate is cleared by centrifugation and small particulates can be removed by filtration. The resulting cleared whole cell extract (WCE) is precipitated using 20% TCA for direct analysis of total proteins by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting. Extracts are also suitable for affinity purification of specific proteins, the detection of post-translational modifications, or the analysis of co-purifying proteins. As is the case for most protein purification protocols, some enzymes and proteins may require unique conditions or buffer compositions for their purification and others may be unstable or insoluble under the conditions stated. In the latter case, the protocol presented may provide a useful starting point to empirically determine the best bead-beating strategy for protein extraction and purification. We show the extraction and purification of an epitope-tagged SUMO E3 ligase, Siz1, a cell cycle regulated protein that becomes both sumoylated and phosphorylated, as well as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase subunit, Slx5.

The preparation of high quality yeast cell extracts is a necessary first step in the analysis of individual proteins or entire proteomes. Here we describe a fast, efficient, and reliable homogenization protocol for budding yeast cells that has been optimized to preserve protein functions, interactions, and post-translational modifications.

הפקת ניצני שמרים וטיהור חלבון לחקר תפקוד, האינטראקציות, ולאחר translational השינויים

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously ...

Nanogold Labeling of the Yeast Endosomal System for Ultrastructural Analyses

Endosomes are one of the major membrane sorting checkpoints in eukaryotic cells and they regulate recycling or destruction of proteins mostly from the plasma membrane and the Golgi. As a result the endosomal system plays a central role in maintaining cell homeostasis, and mutations in genes belonging to this network of organelles interconnected by vesicular transport, cause severe pathologies including cancer and neurobiological disorders. It is therefore of prime relevance to understand the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and organization of the endosomal system. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been pivotal in this task. To specifically label and analyze at the ultrastructural level the endosomal system of this model organism, we present here a detailed protocol for the positively charged nanogold uptake by spheroplasts followed by the visualization of these particles through a silver enhancement reaction. This method is also a valuable tool for the morphological examination of mutants with defects in endosomal trafficking. Moreover, it is not only applicable for ultrastructural examinations but it can also be combined with immunogold labelings for protein localization investigations.

Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been a key model organism to identify and study genes regulating the biogenesis and functions of the endosomal system. Here we present a detailed protocol for the specific labeling of the endosomal compartments for ultrastructural studies.

Nanogold תיוג של מערכת endosomal שמרים לניתוח Ultrastructural

Endosomes are one of the major membrane sorting checkpoints in eukaryotic cells and they regulate recycling or destruction of proteins mostly from the ...

Isolating Potentiated Hsp104 Variants Using Yeast Proteinopathy Models

Many protein-misfolding disorders can be modeled in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteins such as TDP-43 and FUS, implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and &#945;-synuclein, implicated in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, are toxic and form cytoplasmic aggregates in yeast. These features recapitulate protein pathologies observed in patients with these disorders. Thus, yeast are an ideal platform for isolating toxicity suppressors from libraries of protein variants. We are interested in applying protein disaggregases to eliminate misfolded toxic protein conformers. Specifically, we are engineering Hsp104, a hexameric AAA+ protein from yeast that is uniquely capable of solubilizing both disordered aggregates and amyloid and returning the proteins to their native conformations. While Hsp104 is highly conserved in eukaryotes and eubacteria, it has no known metazoan homologue. Hsp104 has only limited ability to eliminate disordered aggregates and amyloid fibers implicated in human disease. Thus, we aim to engineer Hsp104 variants to reverse the protein misfolding implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We have developed methods to screen large libraries of Hsp104 variants for suppression of proteotoxicity in yeast. As yeast are prone to spontaneous nonspecific suppression of toxicity, a two-step screening process has been developed to eliminate false positives. Using these methods, we have identified a series of potentiated Hsp104 variants that potently suppress the toxicity and aggregation of TDP-43, FUS, and &#945;-synuclein. Here, we describe this optimized protocol, which could be adapted to screen libraries constructed using any protein backbone for suppression of toxicity of any protein that is toxic in yeast.

Yeast proteinopathy models are valuable tools to assess the toxicity and aggregation of proteins implicated in disease. Here, we present methods for screening Hsp104 variant libraries for toxicity suppressors. This protocol could be adapted to screen any protein library for toxicity suppressors of any protein that is toxic in yeast.

בידוד דוגמניות Proteinopathy שמרי שימוש potentiated Hsp104 גרסאות

Many protein-misfolding disorders can be modeled in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteins such as TDP-43 and FUS, implicated in amyotrophic ...

Generation of Genomic Deletions in Mammalian Cell Lines via CRISPR/Cas9

The prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system may be re-purposed for site-specific eukaryotic genome engineering. CRISPR/Cas9 is an inexpensive, facile, and efficient genome editing tool that allows genetic perturbation of genes and genetic elements. Here we present a simple methodology for CRISPR design, cloning, and delivery for the production of genomic deletions. In addition, we describe techniques for deletion, identification, and characterization. This strategy relies on cellular delivery of a pair of chimeric single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to create two double strand breaks (DSBs) at a locus in order to delete the intervening DNA segment by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair. Deletions have potential advantages as compared to single-site small indels given the efficiency of biallelic modification, ease of rapid identification by PCR, predictability of loss-of-function, and utility for the study of non-coding elements. This approach can be used for efficient loss-of-function studies of genes and genetic elements in mammalian cell lines.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a robust system to produce disruption of genes and genetic elements. Here we describe a protocol for the efficient creation of genomic deletions in mammalian cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9.

דור של מחיקות הגנומי בשורות תאים יונקים באמצעות CRISPR / Cas9

The prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system may be re-purposed for site-specific ...

Applications of pHluorin for Quantitative, Kinetic and High-throughput Analysis of Endocytosis in Budding Yeast

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants are widely used tools for studying protein localization and dynamics of events such as cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicular trafficking in living cells. Quantitative methodologies using chimeric GFP fusions have been developed for many applications; however, GFP is somewhat resistant to proteolysis, thus its fluorescence persists in the lysosome/vacuole, which can impede quantification of cargo trafficking in the endocytic pathway. An alternative method for quantifying endocytosis and post-endocytic trafficking events makes use of superecliptic pHluorin, a pH-sensitive variant of GFP that is quenched in acidic environments. Chimeric fusion of pHluorin to the cytoplasmic tail of transmembrane cargo proteins results in a dampening of fluorescence upon incorporation of the cargo into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and delivery to the lysosome/vacuole lumen. Thus, quenching of vacuolar fluorescence facilitates quantification of endocytosis and early events in the endocytic pathway. This paper describes methods using pHluorin-tagged cargos for quantification of endocytosis via fluorescence microscopy, as well as population-based assays using flow cytometry.

Accurate quantification of vesicular trafficking events often provides key insights into roles for specific proteins and the effects of mutations. This paper presents methods for using superecliptic pHluorin, a pH-sensitive GFP variant, as a tool for quantification of endocytic events in living cells using quantitative fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

יישומים של pHluorin עבור כמותי, קינטי וניתוח תפוקה גבוהה של אנדוציטוזה שמרים הנצה

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants are widely used tools for studying protein localization and dynamics of events such as cytoskeletal ...