אנו מודים לקתרינה Haberland לעריכת תמונות. מימון: המחבר הבכיר קיבל מענק KKF מהאוניברסיטה הטכנולוגית München להקים מעבדת מחקר חדשה.

<ol>
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על מנת להקטין את סיבוכי איסכמי ובכך לשפר את התוצאה הקלינית, נדרש ידע מפורט יותר של תהליכי pathophysiologic ברקמת דש perfused ביקורתי. פיתוח מודלים של בעלי החיים חדשים המחקים איסכמיה מתמשכת חריפה ולכן חובה. בהתאם לכך, היינו יכול לפתח מודל לשחזור בקלות ואמין המאפשר הערכה בזמן אמת מ...

כיסוי של חומר גיד, עצם ושתל נחשף בניתוח השחזור מסתמך על השימוש בדשים. דש הוא גוש של רקמה המועברת על הגבעול של כלי הדם שלו, המבטיח זרימה בעורקים וורידי יצוא. למרות מומחיות רחבה והזמינות של מגוון רחב של דשים שיועברו, סיבוכים הנגרם איסכמיה הנעים בין התמוטטות פצע לסך אובדן רקמה עדיין נתקלו. בעוד ניתן לצפות טיפול שמרני וריפוי על ידי כוונה משנית לאחר נמק רקמת קטין, נמק דש משמעותי בדרך כלל דורש תיקון ניתוחי, כולל הטרייה, אוויר פצע ושחזור המשני. זה מגביר תחלואה, מאריך את השהות בבית חולים וכתוצאה מכך מביא לעלויות טיפול רפואי מוגברות. דשים עם דפוס מוגדר של כלי דם או באזורי perfused באופן אקראי באזור דיסטלי המרוחק ביותר מזרם העורקים הם רגישים במיוחד לניזק איסכמי. עכו<html> rdingly, מחקרים ניסיוניים וקליניים רבים העריכו את ההתפתחות של נמק בשני, דשי דפוס צירי (אספקת דם מוגדרת) ודשי תבנית אקראית (אספקת דם לא מוגדרת) 1-3. הממצאים העיקריים מבוססים בדרך כלל על הערכה מקרוסקופית של גודל שטח נימקי. על מנת להעריך את הסיבות ומנגנונים של נמק רקמה יותר בפירוט, מספר מחקרים התמקדו בניתוח של זרימת דם. טכניקות שונות שימשו למדידת זלוף רקמות, כוללים הניתוח של מתח חמצן ברקמה באמצעות אלקטרודות polarographic 4-5, כמו גם המדידה של זרימת דם באמצעות Flowmetry דופלר לייזר 6-7, דיפוזיה צבע 8, וmicrospheres 9-10. טכניקות אלו, לעומת זאת, מאפשרות אך ורק למדידת פרמטרים עקיפים של זלוף רקמה ואינה מאפשרות ניתוח מורפולוגי של תהליכי microhemodynamic בתוך אזור בודד של עניין של כנף. t &quot;&gt; סנדיסון ידוע להיות הראשון שהשתמש בתא שקוף לממושכות במחקרי vivo, שבם ביצעו בארנבות 11 בשינה 1943 -. כ -20 שנים מאוחר יותר - Algire היה הראשון להסתגל תא כזה שקוף להיות ישים בעכברים כדי ללמוד את ההתנהגות של מיקרו-שתלים של תאים סרטניים 12. בשל העובדה שעכברים הם מה שנקרא בעלי החיים עור רפויים ואחרי כמה חידודים טכניים לאורך השנים הבאות, להר ועמיתים לעבודה היו מסוגל להסתגל כזה תא skinfold גב פיתוח קאמרי טיטניום קטן וקלה. תא זה אפשר הערכה באמצעות מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי intravital, טכניקה המאפשרת הדמיה ישירה וחוזרת ונשנית של מספר המאפיינים המורפולוגיים וmicrocirculatory והשינויים שלהם לאורך זמן בתנאים פיסיולוגיים וpathophysiological שונים, כגון כפגיעת איסכמיה reperfusion 13. בחקירת PErfusion של דשי עור, שרירים ועצמות בתנאים רגילים ופתולוגיים שתי מגמות התרחשו: ראשית, דגמי &quot;חריפים&quot; הדש שאינו משתמשים בתא skinfold הגב כגון תנוך אוזן pedicled בעכבר 14, דש עור האי מבוסס הרוחבית באוגר 15 והדש המורכב pedicled בחולדה 16. שנית, המודל &quot;הכרוני&quot; הדש שבו השילוב של כנף עם microcirculatory חוזר על עצמו היתרים קאמריים skinfold גב מנתח על פני כמה ימים עם מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי intravital. הוא מורכב מדש musculocutaneous perfused באופן אקראי המשתלב בתא skinfold של העכבר 17. יחס רוחב-אורכה נבחר שמצב של איסכמיה המתמשכת החריפה תוצאות באופן עקבי ב~ 50% נמק רקמת דש 10-14 ימים לאחר העלאת דש. במידה לשחזור זה של נמק רקמות מאפשרת הערכה נוספת של שניהם, מגן (כלומר, פיתוח של lesשל נמק) וגורמים מזיקים (כלומר, התפתחות של נמק יותר) על הפתופיזיולוגיה דש. בשנים האחרונות, מספר פרסומים ניסיוניים הממחישים את ההשפעה של טרום שונים, peri- ונהלי פוסט-אוויר, כוללים מתן חומרי רקמת מגן 18-24 והיישום המקומי של גורמי לחץ פיסיולוגיים כגון חום 25 וזעזועים 26, צמחו. הניתוחים כמותיים של נמק, מורפולוגיה כלי דם ופרמטרי microcirculatory יכולים להמשיך להיות מתואמים לניתוחי immunohistochemical ומבחני חלבון. חלבונים שונים ומולקולות כולל פקטור הגדילה של אנדותל כלי דם (VEGF), synthases תחמוצת חנקן (NOS), kappa B גורם גרעיני (NF-κB) וחלבוני הלם חום (HSP-32: heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) וHSP- 70) הוכח לשחק תפקיד בהגנת רקמות. בהתבסס על מודל קאמרי דש זה, שני שינויים פותחו ביורדוr כדי לנתח ניאו-וסקולריזציה וזרימת דם בריפוי עור שתל 27 והתפתחויות angiogenic בדש pedicled עם זלוף הדפוס צירי 28. אנו מציגים מודל לשחזור ואמין הכולל דש musculocutaneous תיגר ischemically בתא skinfold העכבר. מודל זה מאפשר הדמיה וכימות של זרימת הדם ופרמטרים המודינמיים על ידי מיקרוסקופ עלית הקרינה intravital.

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		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">C57Bl/6 mice 6-8w 20-22g</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">depilation cream</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Veet</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>any depilation cream</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">titanium chamber</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Irola</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">160001</td>
			<td>Halteblech M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">slotted cheese head screw</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Screws and More</td>
			<td align="right">842210</td>
			<td>DIN84 M2x10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">hexagon full nut</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Screws and More</td>
			<td align="right">93422</td>
			<td>DIN934 M2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">snap ring</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Schaefer-Peters</td>
			<td align="right">472212</td>
			<td>DIN472 J12x1,0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Volab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>custom-made cover glass 11,8mm in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">fixing foam</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">tesamoll</td>
			<td>05559-100</td>
			<td>tesamoll Standard I-Profile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">ketamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Parke Davis</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Ketavet&#174;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">dihydroxylidinothiazine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Rompun&#174;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Buprenorphin</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Essex Pharma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Temgesic&#174;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Saline 0,9%</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">desinfection alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Vicryl 5-0</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">V 490 H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Ethilon 5-0</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EH 7823 H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">1ml syringes</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">surgical skin marker with flexible ruler</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Purple surgical</td>
			<td>PS3151</td>
			<td>any surgical skin marker and flexible ruler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;"></td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">pointed scissors</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Micro-Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">normal scissors</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">2 clamps</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">fine anatomic forceps</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">micro-forceps</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;"></td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">hex nuter driver</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">wiha</td>
			<td>1018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">screwdriver</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">wiha</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">685</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">snap ring plier</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Knipex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4411J1</td>
			<td>12-25mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">wire cutter</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Knipex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">70 02 160</td>
			<td>Wire cutter is used to cut screws short; 160mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;"></td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">trans-illumination light</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">IKEA</td>
			<td>501.632.02</td>
			<td>LED light Jansj&#246;; any light&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">magnification glasses</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;"></td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">intravital microscope</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>490035-0001-000</td>
			<td>Scope.A1.Axiotech</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">LED system</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>423052-9501-000</td>
			<td>Colibri.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">LED module 365nm</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>423052-9011-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">LED module 470nm</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>423052-9052-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">LED module 540-580nm</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>423052-9121-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Filter set 62 62 HE BFP + GFP + HcRed</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>489062-9901-000</td>
			<td>range 1: 350-390nm excitation wavelength split 395 / 402-448nm; range 2: 460-488nm, split 495nm / 500-557nm; range 3: 567-602nm, split 610nm / 615-infinite</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Filter set 20 Rhodamine</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>485020-0000-000</td>
			<td>540-552nm, split 560, emission 575-640nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">2,5x objective NA=0,06</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>421020-9900-000</td>
			<td>A-Plan 2,5x/0.06</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">5x objective NA=0,16</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>420330-9901-000</td>
			<td>EC Plan-Neofluar 5x/0.16 M27</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">10x objetive NA=0,30</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>420340-9901-000</td>
			<td>EC Plan-Neofluar 10x/0.30 M27</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">20x objective NA=0.50</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>420350-9900-000</td>
			<td>EC Plan-Neofluar 20x/0.50 M27</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">50x objective NA=0,55</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>422472-9960-000</td>
			<td>LD Epiplan-Neofluar 50x/0.55 DIC 27</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;"></td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">ZEN imaging software</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>ZenPro 2012</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">CapImage</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Dr. Zeintl</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;"></td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">45946</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">bisBenzimide H 33342 trihydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B2261</td>
			<td>harmful if swallowed; causes severe skin burns and eye damage, may cause repiratory irritat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Rhodamine 6G chloride</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R634</td>
			<td>harmful if swallowed; may cause genetic defects; may cause cancer; may damage fertility or the unborn child</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:319px;"></td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Pentobarbital</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Merial</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Narcoren&#174;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ischemic tissue injury in the dorsal skinfold chamber of the mouse: a skin flap model to investigate acute persistent ischemia

למרות מומחיות עמוקה וטכניקות ניתוחיות מתקדמות, סיבוכים הנגרם איסכמיה הנעים בין התמוטטות פצע נמק רקמות נרחבת עדיין מתרחשים, במיוחד בניתוחי דש שחזור. מודלים דש ניסיוניים מרובים פותחו כדי לנתח את סיבות ומנגנונים העומדים בבסיס ולחקור אסטרטגיות טיפול למניעת סיבוכי איסכמי. הגורם המגביל של רוב הדגמים הוא האפשרות חסרת ישירות ושוב ושוב לדמיין ארכיטקטורת כלי דם ופרמטרים המודינמיים. המטרה של הפרוטוקול הייתה להציג מודל עכבר מבוסס היטב השתייכות לפני שהוזכרו אלמנטים אלה לוקים בחסרים. קשה יותר et al. פיתח מודל של כנף musculocutaneous עם דפוס זלוף אקראי שעובר איסכמיה החריפה מתמשכת ותוצאות ב~ נמק 50% לאחר 10 ימים אם המשיך שלא טופל. בעזרת מיקרוסקופיה עלית הקרינה intravital, מודל תא זה מאפשר הדמיה חוזרת ונשנית שלמורפולוגיה פרמטרים המודינמיים באזורים שונים של ריבית על פני זמן. ניתן לחקור תהליכים נלווים כגון אפופטוזיס, דלקת, דליפת כלי דם ואנגיוגנזה ומתואמים מבחני חלבון immunohistochemical והמולקולריים. עד כה, המודל הוכיח היתכנות ושחזור במספר מחקרים ניסיוניים פרסמו חוקרים את ההשפעה של טרום, peri- וpostconditioning של רקמת תיגר ischemically.

הִתמַקְקוּת נקודת הסיום העיקרית של מודל זה - גובה דש נמק רקמות לאחר (כלומר, אינדוקציה של איסכמיה המתמשכת האקוטית) - נמדדה שוב ושוב ומאויר macroscopically כפי שמוצגת באיור 3 על פני תקופה של 10 ימים. סימון סופי של נמק דש...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia at JoVE.com

Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia

החלון של חדר skinfold הגב העכברי הציג מדמיין אזור של איסכמיה המתמשכת האקוטית של כנף musculocutaneous. היתרי Intravital עלית מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי להערכה ישירה וחוזרת ונשנית של נימי הדם והכימות של פרמטרים המודינמיים. נוסף יכולים להיות מתואמות מורפולוגיים ותוצאות המודינמית עם ניתוחים היסטולוגית ומולקולריים.

פגיעה ברקמות איסכמי בהגבו skinfold לשכת העכבר: דגם דש עור לחקור איסכמיה מתמיד חריפה

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are ...

ischemic-tissue-injury-dorsal-skinfold-chamber-mouse-skin-flap-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.6K Views.  Technische Universität München.  החלון של חדר skinfold הגב העכברי הציג מדמיין אזור של איסכמיה המתמשכת האקוטית של כנף musculocutaneous. היתרי Intravital עלית מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי להערכה ישירה וחוזרת ונשנית של נימי הדם והכימות של פרמטרים המודינמיים. נוסף יכולים להיות מתואמות מורפולוגיים ...

Video: Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

באתרו מדף רוחבי Rectus abdominis Myocutaneous: מודל עכברוש של הפגיעה reperfusion איסכמיה Myocutaneous

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

דגם איסכמיה reperfusion של פגיעה חריפה בכליות ופגיעים ההודעה פיברוזיס בעכברים

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

דגם של שריר הלב איסכמיה reperfusion הפגיעה Murine באמצעות קשירת של העורק השמאלי קדמי יורד

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and unrelieved pressure due to immobility. Animal models have been developed that attempt to mimic these conditions for the purpose of furthering our understanding of the complexity of chronic wounds. The model described herein is a rat ischemic skin flap model that permits a prolonged reduction of blood flow resulting in wounds that become ischemic and resemble a chronic wound phenotype (reduced vascularization, increased inflammation and delayed wound closure). It consists of a bipedicled dorsal flap with 2 ischemic wounds placed centrally and 2 non-ischemic wounds lateral to the flap as controls. A novel addition to this ischemic skin flap model is the placement of a silicone sheet beneath the flap that functions as a barrier and a splint to prevent revascularization and reduce contraction as the wounds heal. Despite the debate of using rats for wound healing studies due to their quite distinct anatomic and physiologic differences compared to humans (i.e., the presence of a panniculus carnosus muscle, short life-span, increased number of hair follicles, and their ability to heal infected wounds) the modifications employed in this model make it a valuable alternative to previously developed ischemic skin flap models.

The rat, due to its size, availability, and rather docile behavior, has been utilized as a research model for many years. The goal of this protocol is to utilize the rat as an ischemic skin wound healing model to provide valuable insight into the pathophysiology of chronic wounds.

הפגנה של דגם פצע עור העכברוש איסכמי

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and ...

Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Assessment of Acute Ionizing Radiation Induced Skin Toxicity Using a Mouse Model

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and negatively impact patient quality of life and long term survival. Advances in the understanding of the biological pathways associated with normal tissue toxicities have allowed for the development of interventional drugs, however, current response studies are limited by a lack of quantitative metrics for assessing the severity of skin reactions. Here we present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe the instrumentation design of the DOS system as well as the inversion algorithm for extracting the optical parameters. Finally, to demonstrate clinical utility, we present representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema and compare the results with a commonly employed visual scoring. The described DOS method offers an objective, high through-put evaluation of skin toxicity via functional response that is translatable to the clinical setting.

We present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe DOS instrumentation design, optical parameters extraction algorithms and the animal handling procedures required to yield representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema.

מפוזר ספקטרוסקופיה אופטית עבור הערכה כמותית של רעילות העור לקרינה מייננת מושרה חריפה שימוש במודל של עכברים

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

להרחיב הנשמת קיבת חומצה שאיפת Murine הדגם של פגיעה החריפה ריאות תוצאות ב מקסימלי חריפה קטלנית פגיעת ריאות

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Inducing Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in the Mouse Ear Skin for Intravital Multiphoton Imaging of Immune Responses

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when there is transient hypoxia due to the obstruction of blood flow (ischemia) followed by a subsequent re-oxygenation of the tissues (reperfusion). In the skin, ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is the main contributing factor to the pathophysiology of pressure ulcers. While the cascade of events leading up to the inflammatory response has been well studied, the spatial and temporal responses of the different subsets of immune cells to an IR injury are not well understood. Existing models of IR using the clamping technique on the skin flank are highly invasive and unsuitable for studying immune responses to injury, while similar non-invasive magnet clamping studies in the skin flank are less-than-ideal for intravital imaging studies. In this protocol, we describe a robust model of non-invasive IR developed on mouse ear skin, where we aim to visualize in real-time the cellular response of immune cells after reperfusion via multiphoton intravital imaging (MP-IVM).

This protocol describes the induction of an ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model on mouse ear skin using magnet clamping. Using a custom-built intravital imaging model, we study in vivo inflammatory responses post-reperfusion. The rationale behind the development of this technique is to extend the understanding of how leukocytes respond to skin IR injury.

פגיעה איסכמיה reperfusion התרמה בעור האוזן עכבר Intravital multiphoton הדמיה של המערכת החיסונית

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when there is transient hypoxia due to the obstruction of blood flow (ischemia) followed by a subsequent ...

A Model of Free Tissue Transfer: The Rat Epigastric Free Flap

Free tissue transfer has been increasingly used in clinical practice since the 1970s, allowing reconstruction of complex and otherwise untreatable defects resulting from tumor extirpation, trauma, infections, malformations or burns. Free flaps are particularly useful for reconstructing highly complex anatomical regions, like those of the head and neck, the hand, the foot and the perineum. Moreover, basic and translational research in the area of free tissue transfer is of great clinical potential. Notwithstanding, surgical trainees and researchers are frequently deterred from using microsurgical models of tissue transfer, due to lack of information regarding the technical aspects involved in the operative procedures. The aim of this paper is to present the steps required to transfer a fasciocutaneous epigastric free flap to the neck in the rat.
This flap is based on the superficial epigastric artery and vein, which originates from and drain into the femoral artery and vein, respectively. On average the caliber of the superficial epigastric vein is 0.6 to 0.8 mm, contrasting with the 0.3 to 0.5 mm of the superficial epigastric artery. Histologically, the flap is a composite block of tissues, containing skin (epidermis and dermis), a layer of fat tissue (panniculus adiposus), a layer of striated muscle (panniculus carnosus), and a layer of loose areolar tissue.
Succinctly, the epigastric flap is raised on its pedicle vessels that are then anastomosed to the external jugular vein and to the carotid artery on the ventral surface of the rat's neck. According to our experience, this model guarantees the complete survival of approximately 70 to 80% of epigastric flaps transferred to the neck region. The flap can be evaluated whenever needed by visual inspection. Hence, the authors believe this is a good experimental model for microsurgical research and training.

This paper describes the steps required to raise a fasciocutaneous epigastric free flap and transfer it to the neck in the rat.

מודל של העברת רקמות חינם: דש עכברוש ברום הבטן חינם

Free tissue transfer has been increasingly used in clinical practice since the 1970s, allowing reconstruction of complex and otherwise untreatable defects ...

Modified Heterotopic Hindlimb Osteomyocutaneous Flap Model in the Rat for Translational Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Research

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a relatively new field in the reconstructive surgery. Clinical achievements in human VCA include hand and face transplants and, more recently, abdominal wall, uterus, and urogenital transplants. Functional outcomes have exceeded initial expectations, and most recipients enjoy an improved quality of life. However, as clinical experience accumulates, chronic rejection and complications from the immunosuppression must be addressed. In many cases where grafts have failed, the causative pathology has been ischemic vasculopathy. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 43, 49); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The biological mechanisms of the acute and chronic rejection associated with VCA, especially ischemic vasculopathy, are important areas of research. However, due to the very small number of VCA patients, the evaluation of proposed mechanisms is better addressed in an experimental model. Multiple groups have used animal models to address some of the relevant unsolved questions in VCA rejection and vasculopathy. Several model designs involving a variety of species are described in the literature. Here we present a reproducible model of VCA heterotopic hindlimb osteomyocutaneous flap in the rat that can be utilized for translational VCA research. This model allows for the serial evaluation of the graft, including biopsies and different imaging modalities, while maintaining a low level of morbidity.

Vascularized composite allograft offers life-altering benefits to transplant recipients, but the biological causes of graft rejection and vasculopathy remain poorly understood. The rodent surgical model presented here offers a reproducible, clinically relevant model of transplantation, allowing researchers to evaluate rejection events and potential therapeutic strategies to prevent their occurrence.

שונה הטרולנושא הגפיים האוסטאופהעורית מודל החולדה על השתלת ואסימטיקה מורכבת מחקר האלוגרפט

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a relatively new field in the reconstructive surgery. Clinical achievements in human VCA include hand ...

Scratch Migration Assay and Dorsal Skinfold Chamber for In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Wound Healing

Impaired cutaneous wound healing is a major concern for patients suffering from diabetes and for elderly people, and there is a need for an effective treatment. Appropriate in vitro and in vivo approaches are essential for the identification of new target molecules for drug treatments to improve the skin wound healing process. We identified the &#946;3 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav&#946;3) as a potential target molecule to influence the wound healing in two independent assays, i.e., the in vitro scratch migration assay and the in vivo dorsal skinfold chamber model. Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) acutely isolated from wild-type (WT) and Cav&#946;3-deficient mice (Cav&#946;3 KO) or fibroblasts acutely isolated from WT mice treated with siRNA to down-regulate the expression of the Cacnb3 gene, encoding Cav&#946;3, were used. A scratch was applied on a confluent cell monolayer and the gap closure was followed by taking microscopic images at defined time points until complete repopulation of the gap by the migrating cells. These images were analyzed, and the cell migration rate was determined for each condition. In an in vivo assay, we implanted a dorsal skinfold chamber on WT and Cav&#946;3 KO mice, applied a defined circular wound of 2 mm diameter, covered the wound with a glass coverslip to protect it from infections and desiccation, and monitored the macroscopic wound closure over time. Wound closure was significantly faster in Cacnb3-gene-deficient mice. Because the results of the in vivo and the in vitro assays correlate well, the in vitro assay may be useful for the high-throughput screening before validating the in vitro hits by the in vivo wound healing model. What we have shown here for wild-type and Cav&#946;3-deficient mice or cells might also be applicable for specific molecules other than Cav&#946;3.

Here, we present a protocol for an in vitro scratch assay using primary fibroblasts and for an in vivo skin wound healing assay in mice. Both assays are straightforward methods to assess in vitro and in vivo wound healing.

שיטת העברת שריטות וחדר מתקפל לחלל מתורבת בניתוח Vivo של ריפוי פצעים

Impaired cutaneous wound healing is a major concern for patients suffering from diabetes and for elderly people, and there is a need for an effective ...