We would like to acknowledge Dr. Bradley Schulte for comments on this protocol. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant R00 (5R00DC010220). This project was performed in a renovated laboratory space supported by Grant C06RR014516.

הערה: כל הפרוטוקולים באמצעות בעלי חיים חייבת להיות נבדקו ואושרה על ידי הוועדה מוסדית טיפול בבעלי חיים והשימוש (IACUC) וחייבת לעקוב אושרה שיטות לטיפול ולשימוש בחיות המעבדה באופן רשמי. כל הניתוחים צריכים להתבצע באמצעות טכניקה סטרילית על ספסל זרימה למינרית נקי. כפפות ומסיכה, אם תרצה בכך, יש ללבוש במהלך הליך זה. 1. Dissection של האוזן הפנימית עכבר עוברי <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדרה לצורך האיבר של קורטי תרבויות explant: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לעקר את מכסה המנוע תרבית רקמת הזרימה למינרית ידי הפעלת אור UV למשך כ 30 דקות ולחטא את המשטח עם אתנול 70% לפני השימוש. בנוסף, לעקר את כל מכשירי הנתיחה כולל כלים לנתיחה משובחים ומנות מצופות Sylgard לנתיחה עובר באמצעות החיטוי או על ידי השרייה באתנול 70% לפחות 20 דקות לפני השימוש. יוצקים את אתנול 70% ולאפשר את הכלים ומכשירים לייבוש באוויר בזרימה למינרית קליאה נקייהספסל n לפני השימוש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן תמיסת מלח מאוזנת של האנק סטרילית (HBSS) / (4 (2-hydroxyethyl) חומצת -1-piperazineethanesulfonic) תערובת (HEPES) על ידי הוספת 10% מ10x HBSS ו 0.5% HEPES ולהתאים את ה- pH של כ 7.2 ומסנן לעקר פתרון סופי ולאחסן ב 4 מעלות צלזיוס. לבצע את כל הניתוחים בפתרון HBSS / HEPES מקורר לשמר את הרקמה טובה יותר לאורך כל ההליך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כלים מזכוכית מעיל תחתון עם מטריצת קרום במרתף על ידי הוספת 5 מיליליטר של הנשר בינוני השתנה הקר (4 ° C) סטרילי של Dulbecco (DMEM) לaliquot 300 μl של מטריצת קרום במרתף בצינור פוליפרופילן סטרילי 15 מיליליטר. מערבבים על ידי vortexing את התוכן ולהוסיף 150 μl של תערובת המטריצה-DMEM קרום במרתף למרכז של כל מנה תרבות, כך שהוא מכסה את כל התרבות גם בהווה במרכז הצלחת. לכסות את הכלים וחנות בחממה 37 ° C לפחות 45 דקות לפני השימוש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> יוצקים 4-5 מיליליטר מקורר HBSS לתוך הרי צלחות פטרי קלקר סטרילי ולהשאיר סגורים במכסת המנוע. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להכין מדיום תרבות בצינור 15 מיליליטר פוליפרופילן סטרילי על ידי הוספת 9 מיליליטר של DMEM, תוספי N2 100 μl, 10 גר &#39;/ מיליליטר Cipro ו 1 מיליליטר של FBS. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בידוד של עוברים: הערה: בהליך זה לculturing explants שבלול מעוברי עכברים, אוזניים פנימיות אסיף מיום עוברי (E) 13 עצמות זמניות עם היום לאחר הפריה נשקלות כ9 E1. גם הפרוטוקול ניתן להשתמש עם אוזניים פנימיות עכבר עוברי החל מE12 לE18. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להרדים עכבר מתוזמן בהריון עם CO 2 ולהקריב את בעלי החיים על ידי נקע בצוואר הרחם או פרוטוקולים שאושרו מתאימים. לבצע euthanization ממכסת מנוע בתרבית הרקמה למינרית זרימה כדי לשמור על סטריליות בחדר תרבית הרקמה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הנח עכבר מורדמים על מגבת נייר עם בטן כלפי מעלה ולחטא בטן עם אתנול 70%. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פתח את חלל הבטן על ידי גרירה עורעם מלקחיים מעוקלים ביד אחת ועור חתוך ושרירים לאורך קו האמצע עם מספריים באמצעות יד אחרת. שני חתכים בניצב משני הצדדים ולשלוף את הרחם בקפידה על ידי הרמת קרן רחם דו-צדדית עם מלקחיים ולנתק אותו ממתחת מספריים רקמות באמצעות חיבור. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את השרשרת העוברית בצלחת פטרי המכילה פתרון מקורר דיסקציה (תערובת HBSS / HEPES) והעברה לספסל הנקי מינרית הזרימה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר עוברים בזהירות מהשליה ולהכניס אותם לתוך אחת מנות סטרילי פטרי המכילות פתרון לנתיחה. אם הפתרון הופך עקוב מדם, להעביר אותם לצלחת פטרי חדשה. הערה: בשלב זה, יכול להיות מבוים עובר באמצעות מדריך היערכות Theiler. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לערוף עוברים על ידי צביטה באזור הצוואר עם זוג מלקחיים או מספריים נקיים ומניח את הראשים בצלחת פטרי המכילה טרי פתרון לנתיחה מקורר. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Dissection של האוזניים הפנימיות: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> o מקוםראש עובר ne בצלחת sylgard סטרילית המכילה לנתח קר </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פתרון. עבודה תחת מיקרוסקופ לנתח בהגדלה של ~ 1.6x, לשתק את ראש העובר על ידי הצבת סיכות Minutien מסביב או קרוב יותר לאזור עיניים (איור 1 א). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> באמצעות שני זוגות מלקחיים סטרילי להסיר בזהירות את העור ולפתוח את הגולגולת בצד הגב לאורך קו האמצע (איור 1). הסר מוח מחלל גולגולת ואוזניים פנימיות הנמצאות בתוך עצמות זמניות ניתן לזהות בשלב זה (איור 1 ג, ד). הציפוי הפנימי של כלי הדם, שהיא בדרך כלל נוכחים סביב האוזניים הפנימיות, יכול לשמש כנקודת ציון לזיהוי האוזן הפנימית בשלב זה (1D איור). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנתח את האוזן הפנימית מהעצמות הזמניות על ידי הצבת המלקחיים מתחת לרקמה ובידוד האוזן הפנימית מבסיס הגולגולת וההעברה לצלחת חדשה המכילה פתרון לנתח קר (איור 1E, F). </li></ol></li></ol> 2. דור של איברים של תרבויות קורטי explant הערה: בשלב זה של התפתחות, רקמת סחוס היא ויכולה להיות גזור בקלות באמצעות מלקחיים. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אוריינט האוזן הפנימית, כך שהצד הגחוני פונה כלפי מעלה (איור 2 א) ולייצב את האוזן הפנימית על ידי בעדינות להכניס את הקצה החד של סיכות Minutien דרך חלק שיווי המשקל באוזן הפנימית (איור 2). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מלקחיים ultrafine באמצעות לחתוך את הסחוס שמעליה על ידי ביצוע חתך באמצעות קצה אחד של מלקחיים ליד החלון הסגלגל ובזהירות להסיר את הסחוס משבלול האוזן (איור 2 ג). הערה: חשוב לוודא כי מלקחיים אינם מוכנסים עמוק מדי לתוך הסחוס כסחוס שמעליה לעתים התמזגו עם צינור השבלול ובמקרה זה הוא מועיל להשתמש במלקחיים סגורים לשחרר סחוס מצינור השבלול הבסיסי על ידי גירוד מתחת ל surface של הסחוס. בשלב זה של התפתחות, ספירלת השבלול היא רק שלושה רבעים מתור באורך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בשלב הבא, לחשוף את האפיתל החושית על ידי הצבת המלקחיים באזור המועדף של צינור השבלול, או הבסיס או לכל הקודקוד, ומשייכתו בעדינות את הגג של השבלול (איור 2 ד). הערה: הגג של השבלול יש להסיר לחלוטין כפי שהוא יכול להסוות את האפיתל החושית פוגע הניתוח. הערה: הליך זה חייב להיעשות בעדינות כפי שהוא קל לקרוע את האפיתל החושית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כצעד אחרון, להסיר בזהירות את רקמת חיבור הבסיסית מהאפיתל החושית החשופה, כך שהבסיס של explant השבלול הוא אחיד שטוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לבודד את השבלול גזור מחלק שיווי המשקל באוזן הפנימית באמצעות מלקחיים. זה יכול להתבצע לפני או אחרי 2.4 (2E איור) הצעד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העבר את האפיתל החושית השבלול גזור לתוך membra מרתףהתרבות גם באמצעות scooper סטרילי 1.5 מ&quot;מ (איור 2F) מצופה מטריצת ne. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אוריינט explant השבלול עם משטח lumenal של האפיתל פונה כלפי מעלה ולשאוב את פתרון המטריצה-DMEM קרום במרתף לשטח בזהירות את הרקמה ולהחליף אותו עם 150 μl של מדיום תרבות הטרי בעדינות על ידי הוספה לצלחת. יש להקפיד לוודא שכל explant שומר היטב לcoverslip הזכוכית המצופה ולא צף במדיום התרבות. ודא שקצה המלקחיים הוא הצביע למעלה בזמן ההדבקה ולזכוכית כדי למנוע נזק לexplant השבלול. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעדינות להעביר את המנה התרבות לתוך צלחת סטרילית 150 מ&quot;מ תרבות ומקום בתרבית רקמת חממה ב 37 מעלות צלזיוס עם 5% CO 2 לתקופה רצויה של זמן, בדרך כלל 3-6 ימים במבחנה (DIV). לאחר DIV 1, לבחון תרבויות תחת מיקרוסקופ לנתח לוודא כי explant השבלול דבק גם למנת התרבות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר בcubation במבחנה לאורכים רצויים של זמן, תרבויות מעובדות אימונוהיסטוכימיה. הערה: תרבויות explant בדרך כלל טופחו במשך 6 DIV שהוא שווה ערך לשלב ההתפתחותי, P0. לאחר הדגירה במבחנה, יכולות להיות מעובד תרבויות עבור יישומים נוספים במורד הזרם כמו אימונוהיסטוכימיה (איור 3), RT-PCR, הכלאה באתר, ו / או כתם מערבי. </li></ol> 3. העברת גנים בתיווך Electroporation <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדרה לצורך electroporation: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לעקר אחד 100 מ&quot;מ צלחת זכוכית sylgard מצופה על ידי מעוקר או טבילה באתנול 70% לכ -20 דקות ולאפשר לאוויר יבש בספסל נקי לפני השימוש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן את ה- DNA מוקטור ביטוי של בחירה באמצעות ערכות maxi- או midi-הכנה מתאימות. וקטורי הביטוי בשימוש בפרוטוקול זה הם pIRES2-Atoh1.EGFP וpCLIG-NeuroD1.EGFP. הריכוז הסופי של ה- DNA צריך להיות מיקרוגרם / μl לפחות 1 בDNA סטרילי /-RNAse חופשית מים. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Electroporating DNA לתוך explants שבלול עוברי: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 10 μl של פתרון ה- DNA פלסמיד לצלחת Sylgard מצופה 100 מ&quot;מ טרי ולהעביר explant גזור באופן מלא שבלול (המתקבל משלב 2.5) לפתרון ה- DNA. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> עם משטח lumenal של האפיתל פונה כלפי מעלה, להטות את השבלול מעט כל כך שזה ניצב למישור של המנה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את משוטי אלקטרודה משני הצדדים של השבלול עם ההנעה שלילית (קתודה) לקראת האפיתל החושית וההנעה החיובית (אנודה) הממוקמת בסמוך לבסיס של השבלול. הערה: מאחר שה- DNA טעון שלילי, זה נודד משלילי להאלקטרודה חיובית ועל ידי הצבת סוף הקתודה של החללית בסמוך להאפיתל החושית; DNA בעיקר ילך דרך פני השטח של האפיתל החושי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> באמצעות electroporator, לספק 9 עד 10 פולסים של 24 mV, 30 משך דופק msec עם בורר דוושת רגל על ​​tהוא electroporator, ולאחר מכן להוסיף של מדיום תרבות החם 100 μl לשבלול Electroporated. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חזור על שלבים 3.2.1-4 לכל explants השבלול ולDNA של כל הגנים של עניין ולהעביר את cochleae electroporated לתוך הצלחת מצופה מטריצת קרום במרתף לציפוי (שלב 2.7). כל cochleae תרבות electroporated ב-37 מעלות צלזיוס, 5% 2 חממה humidified CO לאורכים רצויים של זמן שלאחר מכן ניתן יהיה מעובד לimmunocytochemistry. הערה: השבלול מהמלטה שלמה של CD1 עכבר (כ 8-12 גורים) יכולה להיות מבודד, microdissected, electroporated ומצופית ב&lt; 4 שעות. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. ניתוח של תרבויות השבלול explant הערה: התרבויות בדרך כלל טופחו במשך 6 DIV שהוא שווה ערך לשלב ההתפתחותי, P0. לאחר הדגירה במבחנה, התרבויות הם קבועים ומעובדים עבור immunocytochemistry. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר אורך רצוי של incubation, להסיר בינוני תרבות ובמהירות לשטוף את explant השבלול שבנאגר מלוח פוספט (PBS) דגירה בparaformaldehyde 4% (מוכן בPBS) במשך 15 דקות בטמפרטורת חדר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשטוף את מקבע על ידי PBS הוספה ולשטוף בPBS שלוש פעמים במשך 15 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Permeabilize באמצעות PBS-T (Tween + 0.5% PBS) למשך 30 דקות לפני החסימה עם PBS-T המכיל סרום עיזים 10%. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה בפתרון נוגדן ראשוני המכילה נוגדן ראשוני בPBS-T עם 1% עזים בסרום הלילה ב 4 מעלות צלזיוס. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטוף את השבלול שלוש פעמים בטמפרטורת חדר באמצעות PBS-T 15 דקות כל אחד לפני שמוסיף את נוגדנים משני Alexa מצומדות- מתאימים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מאז explant השבלול הוא בתרבית על coverslip זכוכית יכול להיות מטופלים בנפרד על ידי בידוד coverslip מצלחת והרכבה בשקופית. זו יכולה להיות מושגת על ידי השרייה המנה התרבות בOS30 ממס במשך שעה לפחות 1 בטמפרטורת חדר. באמצעות סכין גילוח סטרילי, לנתק את coverslip מדאיש והר בשקופית ולדמיין תחת מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sobkowicz, H. M., Bereman, B., Rose, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+development+of+the+organ+of+Corti+in+culture.">Organotypic development of the organ of Corti in culture.</a> J Neurocytol. 4 (5), 543-572 (1975).</li><li>Zheng, J. L., Gao, W. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+Math1+induces+robust+production+of+extra+hair+cells+in+postnatal+rat+inner+ears.">Overexpression of Math1 induces robust production of extra hair cells in postnatal rat inner ears.</a> Nat Neurosci. 3 (6), 580-586 (2000).</li><li>Zheng, J. L., Shou, J., Guillemot, F., Kageyama, R., Gao, W. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hes1+is+a+negative+regulator+of+inner+ear+hair+cell+differentiation.">Hes1 is a negative regulator of inner ear hair cell differentiation.</a> Development. 127 (21), 4551-4560 (2000).</li><li>Woods, C., Montcouquiol, M., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Math1+regulates+development+of+the+sensory+epithelium+in+the+mammalian+cochlea.">Math1 regulates development of the sensory epithelium in the mammalian cochlea.</a> Nat Neurosci. 7 (12), 1310-1318 (2004).</li><li>Jones, J. M., Montcouquiol, M., Dabdoub, A., Woods, C., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitors+of+differentiation+and+DNA+binding+(Ids)+regulate+Math1+and+hair+cell+formation+during+the+development+of+the+organ+of+Corti.">Inhibitors of differentiation and DNA binding (Ids) regulate Math1 and hair cell formation during the development of the organ of Corti.</a> J Neurosci. 26 (2), 550-558 (2006).</li><li>Dabdoub, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox2+signaling+in+prosensory+domain+specification+and+subsequent+hair+cell+differentiation+in+the+developing+cochlea.">Sox2 signaling in prosensory domain specification and subsequent hair cell differentiation in the developing cochlea.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (47), 18396-18401 (2008).</li><li>Doetzlhofer, A., Basch, M. L., Ohyama, T., Gessler, M., Groves, A. K., Segil, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hey2+regulation+by+FGF+provides+a+Notch-independent+mechanism+of+maintaining+pillar+cell+fate+in+the+organ+of+Corti.">Hey2 regulation by FGF provides a Notch-independent mechanism of maintaining pillar cell fate in the organ of Corti.</a> Dev Cell. 16 (1), 58-69 (2009).</li><li>Puligilla, C., Dabdoub, A., Brenowitz, S. D., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox2+induces+neuronal+formation+in+the+developing+cochlea.">Sox2 induces neuronal formation in the developing cochlea.</a> J Neurosci. 20 (2), 714-722 (2010).</li><li>Kaufman, M. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+of+inner+ear+induction.">Molecular basis of inner ear induction.</a> Curr Top Dev Biol. 57, 115-119 (2003).</li><li>Puligilla, C., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+the+world&#8217;s+best+hearing+aid;+regulation+of+cell+fate+in+the+cochlea.">Building the world&#8217;s best hearing aid; regulation of cell fate in the cochlea.</a> Curr Opin Genet Dev. 19 (4), 368-373 (2009).</li><li>Wu, D. K., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+inner+ear+development.">Molecular mechanisms of inner ear development.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 4 (8), a008409 (2012).</li><li>Holt, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral-mediated+gene+transfer+to+study+the+molecular+physiology+of+the+mammalian+inner+ear.">Viral-mediated gene transfer to study the molecular physiology of the mammalian inner ear.</a> Audiol Neurootol. 7 (3), 157-160 (2002).</li><li>Stone, I. M., Lurie, D. I., Kelley, M. W., Poulsen, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus-mediated+gene+transfer+to+hair+cells+and+support+cells+of+the+murine+cochlea.">Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer to hair cells and support cells of the murine cochlea.</a> Mol Ther. 11 (6), 843-848 (2005).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

כל התאים בתוך המבוך הקרומי של האוזן הפנימית העכבר כוללים חושי, nonsensory וכל הנוירונים הגנגליון הספירלה נגזרים מplacodally-נגזר otocyst ממוקם בסמוך למוח האחורי של האאקטודרם, סביב 10-14 E8. בE11, אזור הגחון של otocyst משתרע ליצירת צינור השבלול וכפיתוח ממשיך, קבוצה של תאי האפיתל בשבל?...

The mammalian organ of Corti is comprised of a mosaic of specialized cell types, including two types of mechanosensory hair cells as well as at least four types of nonsensory supporting cells making it an ideal model system to study normal cellular processes like proliferation, fate specification, differentiation and patterning. In addition, the normal development of these different cell types is essential for normal hearing function. Hence, it is crucial to understand the factors, both molecular and cellular, that regulate their development. However, the small size of the mouse cochlea as well as its inaccessibility poses a particular challenge for gene expression studies. Moreover, most of the cell fate specification and patterning events occur during embryonic time periods and are mostly completed before birth. Therefore, identification and characterization of signaling events during embryonic time periods is essential to gain insight into the molecular basis of cochlear morphogenesis. 
Here, we demonstrate a method to culture intact cochlea in vitro from embryonic mouse inner ears. The rationale behind the use of this technique is that cultured cochleae maintain their molecular and morphological characteristics thereby providing a valuable model for investigating potential candidate genes and exploring the mechanisms involved in cochlear morphogenesis. Although transgenic mice can be used for gene expression studies, an in vitro system is often needed for monitoring specific gene functions. Moreover, cochlear cultures can be established from transgenic mouse embryos so that their in vitro development and response to various soluble factors and antagonists can be studied. Although embryos at day 13 (E13) are used in this protocol, cultures from E12 or E14 to early postnatal inner ears can give similar results. 
We also present a gene transfer technique in cultured embryonic cochlear explants using square wave electroporation. Following the isolation of the cochlear explants, electroporation can be used to express DNA plasmids of gene(s) of interest in individual cells within the cochlear duct. This technique serves as a complementary approach to studies utilizing transgenic mice to gain insight into the molecular pathways underlying cellular phenotype. Using this method of gene transfer, a variety of epithelial cell types within the embryonic cochlea are transfected, thereby enabling loss-and gain-of-function analyses at the single-cell level. In addition, electrophysiological studies can also be performed in cochlear explant cultures8. This method of in vitro electroporation is relatively simple and straightforward, combined with minimal damage to the tissue, has resulted in a rapid expansion of this technique.

<table><tbody><tr><td>HBSS</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14065-056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15630-080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s Modified Medium</td><td>Gibco</td><td>12430-054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10082</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-2 Supplement (100x)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17502-048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>61-277-RF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Dish 60 mm</td><td>Kimble Chase</td><td>23062-6015/23064-6015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Dish 100 mm</td><td>Kimble Chase</td><td>23064-10015/23062-10015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minutien pins</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>26002-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse generator</td><td>Protech International Inc</td><td>CUY21Vivo-SQ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottom culture dishes</td><td>MatTek</td><td>P35G-0-10-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel matrix</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>356237</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Culture dish, 60 x 15 mm</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>353037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue culture dishes</td><td>Greiner Bio-one</td><td>639160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10010-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OS-30</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>4021768</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluoromount</td><td>Southern Biotech</td><td>0100-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Conical tubes, 15 ml</td><td>Greiner Bio-one</td><td>188261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Myosin 6</td><td>Proteus Biosciences Inc</td><td>25-6791</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Myosin 7a</td><td>Proteus Biosciences Inc</td><td>25-6790</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TuJ1</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T2200</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

culture of embryonic mouse cochlear explants and gene transfer by electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We describe a method to isolate cochlea from embryonic inner ears and micro-dissect to expose the sensory epithelium. Once dissected, it may be plated and cultured as an intact cochlear duct (Figure 3) and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The cultured cochlear explants provide a useful assay to examine the effect of variety of soluble factors and pharmacological drugs on cochlear development. Following dissection of cochlear explants, electroporation technique can be used to misexpress genes of interest...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation at JoVE.com

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

תרבות של עוברי Explants שבלול העכבר וג&#39;ין העברה על ידי Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

culture-embryonic-mouse-cochlear-explants-gene-transfer

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

12.8K Views.  Medical University of South Carolina, College of Medicine. We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development. 

Video: Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Methods for Precisely Localized Transfer of Cells or DNA into Early Postimplantation Mouse Embryos

Manipulation and culture of early mouse embryos is a powerful yet largely under-utilized technology enhancing the value of this model system. Conversely, cell culture has been widely used in developmental biology studies. However, it is important to determine whether in vitro cultured cells truly represent in vivo cell types. Grafting cells into embryos, followed by an assessment of their contribution during development is a useful method to determine the potential of in vitro cultured cells. In this study, we describe a method for grafting cells into a defined site of early postimplantation mouse embryos, followed by ex vivo culture. We also introduce an optimized electroporation method that uses glass capillaries of known diameter, allowing precise localization and adjustment of the number of cells receiving exogenous DNA with both high transfection efficiency and low cell death. These techniques, which do not require any specialized equipment, render experimental manipulations of the gastrulation and early organogenesis-stage mouse embryo possible, allowing analysis of commitment in cultured cell subpopulations and the effect of genetic manipulations in situ on cell differentiation.

We demonstrate a method for grafting cultured cells into defined sites of early mouse embryos to determine their in vivo potential. We also introduce an optimized electroporation method that uses glass capillaries of known diameter, allowing the precise delivery of exogenous DNA into a few cells in the embryos.

שיטות להעברת לוקליזציה דווקא של תאים או DNA לPostimplantation המוקדם עכבר עוברים

Manipulation and culture of early mouse embryos is a powerful yet largely under-utilized technology enhancing the value of this model system. Conversely, ...

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. The inner ear auditory sensory organ is critical for our ability to hear. It houses a highly specialized sensory epithelium that consists of mechano-transducing hair cells (HCs) and surrounding glial-like supporting cells (SCs). Despite structural differences in the auditory organs, molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the auditory organ are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and aves. In ovo electroporation is largely limited to early stages at E1 - E3. Due to the relative late development of the auditory organ at E5, manipulations of the auditory organ by in ovo electroporation past E3 are difficult due to the advanced development of the chicken embryo at later stages. The method presented here is a transient gene transfer method for targeting genes of interest at stage E4 - E4.5 in the developing chicken auditory sensory organ via in ovo micro-electroporation. This method is applicable for gain- and loss-of-functions with conventional plasmid DNA-based expression vectors and can be combined with in ovo cell proliferation assay by adding EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) to the whole embryo at the time of electroporation. The use of green or red fluorescent protein (GFP or RFP) expression plasmids allows the experimenter to quickly determine whether the electroporation successfully targeted the auditory portion of the developing inner ear. In this method paper, representative examples of GFP electroporated specimens are illustrated; embryos were harvested 18 - 96 hr&#160;after electroporation and targeting of GFP to the pro-sensory area of the auditory organ was confirmed by RNA in situ hybridization. The method paper also provides an optimized protocol for the use of the thymidine analog EdU to analyze cell proliferation; an example of an EdU based cell proliferation assay that combines immuno-labeling and click EdU chemistry is provided.

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ.

העברת גנים לתוך האיברים השמיעתיים עוף ידי<em&gt; ב אובו</em&gt; מיקרו electroporation

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. ...

Canalostomy As a Surgical Approach to Local Drug Delivery into the Inner Ears of Adult and Neonatal Mice

Local delivery of therapeutic drugs into the inner ear is a promising therapy for inner ear diseases. Injection through semicircular canals (canalostomy) has been shown to be a useful approach to local drug delivery into the inner ear. The goal of this article is to describe, in detail, the surgical techniques involved in canalostomy in both adult and neonatal mice. As indicated by fast-green dye and adeno-associated virus serotype 8 with the green fluorescent protein gene, the canalostomy facilitated broad distribution of injected reagents in the cochlea and vestibular end-organs with minimal damage to hearing and vestibular function. The surgery was successfully implemented in both adult and neonatal mice; indeed, multiple surgeries could be performed if required. In conclusion, canalostomy is an effective and safe approach to drug delivery into the inner ears of adult and neonatal mice and may be used to treat human inner ear diseases in the future.

Here we describe canalostomy procedure which allows local drug delivery into the inner ears of adult and neonatal mice through the semicircular canal with minimum damage to hearing and vestibular function. This method can be used to inoculate viral vectors, pharmaceuticals, and small molecules into the mouse inner ear.

Canalostomy כמו הגישה כירורגי של משלוח סמים מקומי לתוך האוזן הפנימית של עכברים בוגרים ו Neonatal

Local delivery of therapeutic drugs into the inner ear is a promising therapy for inner ear diseases. Injection through semicircular canals (canalostomy) ...

Genetics

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

ב electroporation vivo של הרשתית עכבר פיתוח

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Neuroscience

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and the organ of Corti in the coiled cochlea. The cristae and maculae contain vestibular hair cells that transduce mechanical stimuli to subserve the special sense of balance, while auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti are the primary transducers for hearing 1. Cell fate specification in these sensory epithelia and morphogenesis of the semicircular canals and cochlea take place during the second week of gestation in the mouse and are largely completed before birth 2,3. Developmental studies of the mouse inner ear are routinely conducted by harvesting transgenic embryos at different embryonic or postnatal stages to gain insight into the molecular basis of cellular and/or morphological phenotypes 4,5. We hypothesize that gene transfer to the developing mouse inner ear in utero in the context of gain- and loss-of-function studies represents a complimentary approach to traditional mouse transgenesis for the interrogation of the genetic mechanisms underlying mammalian inner ear development6.
The experimental paradigm to conduct gene misexpression studies in the developing mouse inner ear demonstrated here resolves into three general steps: 1) ventral laparotomy; 2) transuterine microinjection; and 3) in vivo electroporation. Ventral laparotomy is a mouse survival surgical technique that permits externalization of the uterus to gain experimental access to the implanted embryos7. Transuterine microinjection is the use of beveled, glass capillary micropipettes to introduce expression plasmid into the lumen of the otic vesicle or otocyst. In vivo electroporation is the application of square wave, direct current pulses to drive expression plasmid into progenitor cells8-10. 
We previously described this electroporation-based gene transfer technique and included detailed notes on each step of the protocol11. Mouse experimental embryological techniques can be difficult to learn from prose and still images alone. In the present work, we demonstrate the 3 steps in the gene transfer procedure. Most critically, we deploy digital video microscopy to show precisely how to: 1) identify embryo orientation in utero; 2) reorient embryos for targeting injections to the otocyst; 3) microinject DNA mixed with tracer dye solution into the otocyst at embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5; 4) electroporate the injected otocyst; and 5) label electroporated embryos for postnatal selection at birth. We provide representative examples of successfully transfected inner ears; a pictorial guide to the most common causes of otocyst mistargeting; discuss how to avoid common methodological errors; and present guidelines for writing an in utero gene transfer animal care protocol.

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mouse inner ear is a placode-derived sensory organ whose developmental program is elaborated during gestation. We define an in utero gene transfer technique consisting of three steps: mouse ventral laparotomy, transuterine microinjection, and in vivo electroporation. We use digital video microscopy to demonstrate the critical experimental embryological techniques.

ין העברת לאוזן הפנימית על ידי פיתוח מאוס<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and ...

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti. 

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the inner ear (fig 1). Hair cells in the developing cochlea, which are the mechanosensory cells of the auditory system, are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three (in the base and mid-turns) to four (in the apical turn) rows of outer hair cells that span the length of the organ of Corti. Hair cells transduce sound-induced mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane into neural impulses that the brain can interpret. Most cases of sensorineural hearing loss are caused by death or dysfunction of cochlear hair cells.
An increasingly essential tool in auditory research is the isolation and in vitro culture of the organ explant 1,2,9. Once isolated, the explants may be utilized in several ways to provide information regarding normative, anomalous, or therapeutic physiology. Gene expression, stereocilia motility, cell and molecular biology, as well as biological approaches for hair cell regeneration are examples of experimental applications of organ of Corti explants.
This protocol describes a method for the isolation and culture of the organ of Corti from neonatal mice. The accompanying video includes stepwise directions for the isolation of the temporal bone from mouse pups, and subsequent isolation of the cochlea, spiral ligament, and organ of Corti. Once isolated, the sensory epithelium can be plated and cultured in vitro in its entirety, or as a further dissected micro-isolate that lacks the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. Using this method, primary explants can be maintained for 7-10 days. As an example of the utility of this procedure, organ of Corti explants will be electroporated with an exogenous DsRed reporter gene. This method provides an improvement over other published methods because it provides reproducible, unambiguous, and stepwise directions for the isolation, microdissection, and primary culture of the organ of Corti.

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti.

This procedure describes a method for the isolation and culture of the murine organ of Corti with or without the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. We also demonstrate a method for the expression of an exogenous reporter gene in the organ of Corti explant by electroporation.

תרבות ראשיים electroporation פלסמיד של האיבר Murine של קורטי.

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the ...

Biology

Long-term Time Lapse Imaging of Mouse Cochlear Explants

Here we present a method for long-term time-lapse imaging of live embryonic mouse cochlear explants. The developmental program responsible for building the highly ordered, complex structure of the mammalian cochlea proceeds for around ten days. In order to study changes in gene expression over this period and their response to pharmaceutical or genetic manipulation, long-term imaging is necessary. Previously, live imaging has typically been limited by the viability of explanted tissue in a humidified chamber atop a standard microscope. Difficulty in maintaining optimal conditions for culture growth with regard to humidity and temperature has placed limits on the length of imaging experiments. A microscope integrated into a modified tissue culture incubator provides an excellent environment for long term-live imaging. In this method we demonstrate how to establish embryonic mouse cochlear explants and how to use an incubator microscope to conduct time lapse imaging using both bright field and fluorescent microscopy to examine the behavior of a typical embryonic day (E) 13 cochlear explant and Sox2, a marker of the prosensory cells of the cochlea, over 5 days.

Live imaging of the embryonic mammalian cochlea is challenging because the developmental processes at hand operate on a temporal gradient over ten days. Here we present a method for culturing and then imaging embryonic cochlear explant tissue taken from a fluorescent reporter mouse over five days.

לטווח ארוך זמן פקיעת הדמיה של Explants שבלול העכבר

Here we present a method for long-term time-lapse imaging of live embryonic mouse cochlear explants. The developmental program responsible for building ...

Ex Utero Culture of Mouse Embryos from Pregastrulation to Advanced Organogenesis

Postimplantation mammalian embryo culture methods have been generally inefficient and limited to brief periods after dissection out of the uterus. Platforms have been recently developed for highly robust and prolonged ex utero culture of mouse embryos from egg-cylinder stages until advanced organogenesis. These platforms enable appropriate and faithful development of pregastrulating embryos (E5.5) until the hind limb formation stage (E11). Late gastrulating embryos (E7.5) are grown in rotating bottles in these settings, while extended culture from pregastrulation stages (E5.5 or E6.5) requires a combination of static and rotating bottle cultures. In addition, sensitive regulation of O2 and CO2 concentration, gas pressure, glucose levels, and the use of a specific ex utero culture medium are critical for proper embryo development. Here, a detailed step-by-step protocol for extended ex utero mouse embryo culture is provided. The ability to grow normal mouse embryos ex utero from gastrulation to organogenesis represents a valuable tool for characterizing the effect of different experimental perturbations during embryonic development.

Ex Utero Culture of Mouse Embryos from Pregastrulation to Advanced Organogenesis

An enhanced platform for whole-embryo culture allows continuous and robust ex utero development of postimplantation mouse embryos for up to six days, from pregastrulation stages until advanced organogenesis. In this protocol, we detail the standard procedure for successful embryo culture using static plates and rotating bottle systems.

רחם לשעבר תרבות של עוברי עכבר מ pregastrulation כדי Organogenesis מתקדם

Postimplantation mammalian embryo culture methods have been generally inefficient and limited to brief periods after dissection out of the uterus. ...

In Ovo and Ex Ovo Methods to Study Avian Inner Ear Development

The inner ear perceives sound and maintains balance using the cochlea and vestibule. It does this by using a dedicated mechanosensory cell type known as the hair cell. Basic research in the inner ear has led to a deep understanding of how the hair cell functions, and how dysregulation can lead to hearing loss and vertigo. For this research, the mouse has been the pre-eminent model system. However, mice, like all mammals, have lost the ability to replace hair cells. Thus, when trying to understand cellular therapies for restoring inner ear function, complementary studies in other vertebrate species could provide further insights. The auditory epithelium of birds, the basilar papilla (BP), is a sheet of epithelium composed of mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) intercalated by supporting cells (SCs). Although the anatomical architecture of the basilar papilla and the mammalian cochlea differ, the molecular mechanisms of inner ear development and hearing are similar. This makes the basilar papilla a useful system for not only comparative studies but also to understand regeneration. Here, we describe dissection and manipulation techniques for the chicken inner ear. The technique shows genetic and small molecule inhibition methods, which offer a potent tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of inner ear development. In this paper, we discuss in ovo electroporation techniques to genetically perturb the basilar papilla using CRIPSR-Cas9 deletions, followed by dissection of the basilar papilla. We also demonstrate the BP organ culture and optimal use of culture matrices, to observe the development of the epithelium and the hair cells.

In Ovo and Ex Ovo Methods to Study Avian Inner Ear Development

The chick is a cost-effective, accessible, and widely available model organism for a variety of studies. Here, a series of protocols is detailed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying avian inner ear development and regeneration.

בשיטות אובו ואקס אובו לחקר התפתחות האוזן הפנימית של העופות

The inner ear perceives sound and maintains balance using the cochlea and vestibule. It does this by using a dedicated mechanosensory cell type known as ...

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a condition that typically involves damage to or loss of the delicate mechanosensory structures of the inner ear. Sophisticated in vitro and ex vivo assays have emerged in recent years, enabling the screening of an increasing number of potentially therapeutic compounds while minimizing resources and accelerating efforts to develop cures for SNHL. Though homogenous cultures of certain cell types continue to play an important role in current research, many scientists now rely on more complex organotypic cultures of murine inner ears, also known as cochlear explants. The preservation of organized cellular structures within the inner ear facilitates the in situ evaluation of various components of the cochlear infrastructure, including inner and outer hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, neurites, and supporting cells. Here we present the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The careful preparation of these explants facilitates the identification of mechanisms that contribute to SNHL and constitutes a valuable tool for the hearing research community.

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The technique can be utilized as an in vitro screening tool in hearing research.

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant טכניקה כמו<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; כלי הקרנה במחקר שמיעה

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a ...

תרבות של עוברי Explants שבלול העכבר וג'ין העברה על ידי Electroporation

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