Ringraziamo Paula Cobos e il Dr. Evros Vassiliou per l&#39;assistenza di laboratorio e di fornire i macrofagi del mouse, rispettivamente. Ringraziamo anche il nostro laboratorio direttore Richard Criasia per guida e aiuto con i materiali. Infine, gli autori ringraziano Ramanpreet Kaur per un aiuto con la produzione video.

1. Tissue Culture <ol><li> Utilizzare Mus musculus macrofagi (topi BALB / c) per le determinazioni della tossina del colera. Inizialmente cultura tutti M. cellule musculus seguendo le istruzioni del fornitore. </li><li> Propagare BALB / c cellule topi in mezzo di coltura di Dulbecco modificato con L-glutammina completato con 10% di siero fetale bovino e 1% di antibiotici / antimicotici o RPMI 1640 supporti di base completato con 10% di siero fetale bovino, 5% di L-glutammina e 1 % antibiotico / antimicotico reagente. </li><li> Crescere le cellule in 75 cm 2 corning boccette con tappi di sicurezza a 37 ° C, 95% di aria e 5% di CO 2. </li><li> Portare le cellule epiteliali intestinali umane entro 24 ore di consegna secondo le indicazioni del produttore per la determinazione delle determinazioni di acidi grassi. </li><li> Propagare le cellule epiteliali intestinali umane in 75 cm 2 corning boccette con tappi di sicurezza in HybriCare supporti completati con 10% FBS e 30 ng / ml di EGF umano a 37 ° C. Non usare antibioticiReagenti / antimicotici come da istruzioni del produttore. </li><li> Dividere tutte le cellule (1,3) a circa il 70% di confluenza. </li><li> Congelare e portare tutte le cellule in tutto lo studio utilizzando protocolli di congelamento standard. </li><li> Nota: Per la determinazione scala maggiore concentrazione di acidi grassi, utilizzare la crescita più rapida, più facile da mantenere, macrofagi topo inizialmente. Per la determinazione multa scala grasso concentrazione di acido, usare le cellule epiteliali umane. Utilizzare i macrofagi del mouse per tutti i trattamenti di tossina del colera (vedi discussione). </li></ol> 2. Acidi grassi e Trattamenti tossina colerica <ol><li> Trasferire acido oleico, linoleico e linolenico da azienda-fornito ampolle di vetro per flaconi di vetro sterilizzati. </li><li> Trasferire ciascun acido grasso di un tubo separato sterilizzato Eppendorf e scioglierlo prima in 100% di etanolo ad una diluizione di 1:6, e poi in RPMI 1640 supporti incompleti per una concentrazione finale di 10 mg / mL. </li><li> Vortex ogni soluzione e trasfer per flaconi in vetro per la conservazione nel congelatore (-20 ° C). </li><li> Cellule piastra a 2.500 cellule / pozzetto in 96 piastre di coltura tissutale bene. </li><li> Aggiungere dei mezzi completi appropriati per portare il volume totale di 200 microlitri bene per il trattamento delle cellule con acidi grassi in preparazione per saggi MTT. </li><li> Dopo un periodo di proliferazione ore 24, rimuovere il supporto e sostituirlo con mezzi freschi. </li><li> Aggiungere le concentrazioni corrispondenti di ciascun acido grasso da testare ai pozzetti (vedi risultati). Aggiungi mezzi completi per portare il totale dei volumi e di 200 microlitri. </li><li> Incubare le piastre trattate per 24 ore prima di iniziare il saggio MTT. </li><li> Sciogliere la tossina del colera in PBS ad una concentrazione di 1 mg / ml e aliquota della soluzione in cryovials e memorizzare le cryovials a 2-8 ° C. </li><li> Per trattamenti con le cellule, diluire la tossina 1:100 in PBS o sterilizzato (pH 7,4) o incompleto DMEM per una concentrazione finale di lavoro di 1 ng / ml. </li><li> Per il trattamento di cellule con la tossina del colera inpreparazione per saggi MTT, cellule piastra come descritto sopra. </li><li> Dopo un periodo di proliferazione ore 24, aggiungere le concentrazioni adeguate di tossina del colera (per le nostre concentrazioni, vedere i risultati) da testare ai pozzetti seguendo le procedure utilizzate in applicazioni di acidi grassi (di cui sopra). </li><li> Incubare le piastre trattate per 24 ore prima di iniziare il saggio MTT. </li><li> Come (c positivo durante la carta) positivo e controllo negativo (negativo C), sia per acidi grassi e trattamenti di tossina del colera, cellule incubate con mezzo completo e il 70% di etanolo, rispettivamente. </li><li> Per tutti i campioni ed i trattamenti utilizzano un minimo di tre repliche (n = 3), con più repliche per i controlli positivi (n = 6 in questo studio). </li></ol> 3. MTT Assay <ol><li> Ottenere una soluzione stock MTT alla concentrazione di 2,5 mg / ml. </li><li> Rimuovere la soluzione in ciascun pozzetto della piastra a 96 pozzetti da testare e sostituirlo con 200 ml di soluzione fresca multimediale completa. </li><li> Annunciod 10 microlitri della soluzione MTT ad ogni pozzetto. </li><li> Incubare la piastra a 37 ° C per 3-4 ore. </li><li> Scartare la soluzione multimediale e aggiungere 100 ml di 0,04 M HCl in isopropanolo a ciascun pozzetto. </li><li> Incubare la piastra a temperatura ambiente per cinque minuti. </li><li> Trasferire la soluzione da ciascun pozzetto in una nuova provetta da centrifuga. </li><li> Centrifugare a 20.000 xg, a temperatura ambiente, per 1 min, o fino a quando un pellet è stato formato. </li><li> Trasferimento tra 20-40 ml di ogni campione per un lettore di micropiastre. </li><li> Leggere l&#39;assorbanza a 570 nm utilizzando uno spettrofotometro. </li></ol>

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+debate+about+n-6+polyunsaturated+fatty+acid+recommendations+for+cardiovascular+health.">The debate about n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid recommendations for cardiovascular health.</a> Journal of the American Diabetic Association. 110 (2), 201-204 (2010).</li><li>Rizzo, W. B., Phillips, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adrenoleukodystrophy:+dietary+oleic+acid+lowers+hexacosanoate+levels.">Adrenoleukodystrophy: dietary oleic acid lowers hexacosanoate levels.</a> Annals of Neurology. 21 (3), 232-239 (1987).</li><li>Bozan, B., Temelli, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+composition+and+oxidative+stability+of+flax,+safflower+and+poppy+seed+and+seed+oil.">Chemical composition and oxidative stability of flax, safflower and poppy seed and seed oil.</a> Bioresource Tech. 99, 6354-6359 (2005).</li><li>Krein, S., Meldurm, H., Hawkins, S., Foy, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+benefits+of+conjugated+linoleic+acid+to+3-dimensional+wrinkle+morphology.">Clinical benefits of conjugated linoleic acid to 3-dimensional wrinkle morphology.</a> J. American Academy of Dermatology. 60 (3), AB30 (2009).</li><li>Yu, Y., Correll, P. H., Heuvel, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conjugated+linoleic+acid+decreases+production+of+pro-inflammatory+products+in+macrophages:+Evidence+for+a+PPARy+dependent+mechanism.">Conjugated linoleic acid decreases production of pro-inflammatory products in macrophages: Evidence for a PPARy dependent mechanism.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1581 (3), 89-99 (2002).</li><li>Palombo, J., Ganguly, A., Bistrian, B., Menard, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+anti-proliferative+effects+of+biologically+active+isomers+of+conjugated+linoleic+acid+on+human+colorectal+and+prostatic+cancer+cells.">The anti-proliferative effects of biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid on human colorectal and prostatic cancer cells.</a> Cancer Letters. 177, 163-172 (2002).</li><li>Granda, M., Sinclair, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acids+and+obesity.">Fatty acids and obesity.</a> Current Pharm. Design. 15 (36), 4117-4125 (2009).</li><li>Rosenstein, E., Kushner, L., Kramer, N., Kazandjian, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pilot+study+of+dietary+fatty+acid+supplementation+in+the+treatment+of+adult+periodontitis.">Pilot study of dietary fatty acid supplementation in the treatment of adult periodontitis.</a> Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential F.A. 68 (3), 213-218 (2003).</li><li>Ferretti, A., Flanagan, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antithromboxane+activity+of+dietary+alpha-linolenic+acid:+a+pilot+study.">Antithromboxane activity of dietary alpha-linolenic acid: a pilot study.</a> Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 54 (6), 451-455 (1995).</li><li>Arpita, C., Pradeep, K. D., Chowdhury, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Fatty+Acids+and+Cholesterol+Present+in+Bile+on+Expression+of+Virulence+Factors+and+Motility+of+Vibrio+cholera.">Effect of Fatty Acids and Cholesterol Present in Bile on Expression of Virulence Factors and Motility of Vibrio cholera.</a> Infection and Immunity. 75 (4), 1946-1953 (2007).</li><li>Yamasaki, S., Asakura, M., Neogi, S. B., Hinenoya, A., Iwaoka, E., Aoki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+virulence+potential+of+Vibrio+cholerae+by+natural+compounds.">Inhibition of virulence potential of Vibrio cholerae by natural compounds.</a> Indian J. Med. Res. 133 (2), 232-239 (2011).</li><li>Hendriksen, R. S., Price, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population+Genetics+of+Vibrio+cholerae+from+Nepal+in+2010:+Evidence+on+the+origin+of+the+Haitian+outbreak.">Population Genetics of Vibrio cholerae from Nepal in 2010: Evidence on the origin of the Haitian outbreak.</a> mBio. 2 (4), 1-6 (2011).</li><li>Schaeffler, A., Gross, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid-induced+induction+of+Toll-like+receptor-4/nuclear+factor-kappa+B+pathway+in+adipocytes+links+nutritional+signaling+with+innate+immunity.">Fatty acid-induced induction of Toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in adipocytes links nutritional signaling with innate immunity.</a> Immunology. 126 (2), 233-245 (2009).</li></ol>

Gli autori di questo studio hanno alcun interesse finanziario dei risultati di questo studio. Finanziamento per questo studio è stato fornito al FT da Kean University, tuttavia, FT è attualmente un dipendente a Kingsborough Community College.

Suggerimento di concentrazione di acidi grassi e di tossina colerica Mentre il meccanismo esatto di come acidi grassi migliorare l&#39;immunità mucosale è sconosciuta, diversi studi hanno tentato di investigare loro effetti benefici. Nostro studio mira a fornire metodologia per determinare la concentrazione massima di acidi grassi che le cellule possono tollerare nonché la concentrazione massima di tossina colerica che le cellule possono tollerare senza una significativa influenza sulla sopr...

I benefici per la salute degli acidi grassi, come ad esempio acido oleico, linoleico e linolenico sono stati e continuano ad essere documentata. Per esempio acido oleico aiuta facilitare la penetrazione dei farmaci lipofili nel 1,2 corpo, riduce la malattia coronarica del 24% quando sostituite acidi grassi saturi 3, ed è usato per trattare malattie metaboliche come Adrenoleukodystrophy 4 che è un X-Linked malattia genetica del metabolismo degli acidi grassi. . Mentre un precursore necessario per l&#39;acido arachidonico nei mammiferi, acido linoleico (a differenza acido oleico) non viene sintetizzata dal corpo e deve essere ottenuto attraverso fonti esterne come dal consumo di semi di lino 5 studi mostrano diversi effetti benefici sulla salute di acido linoleico, quali: proprietà anti-invecchiamento per la pelle; 6 proprietà antinfiammatorie; 7 ridotta proliferazione del colon-retto e della prostata cellule di carcinoma, 8 e la capacità di combattere l&#39;obesità e la promozione of salute cardiovascolare. 9 acido linolenico ha un ruolo nel ridurre l&#39;infiammazione parodontale, trombossano 10 e modulando e prostaciclina biosintesi 11. Arpita 12 ha studiato l&#39;influenza di acidi grassi biliari e del colesterolo su V. espressione di fattori di virulenza e la motilità cholerae s &#39;. Yamasaki 13 indica che l&#39;estratto di metanolo dal peperoncino rosso, e altri composti estratti naturali, può potenzialmente diminuire la produzione della tossina del colera. È concepibile considerare l&#39;uso di prodotti alimentari che sono ricchi di acidi grassi superiori (come semi di lino) nella prevenzione e attenuazione di malattie infettive come il colera, formulando immunità mucosale. Abbiamo condotto indagini per solubilizzare gli acidi grassi e per determinare, mediante saggi di proliferazione cellulare, la massima concentrazione di acidi grassi che le cellule epiteliali intestinali umani possono tollerare senza effetti negativi sulla cevitalità ll. Abbiamo ipotizzato che gli acidi oleico, linoleico e linolenico forniscono un effetto benefico sulla vitalità cellulare a concentrazioni inferiori, ma che a concentrazioni più alte sono tossici per le cellule. Abbiamo anche solubilizzato la tossina del colera e determinata la concentrazione massima di tossina colerica che BALB / C macrofagi mouse possono tollerare senza un significativo decremento della vitalità cellulare. Ipotizziamo un effetto tossico di tossina colerica sulla vitalità cellulare anche a livello molto basso. Il metodo di solubilizzare una tossina del colera e utilizzarlo per determinare l&#39;importo massimo della tossina che le cellule possono tollerare senza una diminuzione significativa nella sopravvivenza fornisce un vantaggio per studi futuri. Per esempio, una combinazione delle metodologie sopra può essere utilizzata per determinare se gli acidi grassi forniscono cellule con l&#39;immunità mucosale contro le infezioni colera. Per quanto a nostra conoscenza, questa metodologia razionale e non è stato esplorato. Noi discuss come i nostri dati preliminari possono essere utilizzati in successive investigazioni per determinare se oleico, linoleico e linolenico fornire cellule con l&#39;immunità mucosale contro l&#39;infezione colera.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cells/Reagent</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mus musculus macrophages</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC RAW 264.7</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2002</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2115</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum </td>
			<td>Bio-west</td>
			<td>S0250</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Antibiotic/antimycotic </td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SV3007901</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Human intestinal epithelial cells </td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATTC CCL-241</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>HybriCare media </td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>46-X</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Oleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O1008</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Linoleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-1376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Linolenic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cholera toxin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8052</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>BD Falcon 96-Well Cell Culture Plates</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences </td>
			<td>351172</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer with Dynex Revelations 4.22 software</td>
			<td>Dynex</td>
			<td>91000101</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

determination of tolerable fatty acids and cholera toxin concentrations using human intestinal epithelial cells and balb/c mouse macrophages

Il ruolo positivo degli acidi grassi per la prevenzione e la riduzione delle malattie non-umani e umani sono stati e continuano ad essere ampiamente documentato. Questi ruoli includono influenze sulle malattie infettive e non infettive tra cui la prevenzione di infiammazione e immunità mucosale a malattie infettive. Il colera è una malattia intestinale acuta causata dal batterio Vibrio cholerae. Essa si verifica nei paesi in via di sviluppo e, se non trattata, può portare alla morte. Mentre esistono vaccini per il colera, non sono sempre efficaci e sono necessari altri metodi preventivi. Ci proponiamo di determinare le concentrazioni tollerabili di tre acidi grassi (acido oleico, linoleico e linolenico) e la tossina del colera che utilizzano rispettivamente topo BALB / C macrofagi e cellule epiteliali intestinali umane. Noi solubilizzato degli acidi grassi sopra e saggi di proliferazione cellulare utilizzati per determinare gli intervalli di concentrazione e concentrazioni specifiche degli acidi grassi che non sonot pregiudizievoli per la vitalità delle cellule epiteliali intestinali umane. Noi solubilizzato tossina del colera e l&#39;ho usato in un test per determinare gli intervalli di concentrazione e concentrazioni specifiche di tossina del colera che non statisticamente diminuire la vitalità cellulare in BALB / C macrofagi. Abbiamo trovato le concentrazioni ottimali di acidi grassi per essere fra 1-5 ng / ml, e che per tossina colerica essere &lt;30 ng per il trattamento. Questi dati possono aiutare i futuri studi che mirano a trovare un ruolo protettivo della mucosa di acidi grassi nella prevenzione o riduzione delle infezioni da colera.

Determinazione della concentrazione ottimale di acidi grassi La concentrazione ottimale di acidi grassi è definito come la concentrazione massima alla quale la crescita cellulare è comparabile o superiore a quello delle cellule di controllo, con relativamente bassa variabilità nei risultati. Per determinare la concentrazione ottimale di oleico, cellule acidi linoleico e linolenico sono state inizialmente trattate con concentrazioni variabili di ciascun acido grasso in grandi incrementi e suc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages at JoVE.com

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Ci proponiamo di determinare le concentrazioni tollerabili di tre acidi grassi (acido oleico, linoleico e linolenico) e la tossina del colera che non significativamente e influenzare negativamente la sopravvivenza delle cellule solubilizzando gli acidi grassi e le tossine e il loro utilizzo in saggi di sopravvivenza delle cellule.

Determinazione degli acidi grassi tollerabile e Concentrazioni tossina colerica Uso Umano cellule epiteliali intestinali e BALB / c macrofagi del mouse

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and  human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. ...

determination-tolerable-fatty-acids-cholera-toxin-concentrations

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.9K Views.  Kingsborough Community College. Ci proponiamo di determinare le concentrazioni tollerabili di tre acidi grassi (acido oleico, linoleico e linolenico) e la tossina del colera che non significativamente e influenzare negativamente la sopravvivenza delle cellule solubilizzando gli acidi grassi e le tossine e il loro utilizzo in saggi di sopravvivenza delle cellule.

Video: Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes1, 2. To initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as Peyer's patches. This antigen transcytosis is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells3, 4. M cells are atypical epithelial cells that actively phagocytose macromolecules and microbes. Unlike dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, which target antigens to lysosomes for degradation, M cells mainly transcytose the internalized antigens. This vigorous macromolecular transcytosis through M cells delivers antigen to the underlying organized lymphoid follicles and is believed to be essential for initiating antigen-specific mucosal immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting this antigen uptake by M cells are largely unknown. We have previously reported that glycoprotein 2 (Gp2), specifically expressed on the apical plasma membrane of M cells among enterocytes, serves as a transcytotic receptor for a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), by recognizing FimH, a component of type I pili on the bacterial outer membrane 5. Here, we present a method for the application of a mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by M cells. This method is an improved version of the mouse intestinal loop assay previously described 6, 7. The improved points are as follows: 1. Isoflurane was used as an anesthetic agent. 2. Approximately 1 cm ligated intestinal loop including Peyer's patch was set up. 3. Bacteria taken up by M cells were fluorescently labeled by fluorescence labeling reagent or by overexpressing fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). 4. M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer's patch were detected by whole-mount immunostainig with anti Gp2 antibody. 5. Fluorescent bacterial transcytosis by M cells were observed by confocal microscopic analysis. The mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay could supply the answer what kind of commensal or pathogenic bacteria transcytosed by M cells, and may lead us to understand the molecular mechanism of how to stimulate mucosal immune system through M cells.

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&amp;#8217;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

M cells in a specialized follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer&#x2019;s patches play an important role for the mucosal immunosurveillance in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Here we described the evaluation method for bacterial transcytosis by M cells in vivo. This method provides a method to understand M-cell function in the immune system.

Applicazione di un mouse legatura Patch Peyer Assay intestinale Loop per valutare assorbimento da parte delle cellule batteriche M

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di cellule dendritiche ei macrofagi dall&#39;intestino mouse

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model

The interactions of bacterial pathogens with host cells have been investigated extensively using in vitro cell culture methods. However as such cell culture assays are performed under aerobic conditions, these in vitro models may not accurately represent the in vivo environment in which the host-pathogen interactions take place. We have developed an in vitro model of infection that permits the coculture of bacteria and host cells under different medium and gas conditions. The Vertical Diffusion Chamber (VDC) model mimics the conditions in the human intestine where bacteria will be under conditions of very low oxygen whilst tissue will be supplied with oxygen from the blood stream. Placing polarized intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) monolayers grown in Snapwell inserts into a VDC creates separate apical and basolateral compartments. The basolateral compartment is filled with cell culture medium, sealed and perfused with oxygen whilst the apical compartment is filled with broth, kept open and incubated under microaerobic conditions. Both Caco-2 and T84 IECs can be maintained in the VDC under these conditions without any apparent detrimental effects on cell survival or monolayer integrity. Coculturing experiments performed with different C. jejuni wild-type strains and different IEC lines in the VDC model with microaerobic conditions in the apical compartment reproducibly result in an increase in the number of interacting (almost 10-fold) and intracellular (almost 100-fold) bacteria compared to aerobic culture conditions1. The environment created in the VDC model more closely mimics the environment encountered by C. jejuni in the human intestine and highlights the importance of performing in vitro infection assays under conditions that more closely mimic the in vivo reality. We propose that use of the VDC model will allow new interpretations of the interactions between bacterial pathogens and host cells.

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model

Performing cell culture assays for investigating bacterial adhesion and invasion under aerobic conditions is usually unrepresentative of the in vivo environment. A Vertical Diffusion Chamber model allows study of interactions of the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni with intestinal epithelial cells under more in vivo-like conditions, resulting in enhanced bacterial invasion.

Enterico invasione batterica della cellule epiteliali intestinali<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; È drammaticamente migliorata utilizzando una camera di diffusione verticale Modello

The interactions of bacterial pathogens with host cells have been investigated extensively using in vitro cell culture methods. However as such cell ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

Isolamento di cellule dendritiche mieloidi e cellule epiteliali di timo umano

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells. When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the pathogen, produce various cytokines and chemokines to recruit and stimulate other immune cells, and present antigens to stimulate the adaptive immune response. Thus, being able to efficiently manipulate macrophages with techniques such as RNA-interference (RNAi) is critical to our ability to investigate this important innate immune cell. However, macrophages can be technically challenging to transfect and can exhibit inefficient RNAi-induced gene knockdown. In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect two mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1) with siRNA using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System and describe procedures to maximize the effect of siRNA on gene knockdown. Moreover, the described methods are adapted to work in 96-well format, allowing for medium and high-throughput studies. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we describe experiments that utilize RNAi to inhibit genes that regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production.

In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect murine macrophage cell lines with siRNAs using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System, stimulate the macrophages with lipopolysaccharide, and monitor the effects on inflammatory cytokine production.

Usando RNA-interferenza per Indagare sulla risposta immunitaria innata in mouse macrofagi

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells.  When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the ...

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Stress Granule Formation After Bacterial Challenge of Mammalian Cells

Fluorescent imaging of cellular components is an effective tool to investigate host-pathogen interactions. Pathogens can affect many different features of infected cells, including organelle ultrastructure, cytoskeletal network organization, as well as cellular processes such as Stress Granule (SG) formation. The characterization of how pathogens subvert host processes is an important and integral part of the field of pathogenesis. While variable phenotypes may be readily visible, the precise analysis of the qualitative and quantitative differences in the cellular structures induced by pathogen challenge is essential for defining statistically significant differences between experimental and control samples. SG formation is an evolutionarily conserved stress response that leads to antiviral responses and has long been investigated using viral infections1. SG formation also affects signaling cascades and may have other still unknown consequences2. The characterization of this stress response to pathogens other than viruses, such as bacterial pathogens, is currently an emerging area of research3. For now, quantitative and qualitative analysis of SG formation is not yet routinely used, even in the viral systems. Here we describe a simple method for inducing and characterizing SG formation in uninfected cells and in cells infected with a cytosolic bacterial pathogen, which affects the formation of SGs in response to various exogenous stresses. Analysis of SG formation and composition is achieved by using a number of different SG markers and the spot detector plug-in of ICY, an open source image analysis tool.

We describe a method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of stress granule formation in mammalian cells after the cells are challenged with bacteria and a number of different stresses. This protocol can be applied to investigate the cellular stress granule response in a wide range of host-bacterial interactions.

Analisi dell&#39;immunofluorescenza della formazione di granuli di stress dopo la sfida batterica delle cellule dei mammiferi

Fluorescent imaging of cellular components is an effective tool to investigate host-pathogen interactions. Pathogens can affect many different features of ...

Saturated Fatty Acids Induce Ceramide-associated Macrophage Cell Death

Macrophages highly express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein and adipose fatty acid-binding protein. They actively uptake saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which might play a critical role in regulating their immune functions. Numerous studies have shown that various fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated, may possess different impacts on cell growth and function. However, the approaches used for fatty acid preparation vary, which may lead to non-physiological results. Serum albumin, a natural carrier for fatty acids in mammalian peripheral blood, is recommended for forming a conjugate complex with the sodium salt of fatty acids to study fatty acid function in mammalian cells, thus minimizing the toxicity of fatty acid soap. Thus, a simple, relatively quick heating and sonicating method is developed and presented here for BSA-fatty acid conjugate formation. We describe a protocol using saturated fatty acids, especially stearic acids to induce severe cell death in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages. We further demonstrate that saturated fatty acid-induced cell death is positively associated with accumulated cellular ceramide levels. This method can be extended for studies of the impact of fatty acid on other mammalian cells.

We illustrate a straight-forward method to derive murine primary macrophages from bone marrow cells and a simple method to prepare BSA-fatty acid conjugates. Then we demonstrate that saturated fatty acids can induce macrophage cell death, and such cell death is positively associated with cellular accumulation of ceramide levels.

Acidi grassi saturi indurre la morte delle cellule del macrofago Ceramide-collegato

Macrophages highly express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein and adipose fatty acid-binding protein. They actively uptake saturated and unsaturated ...

Mouse- and Human-derived Primary Gastric Epithelial Monolayer Culture for the Study of Regeneration

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and migration. One critical limitation of such assays, however, is their homogenous assortment of cellular types. Repair is a complex process which demands the interaction of several cell types. Therefore, to study a culture devoid of cellular subtypes, is a concern that must be overcome if we are to understand the repair process. The gastric organoid model may alleviate this issue whereby the heterogeneous collection of cell types closely reflects that of the gastric epithelium or other native tissues in vivo. Demonstrated here is a novel, in vitro scratch-wound assay derived from human or mouse 3-dimensional organoids which can then be transferred to a gastric epithelial monolayer as either intact organoids or as a single cell suspension of dissociated organoids. The goal of the protocol is to establish organoid-derived gastric epithelial monolayers that can be used in a novel scratch-wound assay system to study gastric regeneration.

Here we describe a protocol for establishing and culturing human- and mouse-derived 3-dimensional (3D) gastric organoids, and the method for the transfer of 3D organoids to a 2-dimensional monolayer. The use of the gastric epithelial monolayer as a novel scratch-wound assay for regeneration studies is also described.

Mouse e umano-derivato cultura dello strato monomolecolare epiteliale gastrica primaria per lo studio della rigenerazione

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and ...

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. The overwhelming majority of patients with DIH are women. The underlying mechanisms of these sex differences in prevalence are unclear because of the paucity of animal models that mimic human disease. Even so, underlying mechanisms are widely believed to be associated with human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and sex hormones. In contrast, using a DIH mouse model, we have uncovered that IL-4 initiated&#160;CD4+ T cells directed against an epitope of cytochrome P450 2E1 induces influx of neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells into the livers of female BALB/c mice. Using this model, we have also shown that IL-33-induced FoxP3+regulatory T cells confer protection against DIH in female and male mice. This DIH model is induced by immunizing mice with an epitope of CYP2E1 that has been covalently altered with a drug metabolite that has been associated with DIH. This epitope is recognized by patients with DIH. Our method induces robust and reproducible hepatitis and autoantibodies that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of DIH. While in vivo studies can cause undue pain and distress in mice when done improperly, the advantage of an in vivo model is the ability to evaluate the pathogenesis of disease in a large number of mice. Additionally, biological effects of the altered liver proteins can be studied using invasive procedures. The addition of in vitro studies to the experimental design allows rapid repetition and mechanistic analysis at a cellular level. Thus, we will demonstrate our model protocol and how it can be utilized to study in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of DIH.

We describe an in vivo immunization, translational hepatitis model in BALB/c mice that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis including sex differences seen in this disease. We will describe how this model demonstrates reproducible analyses using in vivo and in vitro experimental techniques.

Induzione dell'epatite autoimmune indotta da farmaci in topi BALB / c per lo studio dei suoi meccanismi patogenetici

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and maintained in culture, provides an exciting opportunity to facilitate the modeling of the epithelial response to enteric infections. In vivo, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a key role in regulating intestinal homeostasis and may directly inhibit pathogens, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully elucidated. The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been shown to play a role in the maintenance and defense of the gut epithelial barrier, including inducing a release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines in response to infection.
We describe the differentiation of healthy control hiPSCs into iHOs via the addition of specific cytokine combinations to their culture medium before embedding them into a basement membrane matrix-based prointestinal culture system. Once embedded, the iHOs are grown in media supplemented with Noggin, R-spondin-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), CHIR99021, prostaglandin E2, and Y-27632 dihydrochloride monohydrate. Weekly passages by manual disruption of the iHO ultrastructure lead to the formation of budded iHOs, with some exhibiting a crypt/villus structure. All iHOs demonstrate a differentiated epithelium consisting of goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, and polarized enterocytes, which can be confirmed via immunostaining for specific markers of each cell subset, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). To model infection, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 are microinjected into the lumen of the iHOs and incubated for 90 min at 37 &#176;C, and a modified gentamicin protection assay is performed to identify the levels of intracellular bacterial invasion. Some iHOs are also pretreated with recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) prior to infection to establish whether this cytokine is protective against Salmonella infection.

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived intestinal organoids offer exciting opportunities to model enteric diseases in vitro. We demonstrate the differentiation of hiPSCs into intestinal organoids (iHOs), the stimulation of these iHOs with cytokines, and the microinjection of Salmonella Typhimurium into the iHO lumen, enabling the study of an epithelial invasion by this pathogen.

Utilizzando organoidi intestinali derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotta dall'uomo per studiare e modificare la protezione delle cellule epiteliali contro la Salmonella e altri patogeni

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...