Preparazione in anticipo di microiniezione: <ol><li> Zanzare alimentazione del sangue: per iniezione da Lunedi a alimentare femmine Mercoledì sul precedente Venerdì. Per iniettare Giovedi e Venerdì, le femmine si nutrono di Lunedi della stessa settimana. </li><li> Preparare gli aghi quarzo utilizzando il programma 2 e tampone isotonica (vedi Materiali). </li><li> &quot;Posa tubo&quot; per gli embrioni è la regolare fiala cultura Drosophila. Cotone idrofilo bagnato in fondo, con un disco di carta da filtro umida che lo ricopre. </li><li> Preparare antiscivolo in plastica di copertura da attaccare a doppio lato del nastro ad una estremità. Tagliare il nastro per coprire scivolare in modo che termina al bordo del vetrino. </li><li> Preparare l&#39;olio per essiccamento. </li><li> Preparare una capsula di Petri con tampone isotonica di trasferire embrioni per la cova. </li></ol> Messa a punto di posa forzata: <ol><li> Raccogliere 6-10 sangue femmine alimentate con l&#39;uso di un aspiratore e di trasferirli al flaconcino cultura Drosophila con cotone e carta da filtro bagnata con tampone isotonica. </li><li> Le zanzare vengono poi rimessi in condizioni insectery al buio e ha permesso di deporre le uova per 1 ora e 15 min. </li><li> Lasciate che gli adulti volare nella gabbia e rimuovere il disco filtro di carta con gli embrioni. </li><li> Per allineare le uova, lo fanno nell&#39;ambito di applicazione dissezione. Raccogliere grappoli di uova con un pennello fine (Sable, n. 0000) e trasferimento in una piazza preparato di carta Whatman 3MM imbevuto di tampone isotonica. Tenere la carta sempre bagnato. Non lasciate che le uova si essiccato. Rimuovere il exochorion con il pennello, aiuta a bastone meglio le uova al nastro. </li><li> Utilizzando bene pinza n. 5 o un pennello fine, raccogliere gli embrioni grigio scuro e dispongono in linea sui quadrati di Whatman 3MM bagnato con tampone isotonica. Allineare 20-30 embrioni. Tutti gli embrioni devono essere nello stesso orientamento come l&#39;iniezione deve essere al polo posteriore. L&#39;estremità anteriore degli embrioni è leggermente più larga della posteriore. Poi, usando strisce di carta Whatman 3MM, asciugare il filtro in cui sono allineate le uova premendo duro su entrambi i lati della linea di uovo, non toccare le uova. </li><li> Per trasferire le uova, invertire la diapositiva che contiene il nastro biadesivo (Medicina), e premere delicatamente contro le uova. L&#39;estremità posteriore delle uova devono essere molto vicino al bordo del nastro biadesivo. L&#39;umidità della carta è fondamentale per questo, se è troppo bagnato che non si attacchi. Faccio essiccazione degli embrioni dal secondo 5-10, ma il tempo di essiccazione dipende dalla umido e la temperatura in camera microiniezione. </li><li> Essiccazione è di fondamentale importanza per le uova: po &#39;troppo e gli embrioni non si schiuderà. Senza DNA essiccazione non sta andando in embrione. </li><li> Coprire embrioni essiccati con olio Halocarbon per prevenire l&#39;essiccamento ulteriormente. </li></ol> Microiniezione degli embrioni: L&#39;aspetto più importante di iniezione buona è la qualità dell&#39;ago (vedi nota). <ol><li> Riempire un ago con la soluzione di DNA da iniettare utilizzando un microloader (Eppendorf # 5242 956,003). Molto poco soliution iniezione è necessaria, da 1 a 2 ml. </li><li> Collegare l&#39;ago al Transjector Eppendorf, che controlla il tempo di iniezione e la pressione, così come la contropressione. Microiniezione viene eseguita utilizzando un microscopio con un palco in movimento (Leica) in x 10 ingrandimenti e micromanipolatore (Leica). Se necessario, una fase microscopio sollevato può essere preparata impilando vetrini da microscopio 4-5. Posizionare il vetrino porta la embrioni sul palco rialzato. Gli embrioni vengono iniettati con un angolo di 150 °; penetrazione dovrebbe essere al polo posteriore. Per l&#39;iniezione, tengo l&#39;ago fermo e spostare lo stadio del microscopio. Quando l&#39;ago è nuovo, la punta è sigillato e si rompe di solito la prima iniezione. Ho sempre lavorato la pressione necessaria per espellere una piccola goccia di DNA in olio fra ogni iniezione. </li><li> Ho impostato il tempo di iniezione di 0,2-0,9 sec e 1000 hPa quando l&#39;ago è nuovo. Ho variare la pressione e tempo fino una piccola goccia si vede che esce dal l&#39;ago nel petrolio. La contropressione deve essere impostato circa 100. Come la punta dell&#39;ago viene consumato, la pressione di iniezione deve essere ridotta per mantenere il basso volume di iniezione (circa 300 hPa). Dopo questo, la punta dell&#39;ago è troppo grande e sta uccidendo la maggior parte delle embrioni. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;iniezione, togliete l&#39;olio con carta velina e coprire il vetrino con embrioni e posto nella scatola di Petri con tampone isotonica. Porre le capsule nella insectory e lasciarli lì fino a quando gli embrioni portello. Cominciano a schiudono dopo 2-6 giorni. Trasferire le larve di acqua distillata con il pizzico di cibo a terra di pesce. </li></ol> Note DNA per iniezione: soluzione di DNA plasmidi iniettabile è stato isolato utilizzando EndoFree kit plasmide.Costruire plasmide e mescolare Helper plasmide insieme in giusta concentrazione, precipitato con isopropanolo. Il pellet è stato lavato con etanolo al 70% prima di risospendere nel buffer di iniezione. Prima dell&#39;iniezione, il DNA pulito utilizzando Millex-GV colonna. Tampone Izotonic: <table border="1" cellpadding="8"><tbody><tr><td> 1,68 M NaCl - 88,3 ml 1,68 M NaCl - 2,9 m 1 M Hepes -10,7 ml 1,12 M CaCl 2-2,2 ml dH 2 O - 896 ml </td><td> O </td><td> 5 M NaCl - 29,67 ml 1 M KCl - 4,87 ml 1 Hepes M - 10,7 ml 1,12 M CaCl 2-2,2 ml dH 2 O - 952,56 ml </td></tr></tbody></table> Aggiustare a pH 7,2

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Injection Quartz needles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>O.D.- 1.0 mm, I.D.-0.70, 10 cm length, are prepared by drawing capillary tubing into a fine 3-8 um with a shaft of approximately 100-300 mm micropipette puller. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Quartz puller</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Sutter Instrument Co</td>
<td>P-2000</td>
<td>Set-up: Heat-275, Fil-3, Vel-38, Del-250, Pull-141</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EndoFree plasmid kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Quiagen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isopropanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Millex-GV column</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SLGV RO4 NL</td>
<td>for DNA cleaning</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Construct DNA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.5 mg/ml </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Helper plasmid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.3 mg/ml </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Injection solution</td>
<td>Buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1x solution: 5mM KCl, 0.1mM sodium phosphate, ph 6. 8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Isotonic buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>see recipe in the protocol section</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dessication oil</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Halocarbon oil 700:Halocarbon oil 27(1:1). Mix well. Prepare in advance of microinjection.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Blood</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to feed mosquitos</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Anopheles stephensi</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mosquitos, male and female.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Drosophila culture vial</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for egg laying</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Petri dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>with isotonic buffer, for embryo hatching</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fine paintbrush</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sable # 0000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3MM Whatman paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps #5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>double sided tape</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microloader</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>5242 956.003</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Transjector</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>with moving stage and micromanipulator, set at 10x magnification </td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>
			<div>
					</div>

injection of an. stephensi embryos to generate malaria-resistant mosquitoes

L&#39;introduzione di geni esogeni nel genoma delle zanzare richiede tecniche di microiniezione su misura per le specie di interesse specifico. Questo protocollo video dimostra un metodo utilizzato dal laboratorio di James a microinject costrutti di DNA in embrioni Anopheles stephensi per la generazione di zanzare trasformato. Tecniche di preparazione aghi microiniezione, la raccolta e la preparazione degli embrioni e l&#39;esecuzione della microiniezione sono illustrati.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes at JoVE.com

Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

Zanzare anofele stephensi sono vettori per la malaria che abitano l&#39;India e tutta l&#39;Asia. Questo video mostra la tecnica per l&#39;esecuzione di microiniezioni di questa specie con transgeni che conferiscono resistenza alla malaria alla zanzara. Gran parte della metodologia ha dimostrato in questo video è applicabile alle tecniche di microiniezione di altre specie di zanzare.

Iniezione di An. Gli embrioni stephensi per generare la malaria resistenti zanzare

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This ...

injection-an-stephensi-embryos-to-generate-malaria-resistant

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.9K Views.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). Zanzare anofele stephensi sono vettori per la malaria che abitano l'India e tutta l'Asia. Questo video mostra la tecnica per l'esecuzione di microiniezioni di questa specie con transgeni che conferiscono resistenza alla malaria alla zanzara. Gran parte della metodologia ha dimostrato in questo video è applicabile alle tecniche di microiniezione di altre specie di zanzare.

Video: Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

Microinjection of A. aegypti Embryos to Obtain Transgenic Mosquitoes

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever.  The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever. The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

Microiniezione di A. aegypti embrioni per ottenere zanzare transgeniche

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue ...

Ricerca

Biologia

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E16 Rat Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol, we outline the experimental methodology for preparing rats for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E15-E21 rats, however it is most commonly performed at E16 as shown in this video.

In Utero iniezione intraventricolare e Elettroporazione di embrioni di ratto E16

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E15 Mouse Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol we outline the experimental methodology for preparing mice for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E13-E16 mice, however, it is most commonly performed at E15, as shown in this video. 

In Utero iniezione intraventricolare e Elettroporazione di E15 embrioni di topo

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

Microinjection of Zebrafish Embryos to Analyze Gene Function

One of the advantages of studying zebrafish is the ease and speed of manipulating protein levels in the embryo.  Morpholinos, which are synthetic oligonucleotides with antisense complementarity to target RNAs, can be added to the embryo to reduce the expression of a particular gene product.  Conversely, processed mRNA can be added to the embryo to increase levels of a gene product.  The vehicle for adding either mRNA or morpholino to an embryo is microinjection.  Microinjection is efficient and rapid, allowing for the injection of hundreds of embryos per hour.  This video shows all the steps involved in microinjection.  Briefly, eggs are collected immediately after being laid and lined up against a microscope slide in a Petri dish.  Next, a fine-tipped needle loaded with injection material is connected to a microinjector and an air source, and the microinjector controls are adjusted to produce a desirable injection volume.  Finally, the needle is plunged into the embryo's yolk and the morpholino or mRNA is expelled.

This video shows how morpholino or mRNA can be injected into zebrafish embryos at the one-cell stage to decrease or increase the level of specific gene products during subsequent development.

Microiniezione di embrioni di zebrafish per analizzare la funzione del gene

One of the advantages of studying zebrafish is the ease and speed of manipulating protein levels in the embryo.  Morpholinos, which are synthetic ...

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements and tools for genetic manipulation have become available in Drosophila 2. Soon after the initial discovery by Frie and Mello 3 that double stranded RNA can be used to knockdown the activity of individual genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to provide a powerful reverse genetic approach to analyze gene functions in Drosophila organ development 4, 5.
Many organs, including lung, kidney, liver, and vascular system, are composed of branched tubular networks that transport vital fluids or gases 6, 7. The analysis of Drosophila tracheal formation provides an excellent model system to study the morphogenesis of other tubular organs 8. The Berkeley Drosophila genome project has revealed hundreds of genes that are expressed in the tracheal system. To study the molecular and cellular mechanism of tube formation, the challenge is to understand the roles of these genes in tracheal development. Here, we described a detailed method of dsRNA injection into Drosophila embryo to knockdown individual gene expression. We successfully knocked down endogenous dysfusion(dys) gene expression by dsRNA injection. Dys is a bHLH-PAS protein expressed in tracheal fusion cells, and it is required for tracheal branch fusion 9, 10. dys-RNAi completely eliminated dys expression and resulted in tracheal fusion defect. This relatively simple method provides a tool to identify genes requried for tissure and organ development in Drosophila.

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

RNA interference has been proven very effective to analyze gene function in Drosophila tracheal development. A detailed protocol used by Jiang lab to inject dsRNA into fly embryos to knockdown gene expression is illustrated. This technique has the potential for screening genes required for tissue and organ development in Drosophila.

L&#39;interferenza di RNAi per iniezione in dsRNA Drosophila Embrioni

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements ...

An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

Many cellular processes are controlled by multisubunit protein complexes. Frequently these complexes form transiently and require native environment to assemble. Therefore, to identify these functional protein complexes, it is important to stabilize them in vivo before cell lysis and subsequent purification. Here we describe a method used to isolate large bona fide protein complexes from Drosophila embryos. This method is based on embryo permeabilization and stabilization of the complexes inside the embryos by in vivo crosslinking using a low concentration of formaldehyde, which can easily cross the cell membrane. Subsequently, the protein complex of interest is immunopurified followed by gel purification and analyzed by mass spectrometry. We illustrate this method using purification of a Tudor protein complex, which is essential for germline development. Tudor is a large protein, which contains multiple Tudor domains - small modules that interact with methylated arginines or lysines of target proteins. This method can be adapted for isolation of native protein complexes from different organisms and tissues.

An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

Multi-component protein complexes play crucial roles during cellular function and development. Here we describe a method used to isolate native protein complexes from Drosophila embryos after in vivo crosslinking followed by purification of the crosslinked complexes for subsequent structure-function analysis.

Un In vivo La reticolazione Approccio per isolare complessi proteici da Drosophila Embrioni

Many cellular processes are controlled by multisubunit protein complexes. Frequently these complexes form transiently and require native environment to ...

Toxicological Assays for Testing Effects of an Epigenetic Drug on Development, Fecundity and Survivorship of Malaria Mosquitoes

Insecticidal resistance poses a major problem for malaria control programs. Mosquitoes adapt to a wide range of changes in the environment quickly, making malaria control an omnipresent problem in tropical countries. The emergence of insecticide resistant populations warrants the exploration of novel drug target pathways and compounds for vector mosquito control. Epigenetic drugs are well established in cancer research, however not much is known about their effects on insects. This study provides a simple protocol for examining the toxicological effects of 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), an experimental epigenetic drug for cancer therapy, on the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. A concentration-dependent increase in mortality and decrease in size was observed in immature mosquitoes exposed to DZNep, whereas the compound reduced the fecundity of adult mosquitoes relative to control treatments. In addition, there was a drug-dependent decrease in S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase activity in mosquitoes following exposure to DZNep relative to control treatments. These protocols provide the researcher with a simple, step-by-step procedure to assess multiple toxicological endpoints for an experimental drug and, in turn, demonstrate a unique multi-prong approach for exploring the toxicological effects of water-soluble epigenetic drugs or compounds of interest against vector mosquitoes and other insects.

A protocol is developed to examine the effects of an epigenetic drug DZNep on the development, fecundity and survivorship of mosquitoes. Here we describe procedures for the aqueous exposure of DZNep to immature mosquitoes and a blood-based exposure of DZNep to adult mosquitoes in addition to measuring SAH hydrolase inhibition.

Saggi tossicologici per gli effetti di prova di un epigenetica droga sullo sviluppo, Fecondità e Sopravvivenza di malaria zanzare

Insecticidal resistance poses a major problem for malaria control programs. Mosquitoes adapt to a wide range of changes in the environment quickly, making ...

Protocols for Testing the Toxicity of Novel Insecticidal Chemistries to Mosquitoes

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as Zika, dengue and malaria. Assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. We describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the Aedes aegypti vector of Zika, dengue and yellow fever,&#160;the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae and the northern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, on contact and via ingestion. As an example, we evaluated the toxicity of amitriptyline, a small molecule antagonist of G protein-coupled receptors, via larval, adult topical and adult blood-feeding assay. The protocols provide a starting point to investigate insecticide potential. Results are discussed in the context of additional experiments to explore product applications and mechanisms for delivery.

Protocols are described for assessing the toxicity of chemistries to immature and adult mosquitoes for development as new classes of larvicides, adulticides and endectocides. The protocols enable high-throughput testing of multiple chemistries at single-point dose and subsequent evaluation via dose response assay to determine toxicity on contact or via ingestion.

Protocolli per testare la tossicità di romanzo chimiche insetticide per le zanzare

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such ...

Forced Salivation As a Method to Analyze Vector Competence of Mosquitoes

Vector competence is defined as the potential of a mosquito species to transmit a mosquito-borne virus (mobovirus) to a vertebrate host. Viable virus particles are transmitted during a blood meal via the saliva of an infected mosquito. Forced salivation assays allow determining the vector potential on the basis of single mosquitoes, avoiding the use of animal experiments. The method is suitable to analyze a large number of mosquitoes in one experiment within a short period of time. Forced salivation assays were used to analyze 856 individual mosquitoes trapped in Germany, including two different Culex pipiens pipiens biotypes, Culex torrentium as well as Aedes albopictus, which were experimentally infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) and incubated at 18 &#176;C or 27 &#176;C for two and three weeks. The results indicated the lack of vector competence of the different Culex taxa for ZIKV. In contrast, Aedes albopictus was susceptible to ZIKV, but only at 27 &#176;C, with transmission rates similar to an Aedes aegypti laboratory colony tested in parallel.

For efficient control of mosquito borne virus transmission, the knowledge of the vector potential of respective mosquitoes is of particular interest. We describe forced salivation as a method to analyze vector competence of Aedes albopictus and three different Culex taxa for the transmission of Zika virus.

Costretto la salivazione come un metodo per analizzare la competenza vettoriale delle zanzare

Vector competence is defined as the potential of a mosquito species to transmit a mosquito-borne virus (mobovirus) to a vertebrate host. Viable virus ...

A Blood-Free Diet to Rear Anopheline Mosquitoes

Malaria research requires large-scale breeding and production conditions for mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) in captivity. The sustainable and reliable production of mosquitoes is currently inhibited by the supply of fresh vertebrate blood. Alternatives to blood are required to promote efficient control strategies for malaria and other vector borne diseases that are transmitted by blood feeding insects. With this in mind, artificial liquid diets were formulated as substitutes for fresh vertebrate blood. Herein we report a blood-free artificial liquid diet that delivers feeding rates similar to blood and mimics the physiological effects of a fresh vertebrate blood meal. The diet induces ovarian and egg maturation of Anopheles mosquitoes and also produces good larval survival and development of functional adults. The formulated blood-free liquid diet is an important advance towards sustainable mosquito breeding in captivity and will reduce the maintenance costs of mosquito colonies and eliminate the need for fresh vertebrate blood.

A protocol is presented for formulation of a blood-free artificial diet to feed Anopheles mosquitoes in captivity. This diet has a similar performance to vertebrate blood and triggers oogenesis and egg maturation and produces viable adult progeny.

Una dieta senza sangue per allevare zanzare anofeline

Malaria research requires large-scale breeding and production conditions for mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) in captivity. The sustainable and reliable ...