The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Horserace Betting Levy Board U.K. (grant number 721) and VetCell BioScience Ltd, U.K. and by Consejer&#236;a de Innovaci&#242;n, Ciencia y Empresa, Junta de Andaluc&#236;a, Spain.

<ol>
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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+and+insulin-like+growth+factor-I+gene-enhanced+mesenchymal+stem+cells+improve+structural+aspects+of+healing+in+equine+flexor+digitorum+superficialis+tendons.">Mesenchymal stem cells and insulin-like growth factor-I gene-enhanced mesenchymal stem cells improve structural aspects of healing in equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendons.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 27, 1392-1398 (2009).</li><li>Smith, R. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beneficial+effects+of+autologous+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+naturally+occurring+tendinopathy.">Beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in naturally occurring tendinopathy.</a> PloS one. 8, e75697 (2013).</li><li>Sole, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+and+persistence+of+technetium-99+hexamethyl+propylene+amine+oxime-labelled+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+experimentally+induced+tendon+lesions+after+intratendinous+injection+and+regional+perfusion+of+the+equine+distal+limb.">Distribution and persistence of technetium-99 hexamethyl propylene amine oxime-labelled bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in experimentally induced tendon lesions after intratendinous injection and regional perfusion of the equine distal limb.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 45, 726-731 (2013).</li><li>Godwin, E. E., Young, N. J., Dudhia, J., Beamish, I. C., Smith, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implantation+of+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+demonstrates+improved+outcome+in+horses+with+overstrain+injury+of+the+superficial+digital+flexor+tendon.">Implantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrates improved outcome in horses with overstrain injury of the superficial digital flexor tendon.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 44, 25-32 (2012).</li><li>Crevier-Denoix, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+properties+of+pathological+equine+superficial+digital+flexor+tendons.">Mechanical properties of pathological equine superficial digital flexor tendons.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 29, 23-26 (1997).</li><li>O'Meara, B., Bladon, B., Parkin, T. D., Fraser, B., Lischer, C. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Equine+embryonic+stem-like+cells+and+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+have+different+survival+rates+and+migration+patterns+following+their+injection+into+damaged+superficial+digital+flexor+tendon.">Equine embryonic stem-like cells and mesenchymal stromal cells have different survival rates and migration patterns following their injection into damaged superficial digital flexor tendon.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 42, 636-642 (2010).</li><li>Sole, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scintigraphic+evaluation+of+intra-arterial+and+intravenous+regional+limb+perfusion+of+allogeneic+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+the+normal+equine+distal+limb+using+(99m)+Tc-HMPAO.">Scintigraphic evaluation of intra-arterial and intravenous regional limb perfusion of allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the normal equine distal limb using (99m) Tc-HMPAO.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 44, 594-599 (2012).</li><li>Carvalho, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+mesenchymal+stem+cell+migration+after+equine+tendonitis+therapy.">Evaluation of mesenchymal stem cell migration after equine tendonitis therapy.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 46, 635-638 (2014).</li><li>Welling, M. M., Duijvestein, M., Signore, A., van der Weerd, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+biodistribution+of+stem+cells+using+molecular+nuclear+medicine+imaging.">In vivo biodistribution of stem cells using molecular nuclear medicine imaging.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 226, 1444-1452 (2011).</li><li>Dowling, B. A., Dart, A. J., Hodgson, D. R., Smith, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superficial+digital+flexor+tendonitis+in+the+horse.">Superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the horse.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 32, 369-378 (2000).</li><li>Kasashima, Y., Ueno, T., Tomita, A., Goodship, A. E., Smith, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimisation+of+bone+marrow+aspiration+from+the+equine+sternum+for+the+safe+recovery+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Optimisation of bone marrow aspiration from the equine sternum for the safe recovery of mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 43, 288-294 (2011).</li><li>Avella, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonographic+assessment+of+the+superficial+digital+flexor+tendons+of+National+Hunt+racehorses+in+training+over+two+racing+seasons.">Ultrasonographic assessment of the superficial digital flexor tendons of National Hunt racehorses in training over two racing seasons.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 41, 449-454 (2009).</li><li>de Vries, E. F., Roca, M., Jamar, F., Israel, O., Signore, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+labelling+of+leucocytes+with+(99m)Tc-HMPAO.+Inflammation/Infection+Taskgroup+of+the+European+Association+of+Nuclear+Medicine.">Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (99m)Tc-HMPAO. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine.</a> European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 37, 842-848 (2010).</li><li>Trela, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scintigraphic+comparison+of+intra-arterial+injection+and+distal+intravenous+regional+limb+perfusion+for+administration+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+to+the+equine+foot.">Scintigraphic comparison of intra-arterial injection and distal intravenous regional limb perfusion for administration of mesenchymal stem cells to the equine foot.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 46, 479-483 (2014).</li><li>Barbash, I. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+delivery+of+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+to+the+infarcted+myocardium:+feasibility,+cell+migration,+and+body+distribution.">Systemic delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the infarcted myocardium: feasibility, cell migration, and body distribution.</a> Circulation. 108, 863-868 (2003).</li><li>Heckl, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Future+contrast+agents+for+molecular+imaging+in+stroke.">Future contrast agents for molecular imaging in stroke.</a> Current Medicinal Chemistry. 14, 1713-1728 (2007).</li></ol>

JD and RKS are Scientific Advisory Board members to ReCellerate Inc.

בנוסף למח עצם, תאי גזע מבודדים ממקורות כגון רקמת שומן מתאימים לתיוג עם פרוטוקול זה. יתר על כן, תאים ממצב קפוא ניתן לתחייה והרחיבו בתרבות למספרים הרצויים ללימודי תיוג 12. גורם קריטי הקובע את היעילות של תיוג BMMSC הוא הזמן בין elution...

אסטרטגיות משובי לתיקון רקמות חולות או פגומות מבוססות על תאי גזע multipotent נגזרים ממגוון רחב של רקמות ומושתלים לתוך האזור הפגוע. התקדמות ביישום של BMMSC אוטולוגית לטיפול בגיד ופציעות רצועה בסוס הראו אמצעים השתפרו תוצאה בשני 1-5 הניסיוניים ומחקרים קליניים 6. הסוס הוא מודל אטרקטיבי במיוחד להערכת היעילות של תאי גזע הקשורים טיפולים כי היא סובלת מגיל ולמתוח יתר על המדה פציעות הקשורות לגידים של forelimb דיסטלי, זה בעלי חיים ספורטיביים, וזה התאוששות גדולה, להקל על מח עצם ו השתלה מדויקת. פציעות גיד להחלים באופן טבעי עם סיסטיק אבל הגיד נרפא מבחינה פונקציונלית נחותה 7 ויש לו סיכון גבוה לפגיעה מחדש 8. הגיד המכופף הדיגיטלי השטחי (SDFT) המושפע ביותר בכינויו זה התפתח לפעול כאנרגיה אלסטיתחנות וחוויות גבוהה טעינה מדגישה להשיג אנרגיה יעילה ותנועה במהירות גבוהה. שחזור פונקציה לאחר פציעה לכן קריטי. פגיעות אלה דומות לאלה המשפיעים על גיד אכילס בבני אדם שמבצע פונקציה דומה 9. אין אפשרויות טיפול טובות לטיפול או להשיג תיקון טוב לפציעות כגון, אסטרטגיות משובי מבוססות תאים לכן מציעות הזדמנות אטרקטיבית לשיפור תוצאות ולהפחית מחדש פציעה. במרבית המחקרים 5-20,000,000 BMMSC אוטולוגית מוזרקים ישירות לתוך הנגע שמתרחש בדרך כלל בתוך הליבה של גוף הגיד שלכן פועל ככלי קיבול לתאים. גורלם של התאים המוזרקים פעם אחת הוא לא שיטות תיוג תא ברורות ושונות כדי לעקוב אחר התאים תוארו לאחרונה. תאים שכותרתו עם תג הקרינה הוצגו לשרוד רק במספרים קטנים יחסית (&lt;10%) 10,11. תוויות הקרינה מחייבותחילוץ רקמות וחתך לניתוח היסטולוגית שזה זמן רב ולא בקלות להקל על ניתוח זמני במודל חיה גדול או במקרים קליניים. בעבודה מאוחרת יותר השתמשנו 99m Tc הרדיו-איזוטופי לתייג תאים ועיקבו אחרי גורלם על ידי מיפוי גמא 1. שיטה זו מאפשרת השוואות מהירות להתבצע בין מסלולים השונים של משלוח תא, כוללים intralesional, תוך ורידי באמצעות וריד הצוואר 1 או זלוף האזורי באמצעות זריקות תוך ורידי או 12 1,12 תוך-עורקים. ההתמדה וההפצה של תאים ולאחר מכן ניתן הדמיה על ידי מיפוי גמא של איברים שונים. זה הוכיח כי רק 24% מהתאים המוזרקים נשארו intralesionally בנגע על ידי 24 שעות 1 וזו נתמכת על ידי מחקר אחר באמצעות נגעים נוצרו בניסוי ומשתמש באותו radiolabel 5. יתר על כן, התאים להראות יכולת המוגבלת לבית לנגעי גיד כאשר delivereD על ידי זלוף האזורי או לוריד, אבל הם התפזרו לריאות על ידי הנתיבים האחרונים 4. BMMSC שכותרתו עם חלקיקי ברזל הוא שיטה חלופית כדי לעקוב אחר התאים מושתלים לגידי forelimb 13. למרות שתאי שכותרתו ננו-חלקיקי הברזל לאפשר מעקב תא in vivo על ידי MRI, מחקרים זמניים בבעלי חיים גדולים מוגבלים במספר הפעמים יכולות להינתן הרדמה בכל נקודה לביצוע סריקות MRI זמן. יתר על כן, חלקיקי ברזל הם hypointense על MRI אשר מגביל את המידע על ההגירה של תאים שכותרתו לתוך גוף הגיד. רדיואיזוטופים אחרים שניתן להשתמש בי כוללים אינדיום-111 אבל זה סובל חסרון של מחצית חיים ארוכים יותר מTc-99m (2.8 ימים לעומת 6.0 שעות) ואנרגיה פליטה קרני גמא גבוהה יותר. בנוסף, כדאיות תא דווחה להיות מופחתות כאשר כותרתו עם אינדיום-111 14. TC-99m, לעומת זאת, משמש באופן שגרתי בשני גרעיני סוסים ובני אדםרפואה לתייג תאי דם היקפי mononuclear ועיקבו אחרי ההפצה שלהם in vivo על ידי מיפוי. ניתן בקלות יחסית לקח את זה על ידי תאים באמצעות HMPAO כמולקולת מקשר לקשור טכנציום, כTc-99m-HMPAO, לתאים. TC-99m-HMPAO כותרת BMMSC להראות כדאיות טובה ויכול להתרבות במבחנה 4. פרוטוקול זה מפרט את התיוג ומעקב של BMMSC אוטולוגית סוסים מושתל לתוך נגעים טבעיים בSDFT forelimb. חשוב לציין כי הפרוטוקול נועד רק כדי לשמש ככלי מחקר. השימוש בו ככלים טיפוליים קליניים אינו מומלץ כהשפעה על הפנוטיפ radiolabel סלולארי לא הובהרה במלואו.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Technetium99m&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Please enquire with local ionisation radiation supplier in accordance with legal requirements.&#160; The isotope must be used within 2 h of elution from the molybdenum-99 generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceretec - Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO)&#160;</td>
			<td>GE HealthCare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Please enquire directly with GE HealthCare</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfuge, Minispin/Minispin Plus</td>
			<td>Ependorf</td>
			<td>22620100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18G and 19G Needles</td>
			<td>Terumo Medical</td>
			<td>NN-1838R (18G);&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; NN1938R (19G)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes 1 mL and 2 mL</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies Ltd</td>
			<td>SYR6200 (1 mL); SYR6003 (2 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One Ltd</td>
			<td>616201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS - Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>LifeTechnologies</td>
			<td>14190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Gauze Swabs</td>
			<td>Shermond Ltd</td>
			<td>UNG602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CoflexVet self adhering bandage</td>
			<td>Andover Healthcare, Inc.</td>
			<td>3540RB-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound imaging software</td>
			<td>Scion Image, Scion Corporation, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicasXplus Scintigram processing software</td>
			<td>Bartec Technologies Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.bartectechnologies.com/veterinaryscintigraphy.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Field isotope counter for monitoring isotope</td>
			<td>John Caunt U.K.</td>
			<td>GMS1800a</td>
			<td>http://www.johncaunt.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Well counter for isotope measurements, dose calibrator</td>
			<td>Capintec Southern Scientific</td>
			<td>CRC-25R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo imaging and tracking of technetium-99m labeled bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in equine tendinopathy

התקדמות ביישום של תאי גזע mesenchymal מח עצם (BMMSC) לטיפול בפציעות גיד ורצועה בסוס מציעה שיפור מדדי תוצאה בשני מחקרים ניסיוניים וקליניים. למרות BMMSC מושתל לתוך נגע הגיד במספרים גדולים (בדרך כלל 10-20,000,000 תאים), רק מספר קטן יחסית לשרוד (&lt;10%) אם כי אלה יכולים להימשך עד 5 חודשים לאחר השתלה. זה נראה תצפית נפוצה במינים אחרים שבי BMMSC כבר מושתלת לתוך רקמות אחרות וזה חשוב להבין, כאשר אובדן זה מתרחש, כמה לשרוד את תהליך ההשתלה הראשוני והאם התאים נמחקים לאיברים אחרים. מעקב הגורל של התאים יכולים להיות מושגת על ידי radiolabeling BMMSC לפני ההשתלה שמאפשרת לא פולשנית בהדמיה vivo של מיקום תא וכימות של מספרים סלולריים. פרוטוקול זה מתאר labeli תאהליך ng המשתמש בטכנציום-99m (TC-99m), ומעקב של תאים אלה לאחר השתלה לגידים המכופפים נפצעו בסוסים. TC-99m הוא איזוטופ קצר (t 1/2 של 6.01 שעות) שפולט קרני גמא ויכול להיות מופנם על ידי תאים בנוכחות oxime מתחם lipophilic hexamethylpropyleneamine (HMPAO). תכונות אלו הופכות אותו אידיאליים לשימוש במרפאות רפואה גרעיניות לאבחון של מחלות רבות ושונות. גורלם של התאים שכותרתו ניתן בעקבות בטווח הקצר (עד 36 שעות) על ידי מיפוי גמא לכמת הן את מספר התאים נשמרו בנגע וההפצה של התאים לתוך ריאות, בלוטת התריס ואיברים אחרים. טכניקה זו מותאמת התיוג של כדוריות דם לבנות בדם ויכולה להיות מנוצלת לתמונה המושתלת BMMSC באיברים אחרים.

<html> התאגדות TC-99m-HMPAO לBMMSs אינה משפיעה לרעה על יכולתן לעמוד בפלסטיק בתרבית רקמה ובעוד הם מראים יכולת התפשטות כדי ליצור monolayers (איור 1) שיש לנו לא נחוש באופן מלא אם שיעורי התפשטות או פנוטיפים סלולריים אחרים אינם מושפעים. המורפולוגיה שלהם דומה לתאים ללא תווית עם צו?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy at JoVE.com

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

This protocol describes the radiolabeling of equine mesenchymal stem cells and their implantation into tendon injuries in the horse in order to determine cell survival and tissue distribution using gamma scintigraphy.

In vivo ההדמיה ומעקב של טכנציום-99m תווית תאי גזע מח העצם mesenchymal בסוסי Tendinopathy

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest ...

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In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

9.7K Views.  The Royal Veterinary College. This protocol describes the radiolabeling of equine mesenchymal stem cells and their implantation into tendon injuries in the horse in order to determine cell survival and tissue distribution using gamma scintigraphy.

Video: In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are attractive druggable therapeutic targets. Here we describe an efficient four-step strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of acute leukemia. Initially, western blot analysis is used to confirm target inhibition in cultured leukemia cells. Functional activity is then evaluated using clonogenic assays in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Experimental compounds that demonstrate activity in cell culture assays are evaluated in vivo using NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice transplanted orthotopically with human leukemia cell lines. Initial in vivo pharmacodynamic studies evaluate target inhibition in leukemic blasts isolated from the bone marrow. This approach is used to determine the dose and schedule of administration required for effective target inhibition. Subsequent studies evaluate the efficacy of the TKIs in vivo using luciferase expressing leukemia cells, thereby allowing for non-invasive bioluminescent monitoring of leukemia burden and assessment of therapeutic response using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. This strategy has been effective for evaluation of TKIs in vitro and in vivo and can be applied for identification of molecularly-targeted agents with therapeutic potential or for direct comparison and prioritization of multiple compounds.

Receptor tyrosine kinases are ectopically expressed in many cancers and have been identified as therapeutic targets in acute leukemia. This manuscript describes an efficient strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of acute leukemia.

הערכה טרום קלינית של מעכבי טירוזין קינאז לטיפול בלוקמיה חריפה

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are ...

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. Here, we describe a general protocol for cell labeling, imaging, and image processing. The technique is applicable to various cell types and animal models, although here we focus on a typical mouse model for tracking murine immune cells. The most important issues for cell labeling are described, as these are relevant to all models. Similarly, key imaging parameters are listed, although the details will vary depending on the MRI system and the individual setup. Finally, we include an image processing protocol for quantification. Variations for this, and other parts of the protocol, are assessed in the Discussion section. Based on the detailed procedure described here, the user will need to adapt the protocol for each specific cell type, cell label, animal model, and imaging setup. Note that the protocol can also be adapted for human use, as long as clinical restrictions are met.

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

We describe a general protocol for in vivo cell tracking using MRI in a mouse model with ex vivo labeled cells. A typical protocol for cell labeling, image acquisition processing and quantification is included.

בF-MRI 19 vivo למעקב סלולרי

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. ...

Sequential In vivo Imaging of Osteogenic Stem/Progenitor Cells During Fracture Repair

Bone turns over continuously and is highly regenerative following injury. Osteogenic stem/progenitor cells have long been hypothesized to exist, but in vivo demonstration of such cells has only recently been attained. Here, in vivo imaging techniques to investigate the role of endogenous osteogenic stem/progenitor cells (OSPCs) and their progeny in bone repair are provided. Using osteo-lineage cell tracing models and intravital imaging of induced microfractures in calvarial bone, OSPCs can be directly observed during the first few days after injury, in which critical events in the early repair process occur. Injury sites can be sequentially imaged revealing that OSPCs relocate to the injury, increase in number and differentiate into bone forming osteoblasts. These methods offer a means of investigating the role of stem cell-intrinsic and extrinsic molecular regulators for bone regeneration and repair.

Sequential In vivo Imaging of Osteogenic Stem/Progenitor Cells During Fracture Repair

Quantitative measurement of bone progenitor function in fracture healing requires high resolution serial imaging technology. Here, protocols are provided for using intravital microscopy and osteo-lineage tracking to sequentially image and quantify the migration, proliferation and differentiation of endogenous osteogenic stem/progenitor cells in the process of repairing bone fracture.

עוקב<em&gt; בvivo</em&gt; הדמיה של תאי גזע / אב osteogenic במהלך תיקון שבר

Bone turns over continuously and is highly regenerative following injury. Osteogenic stem/progenitor cells have long been hypothesized to exist, but in ...

Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed step-by-step technical procedure for an analogous procedure in live mice which allows for serial characterization of cells present in the BM. This procedure facilitates studies aimed to detect the presence of exogenously administered cells within the BM of mice as would be done in xenograft studies for instance. Moreover, this procedure allows for the retrieval and characterization of cells enriched in the BM such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) without sacrifice of mice. Given that the cellular composition of peripheral blood is not necessarily reflective of proportions and types of stem and progenitor cells present in the marrow, procedures which provide access to this compartment without requiring termination of the mice are very helpful. The use of femoral bone marrow aspiration is illustrated here for cytological analysis of marrow cells, flow cytometric characterization of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment, and culture of sorted HSPCs obtained by femoral BM aspiration compared with conventional marrow harvest.

This protocol describes a procedure for serial sampling of femoral bone marrow (BM) without requiring the sacrifice of mice. This procedure facilitates longitudinal studies of the BM composition of mice over time and provides serial access to cells within the BM for ex vivo and transplantation studies.

הירך מח עצם שאיפה בעכברים חיים

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

לומד סרטן לבלב גזע מאפייני תא לפיתוח טיפול חדש אסטרטגיות

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Isolation and Cellular Phenotyping of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Synovial Fluid and Bone Marrow of Minipigs

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been established after isolation from various tissue sources, including bone marrow and synovial fluid. Recently, synovial-fluid-derived MSCs were reported to have multi-lineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory features, which indicates that these cells can be used for tissue engineering and systemic treatments. This study presents a protocol for simple and non-invasive isolation of MSCs derived from the bone marrow and synovial fluid of minipigs to analyze cell surface markers for cell phenotyping and in vitro culturing. Using sexually mature six-month-old minipigs, bone marrow was extracted from the iliac crest bone using a bone marrow extractor, and the synovial fluid was aspirated from the femorotibial joint. Procedures for the collection of samples from both sources were non-invasive. The protocols for effective isolation of MSCs from harvested cell sources and for creating in vitro culture conditions to expand stable MSCs from minipigs and the application of systemic autologous treatments are provided. For cell phenotyping, the cell surface markers of both cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. In the results, the MSCs were isolated from the synovial fluid of the minipigs and showed that synovial-fluid-derived MSCs have a similar morphology and cell phenotype to bone-marrow-derived MSCs. Therefore, non-invasively obtained synovial fluid is a valuable source of MSCs.

A protocol establishing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the synovial fluid and bone marrow of minipigs and non-invasively collected using syringe aspiration is presented. Cellular phenotyping was performed using flow cytometry after cell isolation and in vitro cultivation of bone marrow and synovial fluids derived from MSCs.

בידוד נייד phenotyping של בתאי גזע mesenchymal נגזר הסינוביאלי נוזל מח עצם של Minipigs

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been established after isolation from various tissue sources, including bone marrow and synovial fluid. Recently, ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic patient tumors in different assays1. Human tumor xenografts represent the gold standard with respect to tumor biology, drug discovery, and metastasis research 2-4. Tumor xenografts can be derived from different types of material like tumor cell lines, tumor tissue from primary patient tumors4 or serially transplanted tumors. When propagated in vivo, xenografted tissue is infiltrated and vascularized by cells of mouse origin. Multiple factors such as the tumor entity, the origin of xenografted material, growth rate and region of transplantation influence the composition and the amount of mouse cells present in tumor xenografts. However, even when these factors are kept constant, the degree of mouse cell contamination is highly variable.
Contaminating mouse cells significantly impair downstream analyses of human tumor xenografts. As mouse fibroblasts show high plating efficacies and proliferation rates, they tend to overgrow cultures of human tumor cells, especially slowly proliferating subpopulations. Mouse cell derived DNA, mRNA, and protein components can bias downstream gene expression analysis, next-generation sequencing, as well as proteome analysis 5. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a fast and easy method to isolate untouched human tumor cells from xenografted tumor tissue. This procedure is based on the comprehensive depletion of cells of mouse origin by combining automated tissue dissociation with the benchtop tissue dissociator and magnetic cell sorting. Here, we demonstrate that human target cells can be can be obtained with purities higher than 96% within less than 20 min independent of the tumor type.

Human tumor xenografts are vascularized and infiltrated by cells of mouse origin during the growth phase in vivo. To circumvent the bias caused by these contaminating cells during downstream analysis, we developed a method allowing for comprehensive depletion of all mouse cells by magnetic cell sorting.

חסך בתאי עכבר מן xenografts גידול האנושי משפר משמעותי ניתוח במורד זרם של תאי יעד

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

Nerve Stimulator-guided Injection of Autologous Stem Cells Near the Equine Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) commonly affects horses and is characterized by abnormal respiratory sounds and exercise intolerance. The recurrent laryngeal nerve shows lesions of demyelination. The benefit of applying stem cells to demyelinated nerves has been demonstrated in various animal models. The aim of the study was to test the feasibility and safety of a peri-neuronal injection of autologous muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in healthy horses by using an electrical nerve stimulator.
Muscle-derived stems cell are obtained from five healthy Standardbred horses by sampling 20 mg of muscle tissue with a semi-automatic 14 G biopsy needle from the triceps muscle. Movements of the larynx are monitored via upper-airway video endoscopy. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is approached with an insulated nerve block needle. Nerve stimulation is applied, starting at 2 mA, and the successful abduction of the left arytenoid is monitored. The stimulation intensity is reduced progressively. When a loss of the motor response is observed at 0.5 mA, 107 autologous muscle-derived stem cells are injected. Two examiners, who are blinded to the time point, score the laryngeal function of the horses prior to the treatment and at day 1, day 7, and day 28 after the injection of the cells. In a sixth horse, 1 mL of 2% lidocaine is injected to further confirm the correct positioning of the needle. This leads to a temporary paralysis of the left arytenoid cartilage.
This study proves that the recurrent laryngeal nerve can be approached with the help of an electrical nerve stimulator and that the electrical stimulation of the nerve is well tolerated by the horses. No modification of the laryngeal function was observed in any of the horses after the injection of the stem cells. Further studies should be conducted to describe the effects of a peri-neuronal injection of autologous muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cells to horses suffering from RLN.

Here, we present a protocol to inject autologous muscle-derived stem cells in the proximity to the recurrent laryngeal nerve with the help of an electrical nerve stimulator. This novel technique may become useful for the treatment of equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.

עצב מונחה ממריץ הזרקה של תאי גזע עצמיים ליד הסוסים עזבו חוזרים ונשנים עצב בגרון

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) commonly affects horses and is characterized by abnormal respiratory sounds and exercise intolerance. The recurrent ...

Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain

Imaging techniques that reflect dynamic bone turnover may aid in characterizing a wide range of bone pathologies. Bone is a dynamic tissue undergoing continuous remodeling with the competing activity of osteoblasts, which produce the new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, whose function is to eliminate mineralized bone. [18F]-NaF is a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer that enables visualization of bone metabolism. [18F]-NaF is chemically absorbed into hydroxyapatite in the bone matrix by osteoblasts and can thus noninvasively detect osteoblastic activity, which is occult to conventional imaging techniques. Kinetic modeling of dynamic [18F]-NaF-PET data provides detailed quantitative measures of bone metabolism. Conventional semi-quantitative PET data, which utilizes standardized uptake values (SUVs) as a measure of radiotracer activity, is referred to as a static technique due to its snapshot of tracer uptake in time.&#160; Kinetic modeling, however, utilizes dynamic image data where tracer levels are continuously acquired providing tracer uptake temporal resolution. From the kinetic modeling of dynamic data, quantitative values like blood flow and metabolic rate (i.e., potentially informative metrics of tracer dynamics) can be extracted, all with respect to the measured activity in the image data. When combined with dual modality PET-MRI, region-specific kinetic data can be correlated with anatomically registered high-resolution structural and pathologic information afforded by MRI. The goal of this methodological manuscript is to outline detailed techniques for performing and analyzing dynamic [18F]-NaF-PET-MRI data. The lumbar facet joint is a common site of degenerative arthritis disease and a common cause for axial low back pain.&#160; Recent studies suggest [18F]-NaF-PET may serve as a useful biomarker of painful facetogenic disease.&#160; The human lumbar facet joint will, therefore, be used as a prototypical region of interest for dynamic [18F]-NaF-PET-MRI analysis in this manuscript.

Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain

Imaging techniques that reflect dynamic bone turnover may aid in characterizing a wide range of bone pathologies. We present detailed methodologies for performing and analyzing dynamic [18F]-NaF-PET-MRI data in a patient with facetogenic low back pain using the lumbar facet joints as a prototypical region of interest.

כמותי [18F]-NAF-PET-MRI ניתוח להערכת מחזור עצם דינמי במטופל עם Facetogenic כאבי גב תחתון

Imaging techniques that reflect dynamic bone turnover may aid in characterizing a wide range of bone pathologies. Bone is a dynamic tissue undergoing ...

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in atherosclerosis development. However, an important factor in early stages of atheroma plaque formation is cholesterol efflux capacity to HDL (the ability of HDL particles to accept cholesterol from macrophages) in order to avoid foam cell formation. This is a key step in avoiding the accumulation of cholesterol in the endothelium and a part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) to eliminate cholesterol through the liver. Cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool that can be used as biomarker for atherosclerosis. Traditionally, [3H]-cholesterol has been used in cholesterol efflux assays. In this study, we aim to develop a safer and faster strategy using fluorescent labelled-cholesterol (NBD-cholesterol) in a cellular assay to trace the cholesterol uptake and efflux process in THP-1-derived macrophages. Finally, we optimize and standardize the NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Measurement of in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. In the present study, we optimize and standardize a fluorescent NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.