מחקר זה נתמך על ידי r00 DC011780 (JPM: NINDS, NIH), F30 DC011673 (בית לוחמי הגטאות: NINDS, NIH) ובקרנות UT Southwestern הפעלה (JPM).

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+sex+and+strain+discrimination+in+the+mouse+vomeronasal+organ+and+accessory+olfactory+bulb.">Reliable sex and strain discrimination in the mouse vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 33, 13903-13913 (2013).</li><li>Luo, M., Fee, M. S., Katz, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encoding+pheromonal+signals+in+the+accessory+olfactory+bulb+of+behaving+mice.">Encoding pheromonal signals in the accessory olfactory bulb of behaving mice.</a> Science. 299, 1196-1201 (2003).</li><li>Binns, K. E., Brennan, P. 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יש הסופרים אין קונפליקטים משמעותיים של ריבית לחשוף.

Vivo לשעבר הכנת VNO-AOB המתואר בפרוטוקול זה היא אלטרנטיבה יעילה להרדמת in vivo 5-7 ופרוסה חיות חריפה 17 ניסויים של תפקוד AOB. בניגוד לניסויי פרוסת AOB חריפים, שגם חושפים את רכיבי מעגל עבור קלטות אלקטרו אופטיות, הכנה זו שומרת על כל afferents החושית וקשרי התוך AOB. למר?...

עיבוד חושי במוח היונקים בדרך כלל משתרע על פני מעגלים עצביים הדדי המחובר מרובים, כל אחד מהם תמציות תכונות מסוימות מקלט חושי. במסלולים חושיים, עיבוד מידע מוקדם הוא חיוני לתפיסה והתנהגות נורמליות. במערכת ההרחה האבזר (AOS), הנורה חוש הריח האבזר (AOB) היא המעגל העצבי העיקרי המקשר את הפריפריה החושית למבנים במורד הזרם שמכתיבים את איזון ההורמונלי 1,2, תוקפנות 3, ועורר 4. ככזה, עיבוד מידע בתוך מעגל זה קשור מאוד לשינויים בהתנהגות בעלי חיים. הנורה חוש הריח האבזר ממוקמת בעכברים וחולדות בהיבט גב / הזנב / האחורי של הנורה העיקרית חוש הריח (MOB) מתחת הצפוף, vascularized סינוס rhinal. AOB מקבל עצבוב מביא מהאקסונים של תאי עצב ההיקפי vomeronasal החושי (VSNs) שמתגוררים באיבר vomeronasal (VNO), smal<html> צינור עיוור הסתיים ליטר בחוטם הקדמי בדיוק מעל החיך הרך. אקסונים אלה חוצים את הסדין העדין של רקמה במחיצה בגבול המדיאלי של מעברי האף. מספר מחקרים בחנו תגובות עצביות AOB למקורות של ריחות AOS (כגון שתן עכבר) in vivo באמצעות עכברים מורדמים 5-7 או בעלי חיים באופן חופשי, לחקור 8. הגבורה הרדימה במחקרי vivo המעורבים (א) tracheotomies כדי להבטיח הרדמה עמוקה ולמנוע את השאיפה של גירויים נוזליים 5-7, (ב) גירוי של גנגליון האוהד צוואר הרחם 6 או cannulation הישיר של איבר vomeronasal 5,7 להציג את ריחות בלתי נדיף ו (ג) craniotomies עם או בלי כריתת אונה קדמית כדי לאפשר קידום אלקטרודה לתוך AOB 6. ער / מתנהג מחקרים 8-10 השתלה כירורגית מעורבת של דיסק קשיח זעירה. לסיכום, פרדיגמות ניסוי אלה הן רבות עוצמה, אבל קשות מאוד ולעתים קרובות דורשות הרדמה. ss = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; מעניין לציין, כי מספר מחקרים ניסו לשמור על מבנים חושיים ומעגלים עצביים במורד הזרם בחיים מחוץ לגוף (ex vivo) בהצלחה מסוימת 11-15. בגלל הקשרים בין VNO וAOB יישארו ipsilateral, ובגלל הרקמה במחיצה קו האמצע יכולה להיות חשופה לsuperfusate מחומצן בחצי כדור בודד, בקשנו לפתח vivo לשעבר גישה כזו חד אונה לבודד מבנים אלה תוך שמירה על הקישוריות התפקודית שלהם. הצלחנו לאחרונה בהשגת מטרה זו 16. הכנה זו שומרת VNO וAOB החיים ותפקודיים מחובר לפחות 4 שניהם - 6 שעות, כי שניהם אקסונים (יחד הרקמות רכות במחיצה קו האמצע) וAOB הם רדודים יחסית &lt;600 מיקרומטר תכונות שאינן נגישים לsuperfused מלאכותי נוזל השדרתי מחומצן ( aCSF). vivo לשעבר הכנת VNO-AOB זה מאפשרת כניסתה של גירויים מבוקרים לתוך VNO באמצעות צינורית דקה, וגישה ויזואלית ישירה לAOB הקטן למיקום האלקטרודה ממוקד ו / או מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי החי. בשיטה זו יש יתרון אם אחד רצונות ללמוד מעגלים אלה בהיעדר חומרי הרדמה. בגלל גישה זו מנתקת קשרי צנטריפוגלי, הוא לא מתאים גם לפניות לאפנון צנטריפוגלי של תפקוד AOB. Vivo לשעבר הכנת VNO-AOB קשה ללמוד, אבל השיג פעם אחת מייצר פלטפורמה אמינה שעליו לחקור את הארגון במעגל, עיבוד מידע, ופלסטיות עצבית במעגל החושי רב עוצמה הזה.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors-Straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14060-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors-Curved</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14061-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11006-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#3 Scalpel Handle</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#11 Scalpel Blades</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>3120030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Carbon Steel Razor Blades</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-772-21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection Chamber</td>
			<td>Custom&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>See Fig. 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Delrin plastic plank 0.6 cm x 1.5 cm x 0.1 cm</td>
			<td>Custom&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dow Corning Silicon Vacuum grease</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>146355D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#5 Forceps, Student</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#5 Forceps, Biologie Tip</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11295-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#5 Forceps, Student</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.0045&#34; Polyimide Tubing</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>823400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/16&#34; Male Luer</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-45505-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/16&#34; Tubing</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-171-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Two ton epoxy</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>5E157</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ValveBank Pressurized Perfusion Kit</td>
			<td>AutoMate Scientific</td>
			<td>09-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ValveLink digital/manual controller</td>
			<td>AutoMate Scientific</td>
			<td>01-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>myo-inositol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na-pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na-ascorbate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo preparations of the intact vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb

מערכת עכבר חוש הריח אבזר (AOS) היא מסלול חושי מיוחד לאיתור ריחות בלתי נדיף חברתיים, פרומונים, וkairomones. המעגל העצבי הראשון במסלול AOS, הנקרא הנורה חוש הריח האבזר (AOB), ממלא תפקיד חשוב בקביעת התנהגויות מיניות אופיינית כמו תוקפנות והזדווגות טריטוריאליות. מעגל זה קטן (&lt;1 מ&quot;מ 3) הוא בעל היכולת להבחין מדינות התנהגותיים ייחודיות, כגון מין, מתח, ולחץ מרמזי chemosensory בהפרשות והפרשות של בני מין. בעוד הארגון הקומפקטי של מערכת זו מציג הזדמנויות ייחודיות להקלטה מחלקים גדולים של המעגל בו זמנית, החקירה של עיבוד חושי בAOB נותרת מאתגרת, בעיקר בשל המיקום בניסוי הנחות שלו במוח. הנה, אנחנו מדגימים נתיחה רב שלבים שמסירה את AOB ללא פגע בתוך אונה אחת של גולגולת העכבר הקדמית, והשאיר להתחבריונים לשני נוירונים vomeronasal ההיקפי חושיים (VSNs) ומעגלים עצביים המקומיים בשלמותה. ההליך חושף את פני השטח AOB לכוון בדיקה חזותית, בהנחיית אלקטרו והקלטות אופטיות מרכיבי מעגל AOB בהיעדר חומרי הרדמה. עם החדרת צינורית דקה לתוך איבר vomeronasal (VNO), אשר בתי VSNs, אפשר ישירות לחשוף את הפריפריה לריחות חברתיים ופרומונים בעת הקלטת פעילות במורד הזרם בAOB. הליך זה מאפשר לבירורים מבוקרים לעיבוד מידע AOS, אשר יכול לשפוך אור על מנגנונים המקשרים חשיפת פרומון לשינויים בהתנהגות.

השגת הצלחה עם הכנה זו דורש תרגול רב, ויש לו כמה שלבים שבו היא יכולה להיכשל. יש לצפות לדורשים ניסיונות רבים בעבר להשגת הצלחה. חדר הנתיחה המותאמת אישית נדרש להשלמה מוצלחת של פרוטוקול זה, ויש לקבל לפני תחילת השלבים מאוחר יותר של הניתוח. עיצוב החדר מוצג באיור 1 הוא...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb at JoVE.com

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

הנורה עכבר חוש הריח אבזר (AOB) כבר קשה ללמוד בהקשר של קידוד חושי. הנה, אנחנו מדגימים נתיחה שמייצרת vivo הכנה לשעבר שבו נוירונים AOB יישארו תפקודי מחוברים לתשומות ההיקפית שלהם, ומקלים על מחקרים בתחום עיבוד מידע של פרומונים העכבר וkairomones.

Ex Vivo הכנות של הנורה Vomeronasal האיברים ואבזר חוש הריח הפגועה

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

10.7K Views.  UT Southwestern Medical Center.  הנורה עכבר חוש הריח אבזר (AOB) כבר קשה ללמוד בהקשר של קידוד חושי. הנה, אנחנו מדגימים נתיחה שמייצרת vivo הכנה לשעבר שבו נוירונים AOB יישארו תפקודי מחוברים לתשומות ההיקפית שלהם, ומקלים על מחקרים בתחום עיבוד מידע של פרומונים העכבר וkairomones. 

Video: Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

Multielectrode Array Recordings of the Vomeronasal Epithelium

Understanding neural circuits requires methods to record from many neurons simultaneously. For in vitro studies, one currently available technology is planar multielectrode array (MEA) recording. Here we document the use of MEAs to study the mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO), which plays an essential role in the detection of pheromones and social cues via a diverse population of sensory neurons expressing hundreds of types of receptors. Combining MEA recording with a robotic liquid handler to deliver chemical stimuli, the sensory responses of a large and diverse population of neurons can be recorded. The preparation allows us to remove the intact neuroepithelium of the VNO from the mouse and stimulate with a battery of chemicals or potential ligands while monitoring the electrical activity of the neurons for several hours. Therefore, this technique serves as a useful method for assessing ligand activity as well as exploring the properties of receptor neurons. We present the techniques needed to prepare the vomeronasal epithelium, MEA recording, and chemical stimulation.

Multielectrode array (MEA) recordings provide a method for studying the electrical activity of large populations of neurons. Here, we present the details of a MEA preparation to record from the mouse vomeronasal epithelium while simultaneously stimulating the tissue.

מערך Multielectrode הקלטות של האפיתל Vomeronasal

Understanding neural circuits requires methods to record from many neurons simultaneously. For in vitro studies, one currently available technology is ...

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Live-תא הדמיה של תאים מבשר חושי האיברים אינטקט תסיסנית גלמים

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the olfactory bulb (OB). The molecular mechanisms of OSN axon growth and targeting are not well understood. Manipulating gene expression and subsequent 
visualizing of single OSN axons and their terminal arbor morphology have thus far been challenging. To study gene function at the single cell level within a specified 
time frame, we developed a lentiviral based technique to manipulate gene expression in OSNs in vivo. Lentiviral particles are delivered to OSNs by microinjection 
into the olfactory epithelium (OE). Expression cassettes are then permanently integrated into the genome of transduced OSNs. Green fluorescent protein expression 
identifies infected OSNs and outlines their entire morphology, including the axon terminal arbor. Due to the short turnaround time between microinjection and 
reporter detection, gene function studies can be focused within a very narrow period of development. With this method, we have detected GFP expression within as 
few as three days and as long as three months following injection. We have achieved both over-expression and shRNA mediated knock-down by lentiviral microinjection. 
This method provides detailed morphologies of OSN cell bodies and axons at the single cell level in vivo, and thus allows characterization of candidate gene function 
during olfactory development.

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

We present a lentiviral technique for genetic manipulation and visualization of single olfactory sensory neuron axon and its terminal arborization in vivo.

Lentivirus בתיווך ויזואליזציה מניפולציה גנטית של עצב סנסורי חוש הריח In vivo</em

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the ...

Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines

In vivo electroporation is a powerful method for delivering DNA expression plasmids, RNAi reagents, and morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides to specific regions of developing embryos, including those of C. elegans, chick, Xenopus, zebrafish, and mouse 1. In zebrafish, in vivo electroporation has been shown to have excellent spatial and temporal resolution for the delivery of these reagents 2-7. The temporal resolution of this method is important because it allows for incorporation of these reagents at specific stages in development. Furthermore, because expression from electroporated vectors occurs within 6 hours 7, this method is more timely than transgenic approaches. While the spatial resolution can be extremely precise when targeting a single cell 2, 6, it is often preferable to incorporate reagents into a specific cell population within a tissue or structure. When targeting multiple cells, in vivo electroporation is efficient for delivery to a specific region of the embryo; however, particularly within the developing nervous system, it is difficult to target specific cell types solely through spatially discrete electroporation. Alternatively, enhancer trap transgenic lines offer excellent cell type-specific expression of transgenes 8. Here we describe an approach that combines transgenic Gal4-based enhancer trap lines 8 with spatially discrete in vivo electroporation 7, 9 to specifically target developing neurons of the zebrafish olfactory bulb. The Et(zic4:Gal4TA4,UAS:mCherry)hzm5 (formerly GA80_9) enhancer trap line previously described 8, displays targeted transgenic expression of mCherry mediated by a zebrafish optimized Gal4 (KalTA4) transcriptional activator in multiple regions of the developing brain including hindbrain, cerebellum, forebrain, and the olfactory bulb. To target GFP expression specifically to the olfactory bulb, a plasmid with the coding sequence of GFP under control of multiple Gal4 binding sites (UAS) was electroporated into the anterior end of the forebrain at 24-28 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Although this method incorporates plasmid DNA into multiple regions of the forebrain, GFP expression is only induced in cells transgenically expressing the KalTA4 transcription factor. Thus, by using the GA080_9 transgenic line, this approach led to GFP expression exclusively in the developing olfactory bulb. GFP expressing cells targeted through this approach showed typical axonal projections, as previously described for mitral cells of the olfactory bulb 10. This method could also be used for targeted delivery of other reagents including short-hairpin RNA interference expression plasmids, which would provide a method for spatially and temporally discrete loss-of-function analysis.

Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines

The temporal and spatial resolution of genetic manipulations determines the spectrum of biological phenomena that they can perturb. Here we use temporally and spatially discrete in vivo electroporation, combined with transgenic lines of zebrafish, to induce expression of a GFP transgene specifically in neurons of the developing olfactory bulb.

מיקוד Bulb נוירונים חוש הריח שימוש משולב In vivo Electroporation ו Gal4 מבוסס Enhancer מלכודת קווי דג הזברה

In vivo electroporation is a powerful method for delivering DNA expression plasmids, RNAi reagents, and morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides to specific ...

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

In the brain, sensory stimulation activates distributed populations of neurons among functional modules which participate to the coding of the stimulus. Functional optical imaging techniques are advantageous to visualize the activation of these modules in sensory cortices with high spatial resolution. In this context, endogenous optical signals that arise from molecular mechanisms linked to neuroenergetics are valuable sources of contrast to record spatial maps of sensory stimuli over wide fields in the rodent brain.
Here, we present two techniques based on changes of endogenous optical properties of the brain tissue during activation. First the intrinsic optical signals (IOS) are produced by a local alteration in red light reflectance due to: (i) absorption by changes in blood oxygenation level and blood volume (ii) photon scattering. The use of in vivo IOS to record spatial maps started in the mid 1980's with the observation of optical maps of whisker barrels in the rat and the orientation columns in the cat visual cortex1. IOS imaging of the surface of the rodent main olfactory bulb (OB) in response to odorants was later demonstrated by Larry Katz's group2. The second approach relies on flavoprotein autofluorescence signals (FAS) due to changes in the redox state of these mitochondrial metabolic intermediates. More precisely, the technique is based on the green fluorescence due to oxidized state of flavoproteins when the tissue is excited with blue light. Although such signals were probably among the first fluorescent molecules recorded for the study of brain activity by the pioneer studies of Britton Chances and colleagues3, it was not until recently that they have been used for mapping of brain activation in vivo. FAS imaging was first applied to the somatosensory cortex in rodents in response to hindpaw stimulation by Katsuei Shibuki's group4.
The olfactory system is of central importance for the survival of the vast majority of living species because it allows efficient detection and identification of chemical substances in the environment (food, predators). The OB is the first relay of olfactory information processing in the brain. It receives afferent projections from the olfactory primary sensory neurons that detect volatile odorant molecules. Each sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor and neurons carrying the same type of receptor send their nerve processes to the same well-defined microregions of &tilde;100&mu;m3 constituted of discrete neuropil, the olfactory glomerulus (Fig. 1). In the last decade, IOS imaging has fostered the functional exploration of the OB5, 6, 7 which has become one of the most studied sensory structures. The mapping of OB activity with FAS imaging has not been performed yet.
Here, we show the successive steps of an efficient protocol for IOS and FAS imaging to map odor-evoked activities in the mouse OB.

This article presents the protocols of intrinsic optical signals and flavoproteins autofluorescence signals imaging to map odor-evoked activities at the surface of the olfactory bulb in mice.

פעילויות הדמיה ריח ועוררה הנורה חוש הריח באמצעות עכבר אופטי החזר אותות autofluorescence

In the brain, sensory stimulation activates distributed populations of neurons among functional modules which participate to the coding of the stimulus. ...

Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within the same species 1,2. These intraspecies signals, the pheromones, as well as signals from some predators 3, activate the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) with high levels of specificity and sensitivity 4. At least three distinct families of G-protein coupled receptors, V1R, V2R and FPR 5-14, are expressed in VNO neurons to mediate the detection of the chemosensory cues. To understand how pheromone information is encoded by the VNO, it is critical to analyze the response profiles of individual VSNs to various stimuli and identify the specific receptors that mediate these responses.
The neuroepithelia of VNO are enclosed in a pair of vomer bones. The semi-blind tubular structure of VNO has one open end (the vomeronasal duct) connecting to the nasal cavity. VSNs extend their dendrites to the lumen part of the VNO, where the pheromone cues are in contact with the receptors expressed at the dendritic knobs. The cell bodies of the VSNs form pseudo-stratified layers with V1R and V2R expressed in the apical and basal layers respectively 6-8. Several techniques have been utilized to monitor responses of VSNs to sensory stimuli 4,12,15-19. Among these techniques, acute slice preparation offers several advantages. First, compared to dissociated VSNs 3,17, slice preparations maintain the neurons in their native morphology and the dendrites of the cells stay relatively intact. Second, the cell bodies of the VSNs are easily accessible in coronal slice of the VNO to allow electrophysiology studies and imaging experiments as compared to whole epithelium and whole-mount preparations 12,20. Third, this method can be combined with molecular cloning techniques to allow receptor identification.
Sensory stimulation elicits strong Ca2+ influx in VSNs that is indicative of receptor activation 4,21. We thus develop transgenic mice that express G-CaMP2 in the olfactory sensory neurons, including the VSNs 15,22. The sensitivity and the genetic nature of the probe greatly facilitate Ca2+ imaging experiments. This method has eliminated the dye loading process used in previous studies 4,21. We also employ a ligand delivery system that enables application of various stimuli to the VNO slices. The combination of the two techniques allows us to monitor multiple neurons simultaneously in response to large numbers of stimuli. Finally, we have established a semi-automated analysis pipeline to assist image processing.

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects intraspecies chemical signals that convey social and reproductive information. We have performed Ca2+ imaging experiments using transgenic mice expressing G-CaMP2 in VNO tissue. This approach allows us to analyze the complicated response patterns of the vomeronasal neurons to large numbers of pheromone stimuli.

התגובות הדמיה העצבית ההכנות Slice של איברים Vomeronasal הבעת חיישן סידן מקודד גנטית

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within ...

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for investigating the cell biology and development of central brain structures by allowing acute pharmacological interventions and live imaging of cellular processes. As an example of the technique, prior work from our lab1 has shown that a previously unrecognized subcellular compartment lies between the axonal and somatodendritic compartments of axons of the Drosophila central brain. The development of this compartment, referred to as the axon initial segment (AIS)2, was shown genetically to depend on the neuron-specific cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk5. We show here that ex vivo treatment of wild-type Drosophila larval brains with the Cdk5-specific pharmacological inhibitors roscovitine and olomoucine3 causes acute changes in actin organization, and in localization of the cell-surface protein Fasciclin 2, that mimic the changes seen in mutants that lack Cdk5 activity genetically.
A second example of the ex vivo culture technique is provided for remodeling of the connections of embryonic mushroom body (MB) gamma neurons during metamorphosis from larva to adult. The mushroom body is the center of olfactory learning and memory in the fly4, and these gamma neurons prune their axonal and dendritic branches during pupal development and then re-extend branches at a later timepoint to establish the adult innervation pattern5. Pruning of these neurons of the MB has been shown to occur via local degeneration of neurite branches6, by a mechanism that is triggered by ecdysone, a steroid hormone, acting at the ecdysone receptor B17, and that is dependent on the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system6. Our method of ex vivo culturing can be used to interrogate further the mechanism of developmental remodeling. We found that in the ex vivo culture setting, gamma neurons of the MB recapitulated the process of developmental pruning with a time course similar to that in vivo. It was essential, however, to wait until 1.5 hours after puparium formation before explanting the tissue in order for the cells to commit irreversibly to metamorphosis; dissection of animals at the onset of pupariation led to little or no metamorphosis in culture. Thus, with appropriate modification, the ex vivo culture approach can be applied to study dynamic as well as steady state aspects of central brain biology.

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

This article describes a method by which one can mimic in vivo development of the Drosophila mushroom body in an ex vivo culture system.

אקס culturing vivo של שלם, פיתוח המוח תסיסנית

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for ...

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of the olfactory epithelium continuously give rise to new sensory neurons that extend their axons into the olfactory bulb, where they face the challenge to integrate into existing circuitry. Because of this particular feature, the olfactory system represents a unique opportunity to monitor axonal wiring and guidance, and to investigate synapse formation. Here we describe a procedure for in vivo labeling of sensory neurons and subsequent visualization of axons in the olfactory system of larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. To stain sensory neurons in the olfactory organ we adopt the electroporation technique. In vivo electroporation is an established technique for delivering fluorophore-coupled dextrans or other macromolecules into living cells. Stained sensory neurons and their axonal processes can then be monitored in the living animal either using confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy. By reducing the number of labeled cells to few or single cells per animal, single axons can be tracked into the olfactory bulb and their morphological changes can be monitored over weeks by conducting series of in vivo time lapse imaging experiments. While the described protocol exemplifies the labeling and monitoring of olfactory sensory neurons, it can also be adopted to other cell types within the olfactory and other systems.

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

We describe a protocol for in vivo labeling of olfactory sensory neurons by electroporation and subsequent confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy to visualize neuronal morphology and its development over time.

מערכת חוש הריח כמודל לחקר דפוסי axonal צמיחה ומורפולוגיה<em&gt; In vivo</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

תצפית של תנועת ריסי תאי אפיתל דמית העין מקלעת<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. However, there is piling evidence that olfaction is not solely limited to chemical sensitivity, but also includes temperature sensitivity. Premetamorphic Xenopus laevis are translucent animals, with protruding nasal cavities deprived of the cribriform plate separating the nose and the olfactory bulb. These characteristics make them well suited for studying olfaction, and particularly thermosensitivity. The present article describes the complete procedure for measuring temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of X. laevis larvae. Firstly, the electroporation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is performed with spectrally distinct dyes loaded into the nasal cavities in order to stain their axon terminals in the bulbar neuropil. The differential staining between left and right receptor neurons serves to identify the &#947;-glomerulus as the only structure innervated by contralateral presynaptic afferents. Secondly, the electroporation is combined with focal bolus loading in the olfactory bulb in order to stain mitral cells and their dendrites. The 3D brain volume is then scanned under line-illumination microscopy for the acquisition of fast calcium imaging data while small temperature drops are induced at the olfactory epithelium. Lastly, the post-acquisition analysis allows the morphological reconstruction of the thermosensitive network comprising the &#947;-glomerulus and its innervating mitral cells, based on specific temperature-induced Ca2+ traces. Using chemical odorants as stimuli in addition to temperature jumps enables the comparison between thermosensitive and chemosensitive networks in the olfactory bulb.

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Here we describe a protocol for measuring and analyzing temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis. Olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells are differentially stained, after which calcium changes are recorded, reflecting a sensitivity of some neural networks in the bulb to temperature drops induced at the nose.

הקלטת פעילות עצבית הנגרמת טמפרטורה באמצעות ניטור שינויי סידן נורה חוש הריח של<em&gt; Laevis Xenopus</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...