Name: isolation and differentiation of stromal vascular cells to beige/brite cells
Uploaded: 2013-03-28T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells at JoVE.com

We thank Haruya Ohno, Kosaku Shinoda, Louis Sharp, Emi Tomoda, and Lauren Ruiz for discussion, technical help and editorial assistance on the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the NIH (DK087853), from the Program for Breakthrough Biomedical Research and from Asubio Pharm Inc. to S.K. U.L.A. was supported by a SHARE PhD fellowships from The University of Copenhagen and the EU FP7 project DIABAT (HEALTH-F2-2011-278373) to Lise Madsen and Karsten Kristiansen. We also acknowledge the DERC center grant (NIH P30 DK063720).

1. Prepare Digestion Medium
Make 5 ml per 5 mice per tissue (approximately 1 ml/1 g adipose tissue).
<ol>
 <li>Weigh in digestion enzymes:
 - Collaginase D: 1.5 u/ml (1108874103, 1 g, Roche, 70334223)
 - Dispase II: 2.4 u/ml (04942078001, 0,980 mg/lyo, Roche, 11466200)
 </li>
 <li>Add 25 ml PBS and mix well to dissolve</li>
 <li>Add CaCl2 just prior to digestion of the tissue at a final concentration of 10 mM</li>
</ol>
2. Dissect Adipose ...

<ol>
	<li>Barness, L. A., Opitz, J. M., Gilbert-Barness, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obesity:+genetic,+molecular,+and+environmental+aspects.">Obesity: genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects.</a> American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 143A, 3016-3034 (2007).</li><li>Rothwell, N. J., Stock, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+effects+of+cafeteria+and+tube-feeding+on+energy+balance+in+the+rat.">Combined effects of cafeteria and tube-feeding on energy balance in the rat.</a> The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 38, 5A (1979).</li><li>Cannon, B., Nedergaard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brown+adipose+tissue:+function+and+physiological+significance.">Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance.</a> Physiological Reviews. 84, 277-359 (2004).</li><li>Cypess, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+importance+of+brown+adipose+tissue+in+adult+humans.">Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 360, 1509-1517 (2009).</li><li>van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cold-activated+brown+adipose+tissue+in+healthy+men.">Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 360, 1500-1508 (2009).</li><li>Virtanen, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+brown+adipose+tissue+in+healthy+adults.">Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 360, 1518-1525 (2009).</li><li>Zingaretti, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+presence+of+UCP1+demonstrates+that+metabolically+active+adipose+tissue+in+the+neck+of+adult+humans+truly+represents+brown+adipose+tissue.">The presence of UCP1 demonstrates that metabolically active adipose tissue in the neck of adult humans truly represents brown adipose tissue.</a> FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 23, 3113-3120 (2009).</li><li>Saito, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+incidence+of+metabolically+active+brown+adipose+tissue+in+healthy+adult+humans:+effects+of+cold+exposure+and+adiposity.">High incidence of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in healthy adult humans: effects of cold exposure and adiposity.</a> Diabetes. 58, 1526-1531 (2009).</li><li>Seale, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PRDM16+controls+a+brown+fat/skeletal+muscle+switch.">PRDM16 controls a brown fat/skeletal muscle switch.</a> Nature. 454, 961-967 (2008).</li><li>Petrovic, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor+gamma+(PPARgamma)+activation+of+epididymally+derived+white+adipocyte+cultures+reveals+a+population+of+thermogenically+competent,+UCP1-containing+adipocytes+molecularly+distinct+from+classic+brown+adipocytes.">Chronic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activation of epididymally derived white adipocyte cultures reveals a population of thermogenically competent, UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classic brown adipocytes.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285, 7153-7164 (2010).</li><li>Coulter, A. A., Bearden, C. M., Liu, X., Koza, R. A., Kozak, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+fat+interacts+with+QTLs+controlling+induction+of+Pgc-1+alpha+and+Ucp1+during+conversion+of+white+to+brown+fat.">Dietary fat interacts with QTLs controlling induction of Pgc-1 alpha and Ucp1 during conversion of white to brown fat.</a> Physiological Genomics. 14, 139-147 (2003).</li><li>Klingenspor, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cold-induced+recruitment+of+brown+adipose+tissue+thermogenesis.">Cold-induced recruitment of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.</a> Experimental Physiology. 88, 141-148 (2003).</li><li>Cinti, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adipose+organ.">The adipose organ.</a> Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 73, 9-15 (1016).</li><li>Ghorbani, M., Himms-Hagen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Appearance+of+brown+adipocytes+in+white+adipose+tissue+during+CL+316,243-induced+reversal+of+obesity+and+diabetes+in+Zucker+fa/fa+rats.">Appearance of brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue during CL 316,243-induced reversal of obesity and diabetes in Zucker fa/fa rats.</a> International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 21, 465-475 (1997).</li><li>Hansen, J. B., Kristiansen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulatory+circuits+controlling+white+versus+brown+adipocyte+differentiation.">Regulatory circuits controlling white versus brown adipocyte differentiation.</a> The Biochemical Journal. 398, 153-168 (2006).</li><li>Ohno, H., Shinoda, K., Spiegelman, B. M., Kajimura, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PPARy+agonists+induce+a+white-to-brown+fat+conversion+through+stabilization+of+PRDM16+protein.">PPARy agonists induce a white-to-brown fat conversion through stabilization of PRDM16 protein.</a> Cell metabolism. 15, 395-404 (2012).</li><li>Lee, Y. H., Petkova, A. P., Mottillo, E. P., Granneman, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+identification+of+bipotential+adipocyte+progenitors+recruited+by+beta3-adrenoceptor+activation+and+high-fat+feeding.">In vivo identification of bipotential adipocyte progenitors recruited by beta3-adrenoceptor activation and high-fat feeding.</a> Cell Metabolism. 15, 480-491 (2012).</li><li>Cinti, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transdifferentiation+properties+of+adipocytes+in+the+adipose+organ.">Transdifferentiation properties of adipocytes in the adipose organ.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 297, E977-E986 (2009).</li><li>Barbatelli, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emergence+of+cold-induced+brown+adipocytes+in+mouse+white+fat+depots+is+determined+predominantly+by+white+to+brown+adipocyte+transdifferentiation.">The emergence of cold-induced brown adipocytes in mouse white fat depots is determined predominantly by white to brown adipocyte transdifferentiation.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 298, E1244-E1253 (2010).</li><li>Petrovic, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor+gamma+(PPARgamma)+activation+of+epididymally+derived+white+adipocyte+cultures+reveals+a+population+of+thermogenically+competent,+UCP1-containing+adipocytes+molecularly+distinct+from+classic+brown+adipocytes.">Chronic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activation of epididymally derived white adipocyte cultures reveals a population of thermogenically competent, UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classic brown adipocytes.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285, 7153-7164 (2009).</li><li>Rong, J. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+mitochondrial+biogenesis+is+suppressed+in+db/db+and+high-fat+diet-fed+mice+and+improved+by+rosiglitazone.">Adipose mitochondrial biogenesis is suppressed in db/db and high-fat diet-fed mice and improved by rosiglitazone.</a> Diabetes. 56, 1751-1760 (2007).</li><li>Wilson-Fritch, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+remodeling+in+adipose+tissue+associated+with+obesity+and+treatment+with+rosiglitazone.">Mitochondrial remodeling in adipose tissue associated with obesity and treatment with rosiglitazone.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 114, 1281-1289 (2004).</li><li>Sell, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor+gamma+agonism+increases+the+capacity+for+sympathetically+mediated+thermogenesis+in+lean+and+ob/ob+mice.">Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonism increases the capacity for sympathetically mediated thermogenesis in lean and ob/ob mice.</a> Endocrinology. 145, 3925-3934 (2004).</li><li>Fukui, Y., Masui, S., Osada, S., Umesono, K., Motojima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+thiazolidinedione,+NC-2100,+which+is+a+weak+PPAR-gamma+activator,+exhibits+potent+antidiabetic+effects+and+induces+uncoupling+protein+1+in+white+adipose+tissue+of+KKAy+obese+mice.">A new thiazolidinedione, NC-2100, which is a weak PPAR-gamma activator, exhibits potent antidiabetic effects and induces uncoupling protein 1 in white adipose tissue of KKAy obese mice.</a> Diabetes. 49, 759-767 (2000).</li><li>Vernochet, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C/EBPalpha+and+the+corepressors+CtBP1+and+CtBP2+regulate+repression+of+select+visceral+white+adipose+genes+during+induction+of+the+brown+phenotype+in+white+adipocytes+by+peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor+gamma+agonists.">C/EBPalpha and the corepressors CtBP1 and CtBP2 regulate repression of select visceral white adipose genes during induction of the brown phenotype in white adipocytes by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 29, 4714-4728 (2009).</li><li>Tai, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+the+nuclear+receptor+peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor+gamma+promotes+brown+adipocyte+differentiation.">Activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma promotes brown adipocyte differentiation.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271, 29909-29914 (1996).</li><li>Sugii, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PPARgamma+activation+in+adipocytes+is+sufficient+for+systemic+insulin+sensitization.">PPARgamma activation in adipocytes is sufficient for systemic insulin sensitization.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106, 22504-22509 (2009).</li></ol>

Here we present a reliable cellular system to study the development of beige/brite cells in primary cultured adipocytes in mice. As compared to several available immortalized cell lines, this system is likely to offer enhanced relevance to the browning of white fat in vivo.
Even though the study of these primary adipocytes offers some advantages, there also exist some limitations and concerns that are important to consider. First, this system is highly reliant on differentiation poten...

Obesity is dramatically increasing worldwide and is now considered one of the most serious concerns to public health 1. This condition is related to a misbalance in energy intake relative to expenditure and results in excess energy stored as lipid in white adipose tissue (WAT). Enlarged WAT is associated with increased body mass and weight, while brown adipose tissue has the ability to dissipate excess energy to produce heat. Hence BAT can function as protection against both cold and obesity 2,3 . This is achieved by uncoupling of the electron transport in mitochondria by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This protein is considered a hallmark for nonshivering thermogenesis in BAT3. Several studies in recent years revealed that adult humans have functional BAT 4-8 and, consequently, manipulation of BAT in humans can be a potential therapeutic intervention in the battle against obesity and its related diseases.
Current evidence indicates that two types of brown adipocytes exist in rodents; "classical" or "pre-existing" brown fat develops during the prenatal stage and forms dedicated brown adipose depots in interscapular region and other peripheral tissues. On the other hand, an "inducible" form of brown fat (so called brite or beige cells) develops during post-natal stage and appears interspersed in white adipose tissues. The two types of brown adipocytes are also separated by different developmental origins. While the pre-existing brown adipocytes arise from myoblastsic-like Myf5 precursors, the inducible brite/beige cells interspersed in WAT arise from a non-Myf5 lineage9,10 . In addition, regulatory pathways of this cell type is likely to be different from the Myf5-derived brown adipocytes 11. The development of the beige cells (i.e. "browning" of white fat) can be activated in response to chronic cold exposure and to &beta;3-adrenoceptor-agonists or PPAR&gamma; agonists in adults12-14. The beige/brite cells are likely to be a promising therapeutic target for manipulation of overall energy balance and can potentially become part of obesity treatment; hence, it is important to understand precise molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways by which environmental cues control the development of beige cells.
To understand the molecular control of the browning of white fat, in vitro experiments are best suited as differentiation of preadipocytes takes place rather asynchronously and it is difficult to detect the cells in situ 15. Although studies on adipocyte development have thus far been performed primarily on cell lines such as 3T3-L1, 3T3-F442A or HIB1, these cell lines appear to lack the molecular signature of beige cells. On the other hand, primary adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous WAT are most likely to recapitulate the process of browning of white fat in a cell autonomous fashion. Here we provide a protocol for effective isolation of the stromal-vascular fraction from adipose tissues and for inducing the browning of white fat in response to PPAR&gamma; agonists. Rosiglitazone has been shown to be an especially effective mediator of browning in these cells. As previously suggested 16, this cellular system can be used to serve a reliable cellular system to study the development of beige/brite cells.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Collaginase D</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>11088874103 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dispase II</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>04942078001 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CaCl2</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DMEM medium</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>10017-CV </td>
 <td>With 2,5 g/l glucose &amp; L-glutamine without sodium pyruvate </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Insulin</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>T3 (3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine) </td>
 <td>Sigma </td>
 <td>T-2877 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Indomethacin </td>
 <td>Sigma </td>
 <td>I-7378 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dexamethasone </td>
 <td>Sigma </td>
 <td>D-1756</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>IBMX </td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>I-5879</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rosiglitazone </td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>R-2408</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Collagen coated dishes</td>
 <td>BD </td>
 <td>354450</td>
 <td>10 cm plates</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td> 70 &mu;m filter </td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>352350</td>
 <td>Cell strainer,70 &mu;m nylon 1/ea</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

isolation and differentiation of stromal vascular cells to beige/brite cells

Brown adipocytes have the ability to uncouple the respiratory chain in mitochondria and dissipate chemical energy as heat. Development of UCP1-positive brown adipocytes in white adipose tissues (so called beige or brite cells) is highly induced by a variety of environmental cues such as chronic cold exposure or by PPAR&gamma; agonists, therefore, this cell type has potential as a therapeutic target for obesity treatment. Although most immortalized adipocyte lines cannot recapitulate the process of "browning" of white fat in culture, primary adipocytes isolated from stromal vascular fraction in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) provide a reliable cellular system to study the molecular control of beige/brite cell development. Here we describe a protocol for effective isolation of primary preadipocytes and for inducing differentiation to beige/brite cells in culture. The browning effect can be assessed by the expression of brown fat-selective markers such as UCP1.

Browning of primary adipocytes can be accessed by measuring mRNA expression of Ucp1 and other brown fat-specific or selective genes by qRT-PCR. Presented in Figure 1 is gene expression data in inguinal WAT-derived primary adipocytes. The cells were induced to differentiate in the presence of two different doses of rosiglitazone at 50 nM and 500 nM, respectively. A subset of cells was treated with forskolin at 10 &mu;M for 4 hr prior to harvest. This will induce cyclic-AMP (cAMP) in the cells and...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Primary white preadipocytes isolated from white adipose tissues in mice can be differentiated into beige/brite cells. Presented here is a reliable cellular model system to study the molecular regulation of "browning" of white fat.

Brown adipocytes have the ability to uncouple the  respiratory chain in mitochondria and dissipate chemical energy as heat.  Development of UCP1-positive ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells (ECFCs)

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells MSCs and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells ECFCs

The umbilical cord is a rich source for progenitor cells with high proliferative potential including mesenchymal stromal cells (also termed mesenchymal ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Isolation of CD146+ Resident Lung Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Rat Lungs

Isolation of CD146+ Resident Lung Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Rat Lungs

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential in a wide range of diseases, including lung diseases. Besides ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...

Isolation, Proliferation and Differentiation of Rhesus Macaque Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Adipose tissue provides a rich and accessible source of multipotent stem cells, which are able to self-renew. These adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) ...

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and ...