We would like to thank NIH, LACaTS and Ochsner clinic foundation for the financial support.

כל ניסויי העכבר נעשו בהתאם לפרוטוקולים שאושרו על ידי בעלי החיים המוסדיים הטיפול ושימוש בועדות (IACUC) של בית הספר לרפואה של LSU. כל המכשירים חייבים להיות autoclaved לפני הנתיחה. 1. הכנה של תאים ראשוניים מגידולי שד עכבר <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להשתמש במודל עכבר שהונדס גנטי עם וירוס עכבר החלב גידול Polyoma התיכון T-Antigen (עכבר MMTV-PyMT-מהונדס), אשר באופן ספונטני לפתח גידולים כפי שתואר בעבר 6. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להקריב עכברים עם Isoflurane (99.9%) ולרסס 75% אתנול כדי להבטיח סביבת סטרילית (איור 1 א). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פתח את העור מאזור פתח השופכה לצוואר עם מספריים. הצמד את העור כלפי מטה, כדי לאפשר גישה קלה לאיברים (איור 1). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לבודד את הגידול בשד החלב ולשטוף עם פוספט סטרילי הקר שנאגרו (PBS) (pH 7.4) (איור 1 ג). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העבר את הגידול לצלחת תרבות 10 ס&quot;מ רקמות סטריליים וקוצצת אותו בסכין גילוח סטרילי ומספריים כ 1 מ&quot;מ 3 חתיכות. יש לבצע את הפעולות הבאות בזרימה למינרית סטרילי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה רקמת גידול הקצוצה עם Collagenase מומס בתקשורת DMEM סרום ללא בריכוז סופי של 1 מ&quot;ג / מיליליטר על כיסא נדנדה לשעה 2 ב 37 מעלות צלזיוס. צנטריפוגה ההשעיה רקמת גידול 3 דקות ב 200 x גרם. הערה: הדגירה Collagenase חיונית לניתוק האנזימטית של הרקמה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בטל supernatant ולשטוף את המשקע 3 פעמים עם PBS (pH 7.4) על ידי צנטריפוגה במשך 3 דקות ב 200 x גרם. לאחר לשטוף הסופי, למזוג supernatant. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Resuspend רקמות עם 2 מיליליטר של EDTA טריפסין במשך 5 דקות על 37 מעלות צלזיוס בזמן nutating. צנטריפוגה ההשעיה למשך 3 דקות ב XG 200 ולחזור על שוטף. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Resuspend גלולה הרקמה במדיום גידול רגיל (DMEM, 10% FBS, 2X עט / סטרפטוקוקוס) על צלחת 10 ס&quot;מ. שינויהתקשורת כל יום במשך 3 הימים הבאים. תרבות תאים עד מספר תא רצוי מתקבל. הערה: כ 1x10 7 תאים יהיו מבודדת מהליך זה. מודלים אחרים החלב עכבר tumorigenesis, כגון MMTV-Neu, נותנים תשואה נמוכה יותר של תאים בהשוואה לMMTV-PyMT. בעת שימוש במודלים המייצרים תשואה נמוכה יותר, זה מועיל להתחיל עם תאי גידול והתרבות גדולים יותר. </li></ol> 2. עכבר ריאות הפקה לדמיין ריאות גרורה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפני מיצוי ריאות, להסיר את הכבד והסרעפת. לעקור את הצלעות מבלי להפריע לריאות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> עם זוג נאה של מספריים, לפתוח את החלק העליון של קנה הנשימה שהוא קרוב יותר לוריד הצוואר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> באמצעות קטטר, להזריק סוכן כגון 1 מיליליטר של Z-תיקון או דיו הודו דרך קנה הנשימה כדי למלא את הריאות (איור 2 א). להטביע את Z-לתקן ריאות בפרפין. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דה-להכתים את הריאות הוזרקו דיו הודו בפתרון של Fekete(אלכוהול 100 מיליליטר 70%, 10 מיליליטר של 10% שנאגרו פורמלין, ו 5 מיליליטר של חומצה אצטית קרחונית) במשך 5 דקות. הגדר גושים סרטניים באתרים משניים עם ≥ 0.5 מ&quot;מ קוטר, לקבוע את הגושים כגרורות. הערה: בשל חסימת הסמפונות וbronchiole על ידי הגידול, גושים סרטניים לא יכולים לספוג 15% דיו הודו, ובכך רקמת ריאה נורמלית תהיה בשחור, וגושי גידול יהיו בצבע לבן 7. זה יאפשר להדמיה של גושים בודדים גידול (איור 2). </li></ol> 3. הכנת fibroblasts העכבר העוברית (MEFs) מהעכבר עוברים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להקריב עכברים בהריון עם Isoflurane (99.9%) ולרסס 75% אתנול כדי להבטיח סביבת סטרילית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פתח את העור מאזור פתח השופכה לצוואר עם מספריים ולבודד את העוברים מהרחם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> היזהר שלא להפריע לעוברים בעת פתיחת העור. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את קרן הרחם ולשטוף אותם בSTE הקרלהרגיז PBS (pH 7.4). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפרד את העובר מהשליה שלה בזהירות רבה ועוברי מקום בצלחת 10 ס&quot;מ המכילות קרח הקר PBS (pH 7.4). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את הראש, בכבד ובמעיים מן העובר ומניח את החלק שנותר בצלחת תרבית רקמה גם 12 המכילה PBS (pH 7.4). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העבר את גוף העובר לעוד EDTA טריפסין המכיל 12 צלחת היטב ולחתוך לחתיכות קטנות (~ 1 מ&quot;מ 3) באמצעות סכין גילוח סטרילי ומספריים. דגירה החומר הקצוץ עם 5 מיליליטר של EDTA טריפסין במשך 5 דקות על 37 מעלות צלזיוס. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להשבית טריפסין על ידי הוספת 1 מיליליטר סרום שור עוברי (FBS) לעוברים הקצוצים. צנטריפוגה ההשעיה במהירות XG 200 במשך 10 דקות, להסיר בזהירות את supernatant, resuspend גלולה עם 1 מיליליטר של מדיום DMEM החם ולהעביר את כל התוכן לצלחת 10 ס&quot;מ המכילה FBS 10 מיליליטר של DMEM (עם 20% ו2X פניצילין / סטרפטומיצין ). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשנות הבינוני בכל יום ליומיים. תרבות התאים עד תא רצוימספר מושגת. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Minn, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+that+mediate+breast+cancer+metastasis+to+lung.">Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung.</a> Natur. 436 (7050), 518-524 (2005).</li><li>Poste, G., Fidler, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathogenesis+of+cancer+metastasis.">The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis.</a> Natur. 283 (5743), 139-146 (1980).</li><li>Wan, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+Metastasis+Moving+New+Biological+Insights+into+the+Clinic.">Tumor Metastasis Moving New Biological Insights into the Clinic.</a> Nat Med. 19 (11), 1450-1464 (2013).</li><li>Bergers, G., Benjamin, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumorigenesis+and+the+angiogenic+switch.">Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 3 (6), 401-410 (2003).</li><li>Frese, K. K., Tuveson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+mouse+cancer+models.">Maximizing mouse cancer models.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 7 (9), 654-658 (2007).</li><li>Guy, C. T., Cardiff, R. D., Muller, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+mammary+tumors+by+expression+of+polyomavirus+middle+T+oncogene:+a+transgenic+mouse+model+for+metastatic+disease.">Induction of mammary tumors by expression of polyomavirus middle T oncogene: a transgenic mouse model for metastatic disease.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 12 (3), 954-961 (1992).</li><li>Wexler, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+Identification+of+Experimental+Pulmonary+Metastases.">Accurate Identification of Experimental Pulmonary Metastases.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 36 (4), 641-645 (1966).</li><li>Boczkowski, D., Nair, S. K., Nam, J. H., Lyerly, H. K., Gilboa, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+tumor+immunity+and+cytotoxic+T+lymphocyte+responses+using+dendritic+cells+transfected+with+messenger+RNA+amplified+from+tumor+cells.">Induction of tumor immunity and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses using dendritic cells transfected with messenger RNA amplified from tumor cells.</a> Cancer Res. 60 (4), 1028-1034 (2000).</li><li>Vargo-Gogola, T., Rosen, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+breast+cancer:+one+size+does+not+fit+all.">Modelling breast cancer: one size does not fit all.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 7 (9), 659-672 (2007).</li><li>Watts, A. M., Kennedy, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+Tumor+Foci+in+an+Experimental+Murine+Tumor+Model+Using+Computer-Assisted+Video+Imaging.">Quantitation of Tumor Foci in an Experimental Murine Tumor Model Using Computer-Assisted Video Imaging.</a> Anal Bioche. 256 (2), 217-219 (1998).</li><li>Rosenberg, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regression+of+Established+Pulmonary+Metastases+and+Subcutaneous+Tumor+Mediated+by+the+Systemic+Administration+of+High-Dose+Recombinant+Interleukin+2.">Regression of Established Pulmonary Metastases and Subcutaneous Tumor Mediated by the Systemic Administration of High-Dose Recombinant Interleukin 2.</a> J Exp Me. 161 (5), 1169-1188 (1985).</li><li>Fantozzi, A., Christofori, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+breast+cancer+metastasis.">Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis.</a> Breast Cancer Re. 8 (4), 212 (2006).</li><li>Veer, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+profiling+predicts+clinical+outcome+of+breast+cancer.">Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer.</a> Nature. 415 (6871), 530-536 (2002).</li></ol>

יש הסופרים לא גילויים.

פרוטוקול זה הוא לבידוד תאים ראשוניים מגידול עכבר טרי. Lysates הוכן משיטה זו שימושי לחלבון, DNA וניתוח RNA. תאים סרטניים מהגידול השד הראשוני לעתים קרובות לשלוח גרורות למוח, הריאות ועצמות 1. כלול הוא טכניקה כדי לחלץ את הריאות לגילוי של גרורות. מכתים את הריאות עם כתם דיו י?...

Metastasis is the final step in the progression of breast cancer 1. It involves a series of steps in which malignant cells are released from the primary tumor and disseminated to other organs 2. The cells must be able to intravasate, survive in circulation, extravasate to distant organs, and survive in that new organ system 3. Each step in tumorigenesis is tightly controlled by cells through various genetic and epigenetic changes 4. To study the mechanisms of breast cancer tumorigenesis, mouse model systems have been utilized due to their short lifespan, small size and fast breeding time. Some major advantages of using mouse models in cancer research are the molecular and physiological similarities they share with humans 5. 
Established mouse and human cell lines have been used extensively in breast cancer research. Although we can obtain some information about the steps in metastasis using these cells, genetically manipulated animal models with tumor suppressors/oncogenes will give far more information about tumor development and metastasis starting from the embryonic stage. Thus, with these mouse models, we can obtain genetic and developmental regulation of tumor growth. Furthermore, the tumor microenvironment also plays an important role in tumor cell gene expression and it can be difficult to mimic the same scenario with studies using established cell lines. Primary human mammary tumors can also be used to study mouse mammary tumorigenesis. The main disadvantage of using isolated breast tumors is that this newly implanted tumor does not have the mouse&#8217;s vasculature and lymphatic tissue. Whereas the genetic mouse model systems for studying mammary tumorigenesis will allow us to monitor the steps of metastasis, analyze the tumor microenvironment, and access to the entire body 5.
The overall goal of this protocol is to study breast tumorigenesis in mice. It is known that breast cancers typically metastasize to the brain, lung and bone. This protocol allows for the isolation of primary mammary tumor cells, as well as, studying breast cancer metastasis to the lung. Furthermore, another protocol for analyzing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from the mouse embryo is included. Together, these techniques are useful in studying mouse mammary tumorigenesis.

<table><tbody><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>HyClone</td><td>SH30243.01</td><td>Store at 4 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>0.05% Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Life&amp;nbsp; technologies</td><td>25300-062</td><td>Store at &amp;ndash; 20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase Type IV</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C5138</td><td>Store at &amp;ndash; 20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Hyaluronidase</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H3506</td><td>Store at &amp;ndash; 20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Pen Strep</td><td>Life&amp;nbsp; technologies</td><td>15140-122</td><td>Store at 4 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Gemini Bio-Products</td><td>100-106</td><td>Store at &amp;ndash; 80 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Z-fix</td><td>ANATECH</td><td>#174</td><td>Store at RT</td></tr><tr><td>India Ink</td><td>Yasutomo</td><td></td><td>Store at RT</td></tr><tr><td>AERRANE (Isoflurane)</td><td>Baxter</td><td>NDC 10019-773-60</td><td>Store at RT</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>EMD</td><td>AX0441-3</td><td>Store at RT</td></tr></tbody></table>

primary tumor and mef cell isolation to study lung metastasis

In breast tumorigenesis, the metastatic stage of the disease poses the greatest threat to the affected individual. Normal breast cells with altered genotypes now possess the ability to invade and survive in other tissues. In this protocol, mouse mammary tumors are removed and primary cells are prepared from tumors. The cells isolated from this procedure are then available for gene profiling experiments. For successful metastasis, these cells must be able to intravasate, survive in circulation, extravasate to distant organs, and survive in that new organ system. The lungs are the typical target of breast cancer metastasis. A set of genes have been discovered that mediates the selectivity of metastasis to the lung. Here we describe a method of studying lung metastasis from a genetically engineered mouse model.. Furthermore, another protocol for analyzing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from the mouse embryo is included. MEF cells from the same animal type provide a clue of non-cancer cell gene expression. Together, these techniques are useful in studying mouse mammary tumorigenesis, its associated signaling mechanisms and pathways of the abnormalities in embryos.

שלב התקדמות גידול שבלהקריב בעלי החיים תלויים במחקר המסוים והנחיות IACUC. באיור 1 א, C57BL / 6 עכבר בן 100 יום עם וירוס גידול עכבר החלב Polyoma התיכון T-Antigen (MMTV-PyMT) הוקרב בשלושה חודשים. העור נפתח מאזור פתח השופכה לצוואר עם המספריים והעור היה מרותק כדי לאפשר גישה קלה לאיברים...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Tumor and MEF Cell Isolation to Study Lung Metastasis at JoVE.com

Primary Tumor and MEF Cell Isolation to Study Lung Metastasis

The goal of this protocol is to study breast tumorigenesis. With this technique, mouse mammary tumors are removed and primary cells are prepared from tumors. A lung extraction protocol is included for studying lung metastasis. Furthermore, another protocol for analyzing mouse embryonic fibroblasts from the mouse embryo is included.

גידול ראשוני ובידוד תא MEF לחקר ריאות גרורה

In breast tumorigenesis, the metastatic stage of the disease poses the greatest threat to the affected individual. Normal breast cells with altered ...

primary-tumor-and-mef-cell-isolation-to-study-lung-metastasis

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.8K Views.  Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. The goal of this protocol is to study breast tumorigenesis. With this technique, mouse mammary tumors are removed and primary cells are prepared from tumors. A lung extraction protocol is included for studying lung metastasis. Furthermore, another protocol for analyzing mouse embryonic fibroblasts from the mouse embryo is included.

Video: Primary Tumor and MEF Cell Isolation to Study Lung Metastasis

Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we demonstrate a simple assay to evaluate tumor cell extravasation or micrometastasis. In this assay, tumor cells were injected through the tail vein, and after a short period, the lungs were dissected and digested to count the accumulated labeled tumor cells. This assay skips the initial step of primary tumor invasion into the blood vessel and facilitates the study of events in the distant organ where tumor metastasis occurs. The number of cells injected into the blood vessel can be optimized to observe a limited number of metastases. It has been reported that stromal cells in the distant organ contribute to metastasis. Thus, this assay could be a useful tool to explore potential therapeutic drugs or devices for prevention of tumor metastasis.

This manuscript describes a method to quantify tumor cell accumulation in the lungs in an animal model of tumor metastasis.

ריאות הגידול תא גיוס Assay

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we ...

Cancer Research

Experimental Metastasis Assay

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. To understand the mechanism of metastasis, an experimental metastasis assay was established using immunodeficient mice. This article delineates the procedures involved in this assay, including sample preparation, intravenous injection, and culturing cells from lung metastases. Briefly, a pre-determined number of human cancer cells were prepared in vitro and directly injected into the circulation of immunodeficient mice through their tail veins. A small number of cells survive the turbulence in the circulation and grow as metastases in internal organs, such as lung. The injected mice are dissected after a certain period. The tissue distribution of metastases is determined under a dissecting microscope. The number of metastases in a specific tissue is counted and it directly correlates with the metastatic ability of the injected cancer cells. The arisen metastases are isolated and cultured in vitro as cell lines, which often show enhanced metastatic abilities than the parental line when injected again into immunodeficient mice. These highly metastatic derivatives become useful tools for identifying genes or molecular pathways that regulate metastatic progression.

This article describes the procedures of an experimental metastasis assay that is used to determine the metastatic potential of human cancer cell lines.

גרורה ניסויית Assay

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients.  To understand the mechanism of metastasis, an experimental metastasis assay was established ...

Practical Considerations in Studying Metastatic Lung Colonization in Osteosarcoma Using the Pulmonary Metastasis Assay

The pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) is an ex vivo lung explant and closed cell culture system that permits researchers to study the biology of lung colonization in osteosarcoma (OS) by fluorescence microscopy. This article provides a detailed description of the protocol, and discusses examples of obtaining image data on metastatic growth using widefield or confocal fluorescence microscopy platforms. The flexibility of the PuMA model permits researchers to study not only the growth of OS cells in the lung microenvironment, but also to assess the effects of anti-metastatic therapeutics over time. Confocal microscopy allows for unprecedented, high-resolution imaging of OS cell interactions with the lung parenchyma. Moreover, when the PuMA model is combined with fluorescent dyes or fluorescent protein genetic reporters, researchers can study the lung microenvironment, cellular and subcellular structures, gene function, and promoter activity in metastatic OS cells. The PuMA model provides a new tool for osteosarcoma researchers to discover new metastasis biology and assess the activity of novel anti-metastatic, targeted therapies.

The goal of this article is to provide a detailed description of the protocol for the pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA). This model permits researchers to study metastatic osteosarcoma (OS) cell growth in lung tissue using a widefield fluorescence or confocal laser-scanning microscope.

שיקולים מעשיים בלימוד כיבוש ריאות גרורתי אוסטאוסרקומה באמצעות וזמינותו גרורות בריאות

The pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) is an ex vivo lung explant and closed cell culture system that permits researchers to study the biology of lung ...

The Establishment of a Lung Colonization Assay for Circulating Tumor Cell Visualization in Lung Tissues

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death. The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting cancer metastasis, in which lung colonization by CTCs critically contributes to early lung metastatic processes, has been vigorously investigated. As such, animal models are the only approach that captures the full systemic process of metastasis. Given that problems occur in previous experimental designs for examining the contributions of CTCs to blood vessel extravasation, we established an in vivo lung colonization assay in which a long-term-fluorescence cell-tracer, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), was used to label suspended tumor cells and lung perfusion was performed to clear non-specifically trapped CTCs prior to lung removal, confocal imaging, and quantification. Polymeric fibronectin (polyFN) assembled on CTC surfaces has been found to mediate lung colonization in the final establishment of metastatic tumor tissues. Here, to specifically test the requirement of polyFN assembly on CTCs for lung colonization and extravasation, we performed short term lung colonization assays in which suspended Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLCs) stably expressing FN-shRNA (shFN) or scramble-shRNA (shScr) and pre-labeled with 20 &#956;M of CFSE were intravenously inoculated into C57BL/6 mice. We successfully demonstrated that the abilities of shFN LLC cells to colonize the mouse lungs were significantly diminished in comparison to shScr LLC cells. Therefore, this short-term methodology may be widely applied to specifically demonstrate the ability of CTCs within the circulation to colonize the lungs.

An animal model is needed to decipher the role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting lung colonization during cancer metastasis. Here, we established and successfully performed an in vivo assay to specifically test the requirement of polymeric fibronectin (polyFN) assembly on CTCs for lung colonization.

הקמת Assay קולוניזציה הריאה עבור מחזור הגידול ויזואליזציה תאים ברקמות הריאה

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death. The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting cancer metastasis, in which lung colonization by ...

Isolation of Primary Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts from a Syngeneic Murine Model of Breast Cancer for the Study of Targeted Nanoparticles

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key actors in the context of the tumor microenvironment. Despite being reduced in number as compared to tumor cells, CAFs regulate tumor progression and provide protection from antitumor immunity. Emerging anticancer strategies aim to remodel the tumor microenvironment through the ablation of pro-tumorigenic CAFs or reprogramming of CAFs functions and their activation status. A promising approach is the development of nanosized delivery agents able to target CAFs, thus allowing the specific delivery of drugs and active molecules. In this context, a cellular model of CAFs may provide a useful tool for in vitro screening and preliminary investigation of such nanoformulations.
This study describes the isolation and culture of primary CAFs from the syngeneic 4T1 murine model of triple-negative breast cancer. Magnetic beads were used in a 2-step separation process to extract CAFs from dissociated tumors. Immunophenotyping control was performed using flow cytometry after each passage to verify the process yield. Isolated CAFs can be employed to study the targeting capability of different nanoformulations designed to tackle the tumor microenvironment. Fluorescently labeled H-ferritin nanocages were used as candidate nanoparticles to set up the method. Nanoparticles, either bare or conjugated with a targeting ligand, were analyzed for their binding to CAFs. The results suggest that ex vivo extraction of breast CAFs may be a useful system to test and validate nanoparticles for the specific targeting of tumorigenic CAFs.

This paper aims to provide a protocol for the isolation and culture of primary cancer-associated fibroblasts from a syngeneic murine model of triple-negative breast cancer and their application for the preclinical study of novel nanoparticles designed to target the tumor microenvironment.&#160;

בידוד של פיברובלסטים הקשורים לסרטן ראשוני ממודל מורין סינגני של סרטן השד לחקר חלקיקים ממוקדים

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key actors in the context of the tumor microenvironment. Despite being reduced in number as compared to tumor ...

Generation and Expansion of Primary, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Tumor Lines

Current methodologies for the expansion of primary tumor cell lines from rare tumor types are lacking. This protocol describes methods to expand primary tumor cells from surgically resected, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) by providing a complete overview of the process from digestion to enrichment, expansion, cryopreservation, and phenotypic characterization. In addition, this protocol introduces concepts for tumor generation that may be useful for multiple tumor types such as differential trypsinization and the impact of dissociation methods on the detection of cell surface markers for phenotypic characterization. The major limitation of this study is the selection of tumor cells that will expand in a two-dimensional (2D) culture system. Variations to this protocol, including three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, media supplements, plate coating to improve adhesion, and alternate disaggregation methods, could improve this technique and the overall success rate of establishing a tumor line. Overall, this protocol provides a base method for establishing and characterizing tumor cells from this rare tumor.

The goal of this method paper is to demonstrate a robust and reproducible methodology for the enrichment, generation, and expansion of primary tumor cell lines from surgically resected pleural mesothelioma.

ייצור והרחבה של קווי גידול ראשוניים וממאירים במליאה של Pleural

Current methodologies for the expansion of primary tumor cell lines from rare tumor types are lacking. This protocol describes methods to expand primary ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Neutrophils, the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation, play an important role in the host defense against invading microorganisms. In addition, neutrophils play a central role in the immune surveillance of tumor cells. They have the ability to recognize tumor cells and induce tumor cell death either through a cell contact-dependent mechanism involving hydrogen peroxide or through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Neutrophils with anti-tumor activity can be isolated from peripheral blood of cancer patients and of tumor-bearing mice. These neutrophils are termed tumor-entrained neutrophils (TEN) to distinguish them from neutrophils of healthy subjects or na&#239;ve mice that show no significant tumor cytotoxic activity. Compared with other white blood cells, neutrophils show different buoyancy making it feasible to obtain a &#62; 98% pure neutrophil population when subjected to a density gradient. However, in addition to the normal high-density neutrophil population (HDN), in cancer patients, in tumor-bearing mice, as well as under chronic inflammatory conditions, distinct low-density neutrophil populations (LDN) appear in the circulation. LDN co-purify with the mononuclear fraction and can be separated from mononuclear cells using either positive or negative selection strategies. Once the purity of the isolated neutrophils is determined by flow cytometry, they can be used for in vitro and in vivo functional assays. We describe techniques for monitoring the anti-tumor activity of neutrophils, their ability to migrate and to produce reactive oxygen species, as well as monitoring their phagocytic capacity ex vivo. We further describe techniques to label the neutrophils for in vivo tracking, and to determine their anti-metastatic capacity in vivo. All these techniques are essential for understanding how to obtain and characterize neutrophils with anti-tumor function.

Neutrophils play an important role not only in host defense against invading microorganisms, but are also involved in the immune surveillance of tumor cells. Here, we describe techniques related to the isolation of neutrophils with anti-tumor properties and methods for monitoring anti-tumor neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo.

בידוד ואפיון של נויטרופילים עם תכונות אנטי-סרטניים

Neutrophils, the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation, play an important role in the host defense against invading ...

Immunology and Infection

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment

Metastasis is a major cause for cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is a multistep process and due to its complexity, the exact cellular and molecular processes that govern metastatic dissemination and growth are still elusive. Live imaging allows visualization of the dynamic and spatial interactions of cells and their microenvironment. Solid tumors commonly metastasize to the lungs. However, the anatomical location of the lungs poses a challenge to intravital imaging. This protocol provides a relatively simple and quick method for ex vivo live imaging of the dynamic interactions between tumor cells and their surrounding stroma within lung metastasis. Using this method, the motility of cancer cells as well as interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells in their microenvironment can be visualized in real time for several hours. By using transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, a fluorescent cell line, injectable fluorescently labeled molecules and/or antibodies, multiple components of the lung microenvironment can be visualized, such as blood vessels and immune cells. To image the different cell types, a spinning disk confocal microscope that allows long-term continuous imaging with rapid, four-color image acquisition has been used. Time-lapse movies compiled from images collected over multiple positions and focal planes show interactions between live metastatic and immune cells for at least 4 hr. This technique can be further used to test chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Moreover, this method could be adapted for the study of other lung-related pathologies that may affect the lung microenvironment.

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment

We describe a relatively simple method for ex vivo live imaging of the tumor cell-stroma interactions within lung metastasis, utilizing fluorescent reporters in mice. Using spinning-disk confocal microscopy, this technique enables visualization of live cells for at least 4 hr and could be adapted to study other inflammatory lung conditions.

Ex vivo הדמיה חיה של ריאות גרורה microenvironment שלהם

Metastasis is a major cause for cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is a multistep process and due to its complexity, the exact cellular ...

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

בידוד של תאים חיסוניים של גידולים ראשוניים

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various ...

Biology

Isolation of Primary Murine Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Endothelial Cells

The endothelial cells of skeletal muscle capillaries (muscle microvascular endothelial cells, MMEC) build up the barrier between blood stream and skeletal muscles regulating the exchange of fluids and nutrients as well as the immune response against infectious agents by controlling immune cell migration. For these functions, MMEC form a functional &#34;myovascular unit&#34; (MVU), with further cell types, such as fibroblasts, pericytes and skeletal muscle cells. Consequently, a dysfunction of MMEC and therefore the MVU contributes to a vast variety of myopathies. However, regulatory mechanisms of MMEC in health and disease remain insufficiently understood and their elucidation precedes more specific treatments for myopathies. The isolation and in-depth investigation of primary MMEC functions in the context of the MVU might facilitate a better understanding of these processes.
This article provides a protocol to isolate primary murine MMEC of the skeletal muscle by mechanical and enzymatic dissociation including purification and culture maintenance steps.

Microvascular endothelial cells of skeletal muscles (MMEC) shape the inner wall of muscle capillaries and regulate both, exchange of fluids/molecules and migration of (immune) cells between muscle tissue and blood. Isolation of primary murine MMEC, as described here, enables comprehensive in vitro investigations of the &#34;myovascular unit&#34;.

בידוד של תאי אנדותל Microvascular ראשי שריר השלד מאתר

The endothelial cells of skeletal muscle capillaries (muscle microvascular endothelial cells, MMEC) build up the barrier between blood stream and skeletal ...