Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal National Science Foundation (MCB 1.021.831, JM) e J. &amp; E. Biomedical Research Program (Florida Department of Health, JM).

1. Preparazioni di esempio <ol><li> Eseguire la preparazione dei campioni e tutte le manipolazioni del campione in una stanza buia per evitare un uncaging indesiderato. </li><li> Solubilizzare DM-nitrophen ((1 - (2-nitro-4 ,5-dimetossifenil) - N, N, N &#39;, N&#39;-tetrakis [(ossi-carbonile) metil] -1,2-ethanediamine) in HEPES 50 mM tampone, KCl 100 mM, pH 7,0 ad una concentrazione finale di 400 pM (ε = 350nm 4330 m -1 cm -1 9). </li><li> Aggiungere CaCl 2 dalla soluzione stock 0,1 M per ottenere un rapporto desiderabile di [Ca 2 +]: [DM-nitrophen]. Per le proteine ​​con la K d per Ca 2 + associazione più grande di 10 pM, il rapporto di [Ca 2 +]: [DM-nitrophen] 1:1 è preferibile evitare inceppamenti di foto-rilasciato Ca 2 + a uncaged DM-nitrophen . Infatti, considerando il valore d K per DM-nitrophen essere 10 nm e la concentrazione totale di DM-nitrophen e Ca 2 + essere 400 mM, ~ 90% di una proteina legante calciocon K d = 10 pM saranno nel apoform. D&#39;altra parte, per lo studio di Ca 2 + legame alle proteine ​​con K d &lt;10 pM, è preferibile ridurre la [Ca 2 +]: rapporto [DM-nitrophen] a 0,95 per evitare Ca 2 + complessazione con l&#39;apo- proteine ​​prima la gabbia foto-dissociazione. </li><li> Solubilizzare il composto di riferimento, K 3 [Fe (III) (CN) 6] o Na 2 CrO 4, nello stesso tampone come per il campione. </li></ol> 2. Impostazione dell&#39;esperimento <ol><li> La configurazione sperimentale di base è mostrata in Figura 2. </li><li> Utilizzare un foro per perno (P 2) per regolare il diametro del fascio sonda (632 nm uscita del laser He-Ne, ~ potenza del laser 5 mW) a 1 mm e propagare il fascio sonda attraverso il centro di una cella posta in temperatura controllata supporto cella utilizzando un M 1 specchio. </li><li> Usare uno specchio (M 2) dietro il campione per centrare il fascio sondasu un centro di rivelatore sensibile posizione. </li><li> Focalizzare il fascio sonda sul centro del rivelatore in modo tale che la differenza di tensione tra i due diodi e peggiori due diodi e la differenza di tensione tra i due diodi sul lato sinistro e destro del rivelatore è zero. </li><li> Successivamente, forma un diametro del fascio di pompa, un&#39;uscita 355 nm di Q-switched Nd: YAG, FWHM 5 nsec) utilizzando un foro 3 mm (P 1) posta tra due specchi laser 355 nm. </li><li> Copropagate fascio di pompa attraverso il centro della cuvetta come mostrato nella Figura 2. E &#39;importante che entrambi i fasci laser sono propagati attraverso il centro della cella ottica in maniera quasi collineare avere un angolo di deviazione misurabile e quindi elevata ampiezza di segnale PBD. In condizioni sperimentali, l&#39;angolo di intersezione dei fasci sonda e della pompa è inferiore a 15 °. </li><li> Utilizzare un composto di riferimento per allineare la sonda e pompafascio per ottenere un segnale PBD soddisfacente e un buon rapporto S / N e stabile ampiezza PBD su scale temporali più lunghi (~ 100 msec). </li><li> Regolare la posizione del fascio di pompa rispetto al fascio sonda da un adeguamento incrementale di 355 specchi laser nm. </li><li> Misurare l&#39;ampiezza del segnale di riferimento PBD come una differenza tra due fotodiodi superiore e inferiore del rivelatore sensibile alla posizione. Il segnale PBD deve presentare un rapido aumento dell&#39;ampiezza su una scala temporale veloce (&lt;10 msec) e rimanere stabile su scala temporale 100 msec come mostrato nella Figura 3. Il colpo alla variabilità colpo dell&#39;ampiezza PPB è entro il 5% dell&#39;ampiezza del segnale e la riproducibilità del segnale è influenzata principalmente da vibrazioni. </li><li> Verificare la linearità della ampiezza del segnale PBD rispetto all&#39;energia termica liberata misurando la dipendenza lineare del segnale PBD sulla potenza del laser di eccitazione e sul numero di Einstein assorbita, e un= (1-10-A), dove A corrisponde alla assorbanza di riferimento alla lunghezza d&#39;onda di eccitazione. </li><li> Mantenere la potenza del laser di sotto di circa 1.000 μJ e assorbanza del composto campione / riferimento alla lunghezza d&#39;onda di eccitazione inferiore a 0,5 per evitare l&#39;assorbimento multifotonico e diminuzione della potenza del fascio pompa, rispettivamente, e assicurare linearità del segnale PBD. </li></ol> 3. Misure PBD <ol><li> Iniziare con la misura delle tracce PBD per il riferimento. Posizionare la soluzione del composto di riferimento in una cella di quarzo x 0,5 centimetri 1,0 centimetri x 1,0 cm o 1,0 cm, posizionare la cella nel supporto temperatura controllata. Entrambe le lunghezze del percorso prevedono paragonabile ampiezza PBD. </li><li> Rilevare il segnale di riferimento PBD in funzione della temperatura nell&#39;intervallo di temperatura 16-35 ° C con l&#39;incremento della temperatura di 3 ° C. </li><li> Ad ogni cambiamento di temperatura, controllare la posizione del fascio sonda sul rivelatore sensibile posizione e riregolare la posizione al centro del rivelatore, se necessario. </li><li> Controllare la linearità del segnale PBD in funzione della [(dn / dt) / C p ρ] termine secondo l&#39;equazione 2. </li><li> Porre la soluzione campione nella stessa cella ottica come per il composto di riferimento mantenendo lo stesso orientamento della cella ottica per la misurazione di riferimento. </li><li> Rileva le PBD tracce del campione nello stesso intervallo di temperatura per il riferimento e verificare la linearità della ampiezza del campione PBD rispetto al [(dn / dt) / C p ρ] termine. </li></ol> 4. Analisi dei dati L&#39;entità della deformazione è direttamente proporzionale alla variazione di volume dovuto al riscaldamento del campione (ΔV th) e variazione di volume non termico (ΔV nonth) secondo l&#39;equazione 1: <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50969/50969eq1.jpg" alt="Equazione 1" /> L&#39;ampiezza del campione (A S) E di riferimento (A r) PBD segnale può essere descritto mediante equazioni 2 e 3, rispettivamente. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50969/50969eq2.jpg" alt="Equazione 2" /> <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50969/50969eq3.jpg" alt="Equazione 3" /> PBD segnale è direttamente proporzionale al parametro di risposta dello strumento (K) e il numero di Einstein assorbita (E a). Il primo termine dell&#39;equazione 2, (dn / dt) (1/ρC p) Q, corrisponde alla variazione segnale a causa del calore ceduto al solvente. Il dn / dt termine rappresenta la variazione dipendente dalla temperatura nell&#39;indice di rifrazione, ρ è la densità del solvente, C p è la capacità termica. Tutti i parametri sono noti per l&#39;acqua distillata e possono essere determinati per una soluzione tampone confrontando un segnale PBD per il composto di riferimento in acqua distillata e in un tampone appropriato. Q è la quantità di calore returned al solvente. Il ρ (dn / d ρ) è un termine costante unità-less che è indipendente dalla temperatura nell&#39;intervallo di temperatura da 10-40 ° C 10. Δn termine abs corrisponde alla variazione dell&#39;indice di rifrazione per la presenza di specie assorbenti nella soluzione ed è trascurabile se la lunghezza d&#39;onda del fascio sonda viene spostata rispetto agli spettri di assorbimento di qualsiasi specie nella soluzione. Il segnale derivante dal composto di riferimento (A r) è espressa dalla equazione 3 h ν dove E è l&#39;energia del fotone alla lunghezza d&#39;onda di eccitazione, E h ν = 80.5 kcal / mole per 355 nm di eccitazione. <ol><li> Prendere l&#39;ampiezza del segnale di riferimento PBD come differenza tra il segnale e pretrigger PBD alberino grilletto come dimostrato nella Figura 3. In modo simile, determinare l&#39;ampiezza del digiuno (A s veloce) e fase lenta (A s lento) Del segnale del campione PBD. </li><li> Per eliminare il parametro di risposta dello strumento, K, scalare l&#39;ampiezza del segnale campione PBD dall&#39;ampiezza del segnale PBD per il riferimento. Il rapporto tra il segnale campione del segnale di riferimento dà Equazione 4 e può essere scritto come: <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50969/50969eq4.jpg" alt="Equazione 4" /> </li><li> Utilizzando questa equazione, determinare il calore ceduto alla soluzione (Q) e variazione di volume non termico (ΔV nonth) associato a una reazione di avviata dal coefficiente angolare e, rispettivamente, di un appezzamento di [(A s / A r) E h ν] termine in funzione della temperatura dipendente termine [(dn / dt) (1/ρCp)]. </li><li> Per determinare il volume di reazione e variazione di entalpia per la veloce e il processo lento, ridimensionare il volume osservato e variazione di entalpia per la resa quantica adatto secondo Equazioni 5-7. <img src = &quot;/ files/ftp_upload/50969/50969eq5.jpg&quot; alt = &quot;Equazione 5&quot; /&gt; <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50969/50969eq6.jpg" alt="Equazione 6" /> <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50969/50969eq7.jpg" alt="Equazione 7" /> Per un processo a più stadi con cinetica che si verificano sulla scala temporale tra 10 msec ~ 200 msec, il volume e variazioni di entalpia associati alle singole fasi della reazione può essere determinato. Le ampiezze e durate dei singoli passi vengono analizzati inserendo i dati alla funzione F (t) che descrive il profilo temporale del volume e variazioni di entalpia. <img alt="Equazione 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/50969/50969eq8.jpg" /> dove α 0 corrisponde alla A s veloce e α i corrisponde ad A s lento per ogni singolo processo e τ i sono la durata delle singole fasi di reazione. Dalla dipendenza dalla temperatura della costante di velocità for singoli processi (k i = 1 / τ i) i parametri entalpia ed entropia di attivazione si può facilmente determinare utilizzando trame Eyring. </li></ol>

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Il principio fisico dietro metodi fototermiche è che una molecola fotoeccitati dissipa l&#39;energia in eccesso tramite vibrazionale rilassamento allo stato fondamentale, con conseguente riscaldamento termico del 1,12 solvente circostante. Per solventi come acqua, questo produce una rapida espansione del volume (ΔV th). Molecole Eccitato statali possono anche subire processi fotochimici che si traducono in variazioni di volume non termici (ΔV nonth) a causa di legame scissione / forma...

Photo-thermal metodi come la calorimetria fotoacustica, deflessione del fascio fototermica (PDB), e griglia transitoria accoppiato con eccitazione laser nanosecondo rappresentano una potente alternativa a transitori spettroscopie ottiche per gli studi risolta in tempo di breve durata intermedi 1,2. Contrariamente alle tecniche ottiche, come l&#39;assorbimento transiente e spettroscopia IR, che monitorano il profilo temporale delle variazioni di assorbimento nella cromoforo circostante; tecniche fototermiche rilevano la dipendenza dal tempo delle variazioni di calore / volume e quindi sono strumenti preziosi per lo studio di profili temporali otticamente processi &quot;silenti&quot;. Finora, calorimetria fotoacustica e griglia transitorio è stato applicato con successo per studiare la dinamica conformazionale dei processi foto-indotto compreso diatomic migrazione ligando in globine 3,4, interazioni ligando con proteine ​​sensore di ossigeno FixL 5, elettrone e trasporto di protoni in eme-rame ossidasi 6 unnd fotosistema II così come foto-isomerizzazione in rodopsina 7 e dinamica conformazionale in cryptochrome 8. Per espandere l&#39;applicazione di tecniche fototermiche a sistemi biologici che mancano un cromoforo interno e / o fluoroforo, la tecnica PBD è stato combinato con l&#39;uso di composti gabbia a foto-trigger un aumento della concentrazione di ligando / substrato giro di pochi microsecondi o superiore, a seconda sul composto gabbia. Questo approccio consente il monitoraggio delle dinamiche e l&#39;energetica dei cambiamenti strutturali connessi con il ligando / substrato legame alle proteine ​​che mancano di un fluoroforo interno o cromofori e scala temporale che non sono accessibili con strumenti stop-flow commerciali. Qui un&#39;applicazione di PBD per monitorare la termodinamica del composto gabbia, Ca 2 + DM-nitrophen, foto-scissione e la cinetica di Ca 2 + associazione al dominio C-terminale del sensore calcio neuronale Giùflusso di regolamentazione Elemento Antagonista modulatore (Dream) è presentato. Il Ca 2 + è foto-rilasciato da Ca 2 + DM-nitrophen entro 10 msec e riassocia a una gabbia unphotolysed con una costante di tempo di ~ 300 msec. D&#39;altra parte, in presenza di apoDREAM si osserva una cinetica supplementare che si verificano sul millisecondo scala temporale e riflette il legame alla proteina ligando. L&#39;applicazione del PBD per sondare transizioni conformazionali nei sistemi biologici è stata in qualche modo limitato a causa delle difficoltà strumentali; allineamento es arduo della sonda e fascio di pompa per ottenere un segnale forte e riproducibile PBD. Tuttavia, una progettazione meticolosa di una strumentazione set-up, un controllo preciso della temperatura, e un attento allineamento del fascio sonda e pompa forniscono un segnale coerente e robusto PBD che consente il monitoraggio di volume-tempo risolto e variazioni di entalpia su un ampio scala temporale da 10 msec a circa 200 msec. Inoltre, modificzioni della procedura sperimentale per assicurare la rilevazione di campione e di riferimento tracce sotto temperatura identica composizione del tampone, orientamento cella ottica, potenza del laser, ecc riduce significativamente l&#39;errore sperimentale in volumi di reazione misurati ed entalpie.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="639">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col /> 
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">1-(4,5-Dimethoxy-2-Nitrophenyl)-1,2-Diaminoethane-N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-Tetraacetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-6814</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">DM-nitrophen, cage calcium compound, keep stock solutions in dark to prevent photodissociation,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N&#8242;-(2-ethanesulfonic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Sigma Adrich</td>
			<td>0909C</td>
			<td>HEPES buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Potassium ferricyanide(III)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">702587</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">reference compound for PBD measurments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:84px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:220px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sodium chromate</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">307831</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">reference compound for PBD measurments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">He-Ne Laser Diode 5mW 635nm </td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">54-179</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">use as a probe beam for PBD measurments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Oscilloscope, </td>
			<td style="width:84px;">LeCroy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Wave Surfer 42Xs</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">400 MHz bandwith</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG laser</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Continuum</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ML II</td>
			<td>pump beam for PBD measurments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:216px;">M355; Nd:YAG laser mirror</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">47-324</td>
			<td>laser mirror for 355 nm laser line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:216px;">M1 and M2; Laser diode mirror</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">43-532</td>
			<td>visilbe laser flat mirror, wavelength range 300-700 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">P1 and P2; Iris Diaphragm</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Edmind Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">62-649</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">pin hole to shape the probe and pum beams</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;">L1; bi-convex lens</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LB1844</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">a lens to focus the probe beam at the detector, EFL 50 mm, wavelength range 350 - 2000 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">DM, dichroic mirror</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Thorlab </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DMLP505</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">a longpass dichroic mirror with a cutoff wavelength of 505 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">F1; Edge filter</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Andower </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">500FH90-25</td>
			<td>a long pass filter with a cutoff wavelength of 500 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Temperature-controlled cuvette holder</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Quantum Northwest</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FLASH 300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

submillisecond conformational changes in proteins resolved by photothermal beam deflection

Deflessione del fascio Photothermal insieme con la foto-acustica calorimetria e griglia termica appartiene alla famiglia dei metodi fototermiche che controllano il volume e il tempo di entalpia profilo cambiamenti di luce indotti cambiamenti conformazionali nelle proteine ​​sulla microsecondo per millisecondo scale temporali che non sono accessibili con fermata tradizionale -flow strumenti. Inoltre, poiché le variazioni complessiva del volume e / o entalpia vengono sondati, queste tecniche possono essere applicate a proteine ​​e altre biomacromolecole che mancano di un fluoroforo e o un&#39;etichetta cromoforo. Per monitorare la dinamica ed energetica dei cambiamenti strutturali connessi con Ca 2 + vincolante ai trasduttori di calcio, tali sensori di calcio neuronali, un composto di calcio in gabbia, DM-nitrophen, è impiegato per foto-trigger un facile (τ &lt;20 msec) aumento del calcio libero variazioni di concentrazione e il volume associato e entalpia vengono sondati con fascio fototermica tecnica di deflessione.

Un esempio rappresentativo di PBD tracce di Ca 2 + photo-release di Ca 2 + DM-nitrophen è mostrata in figura 3. La fase veloce corrisponde alla foto-scissione di Ca 2 + DM-nitrophen e Ca 2 + liberazione, mentre la fase lenta riflette Ca 2 + legame alla gabbia nonphotolysed. La trama del PBD ampiezza campione per la fase veloce e lento scalato all&#39;ampiezza del composto di riferimento in funzione del fattore dipendeva temperatura [C p ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Submillisecond Conformational Changes in Proteins Resolved by Photothermal Beam Deflection at JoVE.com

Submillisecond Conformational Changes in Proteins Resolved by Photothermal Beam Deflection | Chemistry | Video

Submillisecond Conformational Changes in Proteins Resolved by Photothermal Beam Deflection

Qui riportiamo un&#39;applicazione della tecnica deflessione del fascio photothermal in combinazione con un composto di calcio in gabbia, DM-nitrophen, per monitorare microsecondi e millisecondi dinamica ed energetica di cambiamenti strutturali connessi con l&#39;associazione calcio per un sensore calcio neuronale, Downstream elemento di regolazione Antagonista Modulator .

Millisecondo conformazionali Variazioni proteine ​​risolti dal Photothermal Rinvio del raggio

Photothermal beam deflection together with photo-acoustic calorimetry and thermal grating belongs to the family of photothermal methods that monitor the ...

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8.9K Views.  Florida International University.  Qui riportiamo un'applicazione della tecnica deflessione del fascio photothermal in combinazione con un composto di calcio in gabbia, DM-nitrophen, per monitorare microsecondi e millisecondi dinamica ed energetica di cambiamenti strutturali connessi con l'associazione calcio per un sensore calcio neuronale, Downstream elemento di regolazione Antagonista Modulator . 

Video: Submillisecond Conformational Changes in Proteins Resolved by Photothermal Beam Deflection

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are expressed in a variety of cold-hardy organisms to prevent or slow internal ice growth. AFPs bind to specific planes of ice through their ice-binding surfaces. Fluorescence-based ice plane affinity (FIPA) analysis is a modified technique used to determine the ice planes to which the AFPs bind. FIPA is based on the original ice-etching method for determining AFP-bound ice-planes. It produces clearer images in a shortened experimental time. In FIPA analysis, AFPs are fluorescently labeled with a chimeric tag or a covalent dye then slowly incorporated into a macroscopic single ice crystal, which has been preformed into a hemisphere and oriented to determine the a- and c-axes. The AFP-bound ice hemisphere is imaged under UV light to visualize AFP-bound planes using filters to block out nonspecific light. Fluorescent labeling of the AFPs allows real-time monitoring of AFP adsorption into ice. The labels have been found not to influence the planes to which AFPs bind. FIPA analysis also introduces the option to bind more than one differently tagged AFP on the same single ice crystal to help differentiate their binding planes. These applications of FIPA are helping to advance our understanding of how AFPs bind to ice to halt its growth and why many AFP-producing organisms express multiple AFP isoforms.

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) bind to specific planes of ice to prevent or slow ice growth. Fluorescence-based ice plane affinity (FIPA) analysis is a modification of the original ice-etching method for determination of AFP-bound ice planes. AFPs are fluorescently labeled, incorporated into macroscopic single ice crystals, and visualized under UV light.

Determinazione dei piani di legame del ghiaccio delle proteine antigelo mediante affinità del piano di ghiaccio basata sulla fluorescenza

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are expressed in a variety of cold-hardy organisms to prevent or slow internal ice growth. AFPs bind to specific planes of ice ...

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Chimica

The Use of Gas Chromatography to Analyze Compositional Changes of Fatty Acids in Rat Liver Tissue during Pregnancy

Gas chromatography (GC) is a highly sensitive method used to identify and quantify the fatty acid content of lipids from tissues, cells, and plasma/serum, yielding results with high accuracy and high reproducibility. In metabolic and nutrition studies GC allows assessment of changes in fatty acid concentrations following interventions or during changes in physiological state such as pregnancy. Solid phase extraction (SPE) using aminopropyl silica cartridges allows separation of the major lipid classes including triacylglycerols, different phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters (CE). GC combined with SPE was used to analyze the changes in fatty acid composition of the CE fraction in the livers of virgin and pregnant rats that had been fed various high and low fat diets. There are significant diet/pregnancy interaction effects upon the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid content of liver CE, indicating that pregnant females have a different response to dietary manipulation than is seen among virgin females.

Pregnancy leads to significant changes to the fatty acid composition of maternal tissues. Lipid profiles can be obtained via gas chromatography to allow identification and quantification of fatty acids in individual lipid classes among rats fed various high and low fat diets during pregnancy.

L&#39;uso di gas cromatografia per analizzare compositivo Variazioni degli acidi grassi nel fegato di ratto tessuto durante la gravidanza

Gas chromatography (GC) is a highly sensitive method used to identify and quantify the fatty acid content of lipids from tissues, cells, and plasma/serum, ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular identity and function. Each of the seven PtdInsPs varies in their distribution and abundance, which are tightly regulated by specific kinases and phosphatases. The abundance of PtdInsPs can change abruptly in response to various signaling events or disturbance of the regulatory machinery. To understand how these events lead to changes in the amount of PtdInsPs and their resulting impact, it is important to quantify PtdInsP levels before and after a signaling event or between control and abnormal conditions. However, due to their low abundance and similarity, quantifying the relative amounts of each PtdInsP can be challenging. This article describes a method for quantifying PtdInsP levels by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, which is incorporated into PtdInsPs. Phospholipids are then precipitated and deacylated. The resulting soluble 3H-glycero-inositides are further extracted, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and detected by flow scintillation. The labeling and processing of yeast samples is described in detail, as well as the instrumental setup for the HPLC and flow scintillator. Despite losing structural information regarding acyl chain content, this method is sensitive and can be optimized to concurrently quantify all seven PtdInsPs in cells.

Phosphoinositides are signaling lipids whose relative abundance rapidly changes in response to various stimuli. This article describes a method to measure the abundance of phosphoinositides by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, followed by extraction and deacylation. Extracted glycero-inositides are then separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantified by flow scintillation.

Radiomarcatura e quantificazione dei livelli cellulari di fosfoinositidi da alte prestazioni cromatografia liquida accoppiata flusso scintillazione

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

This work demonstrates in situ characterization of protein biomolecules in the aqueous solution using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The fibronectin protein film was immobilized on the silicon nitride (SiN) membrane that forms the SALVI detection area. During ToF-SIMS analysis, three modes of analysis were conducted including high spatial resolution mass spectrometry, two-dimensional (2D) imaging, and depth profiling. Mass spectra were acquired in both positive and negative modes. Deionized water was also analyzed as a reference sample. Our results show that the fibronectin film in water has more distinct and stronger water cluster peaks compared to water alone. Characteristic peaks of amino acid fragments are also observable in the hydrated protein ToF-SIMS spectra. These results illustrate that protein molecule adsorption on a surface can be studied dynamically using SALVI and ToF-SIMS in the liquid environment for the first time.

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

This work presents a protocol for liquid handling and sample introduction to a microchannel for in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of protein biomolecules in an aqueous solution.

In Situ Caratterizzazione di idrate proteine ​​in acqua da Salvi e TOF-SIMS

This work demonstrates in situ characterization of protein biomolecules in the aqueous solution using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum ...

An HS-MRM Assay for the Quantification of Host-cell Proteins in Protein Biopharmaceuticals by Liquid Chromatography Ion Mobility QTOF Mass Spectrometry

The analysis of low-level (1-100 ppm) protein impurities (e.g., host-cell proteins (HCPs)) in protein biotherapeutics is a challenging assay requiring high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range. Mass spectrometry-based quantification assays for proteins typically involve protein digestion followed by the selective reaction monitoring/multiple reaction monitoring (SRM/MRM) quantification of peptides using a low-resolution (Rs ~1,000) tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer. One of the limitations of this approach is the interference phenomenon observed when the peptide of interest has the "same" precursor and fragment mass (in terms of m/z values) as other co-eluting peptides present in the sample (within a 1-Da window). To avoid this phenomenon, we propose an alternative mass spectrometric approach, a high selectivity (HS) MRM assay that combines the ion mobility separation of peptide precursors with the high-resolution (Rs ~30,000) MS detection of peptide fragments. We explored the capabilities of this approach to quantify low-abundance peptide standards spiked in a monoclonal antibody (mAb) digest and demonstrated that it has the sensitivity and dynamic range (at least 3 orders of magnitude) typically achieved in HCP analysis. All six peptide standards were detected at concentrations as low as 0.1 nM (1 femtomole loaded on a 2.1-mm ID chromatographic column) in the presence of a high-abundance peptide background (2 &#181;g of a mAb digest loaded on-column). When considering the MW of rabbit phosphorylase (97.2 kDa), from which the spiked peptides were derived, the LOQ of this assay is lower than 50 ppm. Relative standard deviations (RSD) of peak areas (n = 4 replicates) were less than 15% across the entire concentration range investigated (0.1-100 nM or 1-1,000 ppm) in this study.

Here, we describe a chromatographic assay coupled with the ion mobility separation of peptide precursors followed by the high-resolution (~30,000) MS-detection of peptide fragments for the quantification of spiked peptide standards in a monoclonal antibody digest.

Un saggio di HS-MRM per la quantificazione delle proteine di cellula ospite in biofarmaceutica di proteine mediante spettrometria di massa di liquido cromatografia dello ione mobilità QTOF

The analysis of low-level (1-100 ppm) protein impurities (e.g., host-cell proteins (HCPs)) in protein biotherapeutics is a challenging assay requiring ...

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera

Here, we present a sensible method of the acquisition and analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence using an ultrafast iCCD camera. This system enables the acquisition of photoluminescence spectra covering the time regime from nanoseconds up to 0.1 s. This enables us to follow the changes in the intensity (decay) and emission of the spectra over time. Using this method, it is possible to study diverse photophysical phenomena, such as the emission of phosphorescence, and the contributions of prompt and delayed fluorescence in molecules showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Remarkably, all spectra and decays are obtained in a single experiment. This can be done for solids (thin film, powder, crystal) and liquid samples, where the only limitations are the spectral sensitivity of the camera and the excitation wavelength (532 nm, 355 nm, 337 nm, and 266 nm). This technique is, thus, very important when investigating the excited state dynamics in organic emitters for their application in organic light-emitting diodes and other areas where triplet harvesting is of paramount importance. Since triplet states are strongly quenched by oxygen, emitters with efficient TADF luminescence, or those showing room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), must be correctly prepared in order to remove any dissolved oxygen from solutions and films. Otherwise, no long-lived emission will be observed. The method of degassing solid samples as presented in this work is basic and simple, but the degassing of liquid samples creates additional difficulties and is particularly interesting. A method of minimizing solvent loss and changing the sample concentration, while still enabling to remove oxygen in a very efficient and a repeatable manner, is presented in this work.

Here, we present a method of the spectroscopic characterization of organic molecules by means of time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy on the nanosecond-to-millisecond timescale in oxygen-free conditions. Methods to efficiently remove oxygen from the samples and, thus, limit luminescence quenching are also described.

Tempo-risolta caratterizzazione fotofisica di tripletto-raccoglitrici composti organici a un utilizzo di ambiente privo di ossigeno un iCCD telecamera

Here, we present a sensible method of the acquisition and analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence using an ultrafast iCCD camera. This system enables ...

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the evaluation of DNA-magnetic particles binding via dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS). Analysis by DLS provides valuable information on the physicochemical properties of particles including particle size, polydispersity, and zeta potential. The latter describes the surface charge of the particle which plays major role in electrostatic binding of materials such as DNA. Here, a comparative analysis exploits three chemical modifications of nanoparticles and microparticles and their effects on DNA binding and elution. Chemical modifications by branched polyethylenimine, tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane are investigated. Since DNA exhibits a negative charge, it is expected that zeta potential of particle surface will decrease upon binding of DNA. Forming of clusters should also affect particle size. In order to investigate the efficiency of these particles in isolation and elution of DNA, the particles are mixed with DNA in low pH (~6), high ionic strength and dehydration environment. Particles are washed on magnet and then DNA is eluted by Tris-HCl buffer (pH = 8). DNA copy number is estimated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity and quantitative PCR data are evaluated and compared. DLS is an insightful and supporting method of analysis that adds a new perspective to the process of screening of particles for DNA isolation.

This protocol describes the synthesis of magnetic particles and evaluation of their DNA-binding properties via dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering. This method focuses on monitoring changes in particle size, their polydispersity and zeta potential of particle surface which play major role in binding of materials such as DNA.

DNA-magnetoscopico associazione analisi di dispersione della luce dinamica ed elettroforetica

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the ...

Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in an Efficient Way in Plants

Information about the spatiotemporal subcellular localization(s) of a protein is critical to understand its physiological functions in cells. Fluorescent proteins and generation of fluorescent fusion proteins have been wildly used as an effective tool to directly visualize the protein localization and dynamics in cells. It is especially useful to compare them with well-known organelle markers after co-expression with the protein of interest. Nevertheless, classical approaches for protein co-expression in plants usually involve multiple independent expression plasmids, and therefore have drawbacks that include low co-expression efficiency, expression-level variation, and high time expenditure in genetic crossing and screening. In this study, we describe a robust and novel method for co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent proteins in plants. It overcomes the limitations of the conventional methods by using a single expression vector that is composed of multiple semi-independent expressing cassettes. Each protein expression cassette contains its own functional protein expression elements, and therefore it can be flexibly adjusted to meet diverse expression demand. Also, it is easy and convenient to perform the assembly and manipulation of DNA fragments in the expression plasmid by using an optimized one-step reaction without additional digestion and ligation steps. Furthermore, it is fully compatible with current fluorescent protein derived bio-imaging technologies and applications, such as FRET and BiFC. As a validation of the method, we employed this new system to co-express fluorescently fused vacuolar sorting receptor and secretory carrier membrane proteins. The results show that their perspective subcellular localizations are the same as in previous studies by both transient expression and genetic transformation in plants.

We have developed a novel method for co-expressing multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants to overcome the difficulties of conventional methods. It takes advantage of using a single expression plasmid that contains multiple functionally independent protein expressing cassettes to achieve protein co-expression.

Co-espressione delle proteine chimeriche fluorescenti Fusion Multiple in modo efficiente nelle piante

Information about the spatiotemporal subcellular localization(s) of a protein is critical to understand its physiological functions in cells. Fluorescent ...

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;

Anion photoelectron imaging is a very efficient method for the study of energy states of bound negative ions, neutral species and interactions of unbound electrons with neutral molecules/atoms. State-of-the-art in vacuo anion generation techniques allow application to a broad range of atomic, molecular, and cluster anion systems. These are separated and selected using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Electrons are removed by linearly polarized photons (photo detachment) using table-top laser sources which provide ready access to excitation energies from the infra-red to the near ultraviolet. Detecting the photoelectrons with a velocity mapped imaging lens and position sensitive detector means that, in principle, every photoelectron reaches the detector and the detection efficiency is uniform for all kinetic energies. Photoelectron spectra extracted from the images via mathematical reconstruction using an inverse Abel transformation reveal details of the anion internal energy state distribution and the resultant neutral energy states. At low electron kinetic energy, typical resolution is sufficient to reveal energy level differences on the order of a few millielectron-volts, i.e., different vibrational levels for molecular species or spin-orbit splitting in atoms. Photoelectron angular distributions extracted from the inverse Abel transformation represent the signatures of the bound electron orbital, allowing more detailed probing of electronic structure. The spectra and angular distributions also encode details of the interactions between the outgoing electron and the residual neutral species subsequent to excitation. The technique is illustrated by the application to an atomic anion (F&#8722;), but it can also be applied to the measurement of molecular anion spectroscopy, the study of low lying anion resonances (as an alternative to scattering experiments) and femtosecond (fs) time resolved studies of the dynamic evolution of anions.

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;&lt;/sup&gt;

Here, we present a protocol for photoelectron imaging of anionic species. Anions generated in vacuo and separated by mass spectrometry are probed using velocity mapped photoelectron imaging, providing details of anion and neutral energy levels, anion and neutral structure and the nature of the anion electronic state.

Imaging di fotoelettroni di anioni illustrato da 310 Nm distaccamento di F−

Anion photoelectron imaging is a very efficient method for the study of energy states of bound negative ions, neutral species and interactions of unbound ...

Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers

High-viscosity micro-extrusion injectors have dramatically reduced sample consumption in serial femtosecond crystallographic experiments (SFX) at X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs). A series of experiments using the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin have further established these injectors as a preferred option to deliver crystals for time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) to resolve structural changes of proteins after photoactivation. To obtain multiple structural snapshots of high quality, it is essential to collect large amounts of data and ensure clearance of crystals between every pump laser pulse. Here, we describe in detail how we optimized the extrusion of bacteriorhodopsin microcrystals for our recent TR-SFX experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The goal of the method is to optimize extrusion for a stable and continuous flow while maintaining a high density of crystals to increase the rate at which data can be collected in a TR-SFX experiment. We achieve this goal by preparing lipidic cubic phase with a homogenous distribution of crystals using a novel three-way syringe coupling device followed by adjusting the sample composition based on measurements of the extrusion stability taken with a high-speed camera setup. The methodology can be adapted to optimize the flow of other microcrystals. The setup will be available for users of the new Swiss Free Electron Laser facility.

The success of a time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography experiment is dependent on efficient sample delivery. Here, we describe protocols to optimize the extrusion of bacteriorhodopsin microcrystals from a high viscosity micro-extrusion injector. The methodology relies on sample homogenization with a novel three-way coupler and visualization with a high-speed camera.

Miglioramento di estrusione ad alta viscosità di microcristalli per Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond cristallografia a raggi x laser

High-viscosity micro-extrusion injectors have dramatically reduced sample consumption in serial femtosecond crystallographic experiments (SFX) at X-ray ...

Millisecondo conformazionali Variazioni proteine ​​risolti dal Photothermal Rinvio del raggio

Millisecondo conformazionali Variazioni proteine risolti dal Photothermal Rinvio del raggio