עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי למדעי הטבע וההנדסה מועצת המחקר של קנדה (NSERC) דיסקברי גרנט # 40,352, קמפוס אלברטה עבור חדשנות תוכנית יו&quot;ר, אלברטה אלצהיימר מחקר תוכנית כדי MHM, ו NSERC ליצור BIF דוקטורט ואחווה לתואר AIHS לח&quot;כ. אנו מודים פו מין וואנג לפיתוח פרוטוקול זה ועבור הכשרה כירורגית, ו Behroo מירזה אגא Di שאו לגידול.

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Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+field+recordings+effectively+monitor+the+mouse+cortex+and+hippocampus+under+isoflurane+anesthesia.">In vivo field recordings effectively monitor the mouse cortex and hippocampus under isoflurane anesthesia.</a> Neural Regeneration Research. 11 (12), 1951-1955 (2016).</li><li>Sharp, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+stimulus-evoked+cerebral+hemodynamics+in+the+awake+mouse+and+under+a+novel+anesthetic+regime.">Comparison of stimulus-evoked cerebral hemodynamics in the awake mouse and under a novel anesthetic regime.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 12621 (2015).</li><li>Kyweriga, M., Mohajerani, M. H., Kianianmomeni, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetics:+Methods+and+Protocols.">Optogenetics: Methods and Protocols.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1408, 251-265 (2016).</li><li>Grutzendler, J., Gan, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Imaging in neuroscience and development : a laboratory manual. , (2005).</li><li>Vanni, M. P., Murphy, T. 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T., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesoscale+infraslow+spontaneous+membrane+potential+fluctuations+recapitulate+high-frequency+activity+cortical+motifs.">Mesoscale infraslow spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations recapitulate high-frequency activity cortical motifs.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 7738 (2015).</li><li>Lim, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+Large-Scale+Cortical+Mapping+Using+Channelrhodopsin-2+Stimulation+in+Transgenic+Mice+Reveals+Asymmetric+and+Reciprocal+Relationships+between+Cortical+Areas.">In vivo Large-Scale Cortical Mapping Using Channelrhodopsin-2 Stimulation in Transgenic Mice Reveals Asymmetric and Reciprocal Relationships between Cortical Areas.</a> Front Neural Circuits. 6, (2012).</li><li>Ferezou, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+dynamics+of+cortical+sensorimotor+integration+in+behaving+mice.">Spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical sensorimotor integration in behaving mice.</a> Neuron. 56 (5), 907-923 (2007).</li><li>Mohajerani, M. H., Aminoltejari, K., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+mini-strokes+produce+changes+in+interhemispheric+sensory+signal+processing+that+are+indicative+of+disinhibition+within+minutes.">Targeted mini-strokes produce changes in interhemispheric sensory signal processing that are indicative of disinhibition within minutes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108 (22), E183-E191 (2011).</li><li>Madisen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+mice+for+intersectional+targeting+of+neural+sensors+and+effectors+with+high+specificity+and+performance.">Transgenic mice for intersectional targeting of neural sensors and effectors with high specificity and performance.</a> Neuron. 85 (5), 942-958 (2015).</li></ol>

החוקרים אין לחשוף.

פרוטוקול חדשני זה עבור חלון גולגולת גדול מאפשר הדמיה סימולטני על השטחים הזמניים הקודקודית של קליפת המוח. בשילוב עם הדמיה אופטית, זה יכול לעזור כדי לחשוף דינמיקה עצבית בתוך אזורים בקליפת מוח במהלך פעילות ספונטנית מושרה גירוי. פתיחת הגולגולת מרחיבה זו גם חושפת הרחבה ג...

את craniotomy הוא הליך סטנדרטי המשמש ידי חוקרי מוח כדי לחשוף חלק של המוח. מאז שחר אלקטרופיזיולוגיה, את craniotomy אפשרה פריצות דרך חסרת תקדים בתחום מדעי המוח. מיפוי צפוף של קליפת המוח עם אלקטרודות הוביל השערות ניסויים ותאוריות המבוססות על מפות אלה. נכנסנו לאחרונה עידן חדש שבו craniotomy הוא מנוצל עבור in vivo הדמיה של זרימת דם קליפת מוח 1, 2, 3 ו עצבים וכלי דם ארכיטקטורה 4, המאפשר ויזואליזציה בזמן אמת של פעילות קליפת המוח בתוך האזורים החשופים 5, 6, 7. למרות שמחקרים רבים להשתמש craniotomies בשילוב עם טכניקות הדמיה אופטית in vivo ללמוד את המבנה והתפקוד של נוירונים בקליפת המוח, גליה, ואת קור8 כלי הדם tical, 9, חקירות נוספות מוגבלים על ידי אזורים קטנים של קליפת המוח חשוף (אך ראה 10). מטרת פרוטוקול זה היא לספק שיטה ליצירת craniotomy לרוחב גדול, חושף לקורטקס קו האמצע עד עצם squamosal, והארכה מעבר גבחת ו למבדה. פתיחת גולגולת גדולה זה מאפשרת צפייה בו זמנית של הקורטקס האסוציאטיבי (retrosplenial, cingulate, הקודקודית), מנוע יסודי ותיכון, חושית, ויזואלי, ואת קליפת המוח השמיעתית. שיטה זו כבר מצמידה בעבר עם הדמיה לצבוע מתח רגיש (VSDI) לחקור כיצד מרובה אזורים בקליפת המוח לתקשר אחד עם השני במהלך פעילות קליפת מוח ספונטנית מושרה גירוי 5, 11, 12. ההיבטים המאתגרים ביותר של הליך זה כוללים הצבת הראששל החיה, מתקן את פלטת הראש, והימנעות דימום תוך הפרדה בין השרירים הזמניים מן העצם הקודקוד. טיפול צריך גם לקחת במהלך תהליכי הקידוח בגולגולת שיוסר עקומות הגולגולת בזויה אלכסוני.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
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			<td>Heating Pad&#160;</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>40-90-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Fine Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-35</td>
			<td>2 or more pairs are recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-00, 15000-10</td>
			<td>1 pair should be designated for dura removal&#160;</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Jet tooth shade powder</td>
			<td>LANG Dental</td>
			<td>Jet Tooth Shade Powder</td>
			<td>to be mixed with the Jet Liquid</td>
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			<td>Jet tooth shade liquid</td>
			<td>LANG Dental</td>
			<td>Jet Tooth Shade Liquid</td>
			<td>to be mixed wihth the Jet Powder&#160;</td>
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			<td>Drill Heads - Carbide Burs FG 1/4 389</td>
			<td>Midwest Dental</td>
			<td>385201</td>
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			<td>Agarose Powder</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9793</td>
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			<td>Gelfoam</td>
			<td>Sinclair Dental Canada</td>
			<td>Pfizer Gelfoam</td>
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			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Western Drug Distribution Centre Ltd</td>
			<td>124125</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Lidocaine 2% Epinephrine</td>
			<td>Western Drug Distribution Centre Ltd</td>
			<td>125299</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethazone 5 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Western Drug Distribution Centre Ltd</td>
			<td>125231</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Butyl cyanoacrylate glue (VetBond)</td>
			<td>Western Drug Distribution Centre Ltd</td>
			<td>12612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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a large lateral craniotomy procedure for mesoscale wide-field optical imaging of brain activity

את craniotomy היא הליך ביצע פקודות כדי לחשוף את המוח לניסויים in vivo. במחקר העכבר, רוב המעבדות לנצל craniotomy קטן, בדרך כלל 3 מ&quot;מ x 3 מ&quot;מ. פרוטוקול זה מציג שיטה ליצירת חלון גולגולתי משמעותית גדול 7 מ&quot;מ x 6 מ&quot;מ החשיפה ביותר של מוח גדול מעל הקורטקס הזמני הקודקודית העכבר (למשל, גבחת 2.5 - 4.5 מ&quot;מ, 0 לרוחב - מ&quot;מ 6). כדי לבצע את הניתוח הזה, הראש חייב להיות מוטה כ 30 ° ועוד הרבה של השריר הזמני חייב להיות חזר בו. בשל הכמות הגדולה של הסרת עצם, הליך זה נועד רק עבור ניסויים חריפים עם החיה הרדימה לאורך הניתוח ולהתנסות. היתרון העיקרי של חלון גולגולתי לרוחב הגדול חדשני זו הוא לספק גישה בו זמנית בשני התחומים המדיאלי לרוחב של קליפת המוח. חלון גולגולתי חד צדדי גדול זה יכול לשמש כדי ללמוד את הדינמיקה העצבית בין התאים,כמו גם בין אזורים בקליפת מוח השונים על ידי שילוב הקלטות אלקטרו רבה-אלקטרודה, הדמיה של פעילות עצבית (למשל, הדמיה מהותית או חיצונית), וכן גירוי optogenetic. בנוסף, פתיחת גולגולת גדולה זו גם חושפת שטח גדול של כלי דם בקליפת מוח, המאפשרת מניפולציה ישירה של כלי הדם לרוחב קליפת המוח.

<html> כדי ללמוד את יחסי הגומלין בין אזורים בקליפת המוח בתוך חצי כדור יחיד, השתמשנו פתיחת גולגולת גדולה המשתרעת על פני סינוס sagittal ו 5 - לרוחב 6 מ&quot;מ. חלון גולגולתי זו כללה העיקרי (מנוע, החושית, חזותי, שמיעתי), משנית (מנוע, ויזואלי), והתאגדות (retrosplenial, cingulate, ה?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity at JoVE.com

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

פרוטוקול זה מציג שיטה ליצירת craniotomy חד צדדי גדול מעל האזורים הזמניים הקודקודית של קליפת מוח עכבר המוחין. תכונה זו שימושית במיוחד עבור הדמיה בזמן אמת על פני שטח רחב ידיים של חצי הכדור קליפת המוח.

נוהל Craniotomy Lateral גדול עבור דימות אופטי Mesoscale רחב בתחום של פעילות המוח

The craniotomy is a commonly performed procedure to expose the brain for in vivo experiments. In mouse research, most labs utilize a small craniotomy, ...

a-large-lateral-craniotomy-procedure-for-mesoscale-wide-field-optical

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.2K Views.  University of Lethbridge.  פרוטוקול זה מציג שיטה ליצירת craniotomy חד צדדי גדול מעל האזורים הזמניים הקודקודית של קליפת מוח עכבר המוחין. תכונה זו שימושית במיוחד עבור הדמיה בזמן אמת על פני שטח רחב ידיים של חצי הכדור קליפת המוח. 

Video: A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

המדינה תלות השפעות על TMS: מבט על התנהגות Phosphene מניע

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

הדמיה חיה של צילה Ependymal בחדרים לרוחב של מוח העכבר

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging

The ability of the brain to process sensory information relies on both ascending and descending sets of projections. Until recently, the only way to study these two systems and how they interact has been with the use of in vivo preparations. Major advances have been made with acute brain slices containing the thalamocortical and cortico-thalamic pathways in the somatosensory, visual, and auditory systems. With key refinements to our recent modification of the auditory thalamocortical slice1, we are able to more reliably capture the projections between most of the major auditory midbrain and forebrain structures: the inferior colliculus (IC), medial geniculate body (MGB), thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), and the auditory cortex (AC). With portions of all these connections retained, we are able to answer detailed questions that complement the questions that can be answered with in vivo preparations. The use of flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging enables us to rapidly assess connectivity in any given slice and guide the ensuing experiment. Using this slice in conjunction with recording and imaging techniques, we are now better equipped to understand how information processing occurs at each point in the auditory forebrain as information ascends to the cortex, and the impact of descending cortical modulation. 3-D printing to build slice chamber components permits double-sided perfusion and broad access to networks within the slice and maintains the widespread connections key to fully utilizing this preparation.

Using multiple angles to cut the mouse pup brain, we improve upon a previously-described acute brain slice which captures the connections between most of the major auditory midbrain and forebrain structures.

שינוי של Colliculo-thalamocortical עכבר המוח פרוסה, שילוב הדפסת 3-D של לשכת רכיבים ודימות אופטי רב בקנה מידה

The ability of the brain to process sensory information relies on both ascending and descending sets of projections. Until recently, the only way to study ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

הדמיה פעילות עצבית בתוך קליפת המגע הראשי באמצעות Thy1-העכברים הטרנסגניים GCaMP6s

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical properties, synaptic connections, and in vivo functions, but their basic functional and anatomical organization from cellular to network scale is poorly understood. Here we describe a method for the three-dimensional imaging of fluorescently-labeled neurons across large areas of the brain for the investigation of the cortical cellular organization. Specific types of neurons are labeled by the injection of fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers or expression of fluorescent proteins in transgenic mice. Block brain samples, e.g., a hemisphere, are prepared after fixation, made transparent with tissue clearing methods, and subjected to fluorescent immunolabeling of the specific cell types. Large areas are scanned using confocal or two-photon microscopes equipped with large working distance objectives and motorized stages. This method can resolve the periodic organization of the cell type-specific microcolumn functional modules in the mouse neocortex. The procedure can be useful for the study of three-dimensional cellular architecture in the diverse brain areas and other complex tissues.

Here we describe a procedure for tissue clearing, fluorescent labeling, and large-scale imaging of mouse brain tissue which, thereby, enables visualization of the three-dimensional organization of cell types in the neocortex.

הדמיה תלת מימדי בקנה מידה גדול של ארגון הסלולר קליפת העכבר

The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical ...

Wide-field Single-photon Optical Recording in Brain Slices Using Voltage-sensitive Dye

Wide-field single photon voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of brain slice preparations is a useful tool to assess the functional connectivity in neural circuits. Due to the fractional change in the light signal, it has been difficult to use this method as a quantitative assay. This article describes special optics and slice handling systems, which render this technique stable and reliable. The present article demonstrates the slice handling, staining, and recording of the VSD-stained hippocampal slices in detail. The system maintains physiological conditions for a long time, with good staining, and prevents mechanical movements of the slice during the recordings. Moreover, it enables staining of slices with a small amount of the dye. The optics achieve high numerical aperture at low magnification, which allows recording of the VSD signal at the maximum frame rate of 10 kHz, with 100 pixel x 100-pixel spatial resolution. Due to the high frame rate and spatial resolution, this technique allows application of the post-recording filters that provide sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to assess the changes in neural circuits.

We introduce a reproducible and stable optical recording method for brain slices using voltage-sensitive dye. The article describes voltage-sensitive dye staining and recording of optical signals using conventional hippocampal slice preparations.

הקלטה אופטית חד-שלמה של פוטון בפרוסות מוח באמצעות שימוש במתח-צבע רגיש

Wide-field single photon voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of brain slice preparations is a useful tool to assess the functional connectivity in neural ...

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Dynamic fMRI responses vary largely according to the physiological conditions of animals either under anesthesia or in awake states. We developed a real-time fMRI platform to guide experimenters to monitor fMRI responses instantaneously during acquisition, which can be used to modify the physiology of animals to achieve desired hemodynamic responses in animal brains. The real-time fMRI set-up is based on a 14.1T preclinical MRI system, enabling the real-time mapping of dynamic fMRI responses in the primary forepaw somatosensory cortex (FP-S1) of anesthetized rats. Instead of a retrospective analysis to investigate confounding sources leading to the variability of fMRI signals, the real-time fMRI platform provides a more effective scheme to identify dynamic fMRI responses using customized macro-functions and a common neuroimage analysis software in the MRI system. Also, it provides immediate troubleshooting feasibility and a real-time biofeedback stimulation paradigm for brain functional studies in animals.

Animal brain functional mapping can benefit from the real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experimental set-up. Using the latest software implemented in the animal MRI system, we established a real-time monitoring platform for small animal fMRI.

מיפוי מוח fMRI בזמן אמת בבעלי חיים

Dynamic fMRI responses vary largely according to the physiological conditions of animals either under anesthesia or in awake states. We developed a ...

Activity of Posterior Lateral Line Afferent Neurons during Swimming in Zebrafish

Sensory systems gather cues essential for directing behavior, but animals must decipher what information is biologically relevant. Locomotion generates reafferent cues that animals must disentangle from relevant sensory cues of the surrounding environment. For example, when a fish swims, flow generated from body undulations is detected by the mechanoreceptive neuromasts, comprising hair cells, that compose the lateral line system. The hair cells then transmit fluid motion information from the sensor to the brain via the sensory afferent neurons. Concurrently, corollary discharge of the motor command is relayed to hair cells to prevent sensory overload. Accounting for the inhibitory effect of predictive motor signals during locomotion is, therefore, critical when evaluating the sensitivity of the lateral line system. We have developed an in vivo electrophysiological approach to simultaneously monitor posterior lateral line afferent neuron and ventral motor root activity in zebrafish larvae (4-7 days post fertilization) that can last for several hours. Extracellular recordings of afferent neurons are achieved using the loose patch clamp technique, which can detect activity from single or multiple neurons. Ventral root recordings are performed through the skin with glass electrodes to detect motor neuron activity. Our experimental protocol provides the potential to monitor endogenous or evoked changes in sensory input across motor behaviors in an intact, behaving vertebrate.

We describe a protocol to monitor changes in the afferent neuron activity during motor commands in a model vertebrate hair cell system.

פעילות של נוירונים אפרנט קו לרוחב אחורי במהלך שחייה בזברהפיש

Sensory systems gather cues essential for directing behavior, but animals must decipher what information is biologically relevant. Locomotion generates ...

Craniotomy Procedure for Visualizing Neuronal Activities in Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

Imaging neuronal activities at single-cell resolution in awake behaving animals is a very powerful approach for the investigation of neural circuit functions in systems neuroscience. However, high absorbance and scattering of light in mammalian tissue limit intravital imaging mostly to superficial brain regions, leaving deep-brain areas, such as the hippocampus, out of reach for optical microscopy. In this video, we show the preparation and implantation of the custom-made imaging window to enable chronic in vivo imaging of the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region in head-fixed behaving mice. The custom-made window is supplemented with an infusion cannula that allows targeted delivery of viral vectors and drugs to the imaging area. By combining this preparation with wide-field imaging, we performed a long-term recording of neuronal activity using a fluorescent calcium indicator from large subsets of neurons in behaving mice over several weeks. We also demonstrated the applicability of this preparation for voltage imaging with single-spike resolution. High-performance genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity and scientific CMOS cameras allowed the recurrent visualization of subcellular morphological details of single neurons at high temporal resolution. We also discuss the advantages and potential limitations of the described method and its compatibility with other imaging techniques.

This article demonstrates the preparation of a custom-made imaging window supplemented with infusion cannula and its implantation onto the CA1 region of the hippocampus in mice.

הליך גולגולתי להדמיית פעילויות עצביות בהיפוקמפוס של עכברים מתנהגים

Imaging neuronal activities at single-cell resolution in awake behaving animals is a very powerful approach for the investigation of neural circuit ...

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the other hand, two-photon imaging can resolve the activity of local neural circuits at the single-cell level. It is critical to make a large cranial window to perform multiple-scale analysis using both imaging techniques in the same mouse. To achieve this, one must remove a large section of the skull and cover the exposed cortical surface with transparent materials. Previously, glass skulls and polymer-based cranial windows have been developed for this purpose, but these materials are not easily fabricated. The present protocol describes a simple method for making a large cranial window consisting of commercially available polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) wrapping film, a transparent silicone plug, and a cover glass. For imaging the dorsal surface of an entire hemisphere, the window size was approximately 6 x 3 mm2. Severe brain vibrations were not observed regardless of such a large window. Importantly, the condition of the brain surface did not deteriorate for more than one month. Wide-field imaging of a mouse expressing a genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6f, specifically in astrocytes, revealed synchronized responses in a few millimeters. Two-photon imaging of the same mouse showed prominent calcium responses in individual astrocytes over several seconds. Furthermore, a thin layer of an adeno-associated virus was applied to the PVDC film and successfully expressed GECI in cortical neurons over the cranial window. This technique is reliable and cost-effective for making a large cranial window and facilitates the investigation of the neural and glial dynamics and their interactions during behavior at the macroscopic and microscopic levels.

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

The present protocol describes making a large (6 x 3 mm2) cranial window using food wrap, transparent silicone, and cover glass. This cranial window allows in vivo wide-field and two-photon calcium imaging experiments in the same mouse.

אין ויוו הדמיית סידן בשדה רחב ושני פוטונים מעכבר באמצעות חלון גולגולתי גדול

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the ...