APS è supportato da Debra International e la Fondazione britannica pelle. YZN è sostenuta da A * STAR - Università di Dundee partenariato Dottorato.

Questo studio è stato condotto secondo la Dichiarazione di Helsinki Principi ed è stato approvato dai comitati etici competenti. 1. Preparazione dei Media e reagenti <ol><li> Preparazione di 200x di acido L-ascorbico 2-fosfato magazzino <ol><li> Sciogliere 29 mg di acido L-ascorbico 2-fosfato per 5 ml di soluzione di Dulbecco Modified mezzo di Eagle (DMEM) e filtrare attraverso filtro a membrana 0,22 micron. Store come 0,25 ml aliquote sterili -20 ° C. </li><li> Aggiungere 0,25 ml un&#39;aliquota di 200x acido L-ascorbico magazzino 2-fosfato per ogni 50 ml di mezzi di fibroblasti (DMEM con 1% di L-glutammina e siero bovino fetale al 10%) nel giorno richiesto, per una concentrazione finale di 0,1 mM di L -acido ascorbico 2-fosfato. </li></ol></li><li> Preparazione di terreni di crescita dei cheratinociti <ol><li> Isolamento e la coltura di cheratinociti SCC primarie sono state descritte in precedenza 21. Preparazione di terreni di crescita dei cheratinociti è descrittaivi pure. </li><li> Brevemente, preparare il dispositivo come segue: 300 ml di DMEM e 100 ml di Ham F-12 supplementato con 10% FBS 0,4 mg / ml di idrocortisone 5 mg / ml di insulina 10 ng / ml EGF 5 mg / ml di transferrina 8.4 ng / ml di tossina del colera 13 ng / ml liothyronine Soluzione di penicillina-streptomicina 1x </li></ol></li></ol> 2. In Vitro Costruzione di fibroblasti derivati ​​da Native Matrix in acido L-ascorbico 2-fosfato integrato multimediale <ol><li> Seed 200.000 fibroblasti per pozzetto in piastre da 6 pozzetti (20.000 cellule / cm 2) in mezzi di fibroblasti integrati con delle L-acido ascorbico 2-fosfato. Inserire di nuovo ogni 2-3 giorni con 2-5 ml di media. (Nota: Refeeding frequenza e il volume possono essere adattati per soddisfare le esigenze individuali di cellule diverse Vedere &quot;Discussions&quot;.). </li><li> Uno spesso strato di cellule incorporate in matrice extracellulare formerà alla fine di 6 settimane, visibili a occhio nudo ( <strong&gt; Figura 1). Per rilasciare questo strato dalla piastra di coltura tissutale, raschiare delicatamente la circonferenza della matrice con una punta micropipetta 1 ml e poi spingere i bordi della matrice verso il centro del pozzo. Questo strato di cellule e la matrice (matrice nativa) devono essere facilmente staccabile dalla superficie della piastra, e ora galleggia nei media. Stendere la matrice nativa nei media per evitarlo ripiegando su se stesso. </li><li> Lasciate che il galleggiante matrice nativa e rimodellare per 5 giorni, cambiando i media ogni 2-3 giorni. Grazie alla resistenza alla trazione e rimodellamento intrinseca all&#39;interno della matrice, la matrice contrarre drasticamente e diventa ridotta ad un più piccolo, ma più spessa matrice nativa, ed è pronto per essere utilizzato per saggio di invasione. </li></ol> 3. Invasion Assay con tumore SCC cheratinociti <ol><li> Raccogliete la matrice nativa delicatamente con una pinza smussato e trasferimento in rete di nylon. Una volta in rete di nylon, si sviluppa la matrice delicatamente a mentire più piatta possibile utilizzando una micropipetta 1 mlpunta e pinza smussato. </li><li> Preparare i cilindri clonali sterili spalmando una piccola quantità di vaselina sterile su un&#39;estremità. </li><li> Posizionare i cilindri clonali sulla matrice nativa, con il lato vaselina giù. Questo per garantire una tenuta stagna tra la matrice nativa e gli anelli clonali. </li><li> Aggiungi cellule CSCC ai cilindri clonali (250.000 cellule in 100 microlitri di media di crescita dei cheratinociti). </li><li> Rimuovere i cilindri clonali dopo 6 ore quando le cellule CSCC si sono stabiliti sulla matrice nativa. </li><li> Sollevare la rete di nylon con la matrice originaria e le cellule CSCC all&#39;interfaccia aria-liquido su piegati sostegno rete metallica in acciaio inox. </li><li> Aggiungere terreni di coltura di cheratinociti addizionato con acido ascorbico fino al livello di media tocchi il fondo della matrice nativa. </li><li> Cambiare i media ogni 2-3 giorni e la raccolta alle 7 e 14 giorni dopo la semina delle cellule CSCC. </li></ol> 4. La raccolta delle Culture 3D e preparazione per Istologia <ol><li> Fissare nel 4% parpernottamento aformaldehyde a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Bisecare i campioni e incorporare in cera di paraffina fissati in formalina blocchi incorporati, con la superficie di taglio verso l&#39;esterno. </li><li> In alternativa, incorporare i campioni bisecato in ottobre e snap-congelare immediatamente in azoto liquido per blocchi di tessuto congelati freschi. </li><li> Tagliare 4 micron sezioni su microtomo e sparaffinatura (se necessario). Colorare con ematossilina standard ed eosina. Per visualizzare le cellule CSCC, anticorpo monoclonale di topo contro cheratina 14 (LL001, in casa) può essere utilizzato in immunoistologia colorazione. </li></ol>

<ol>
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A causa della natura di questo esperimento, il tempo totale necessario per il completamento può essere fino a due mesi. In tutto questo tempo, di cura e del tessuto sterile necessità pratiche di coltura devono essere impiegati per prevenire la contaminazione microbica. Oltre al suo ruolo come cofattore nella sintesi di idrossiprolina e idrossilisina di collagene, acido ascorbico stimola il collagene specifico mRNA in fibroblasti 22. L&#39;acido ascorb...

L&#39;uso di biomateriale in coltura tissutale 3D ha permesso ai ricercatori di studiare il comportamento delle cellule in laboratorio in condizioni fisiologiche più simile ad un ambiente in vivo di quella di una ricapitolato con adesione 2D e un substrato di plastica. In particolare, grandi passi avanti sono stati fatti nella modellazione epiteli stratificati con l&#39;adozione di metodi di coltura 3D all&#39;interfaccia aria-liquido 1-4. Tali tecniche fedelmente imitare differenziazione dei cheratinociti e l&#39;invasione delle cellule tumorali consentendo una maggiore flessibilità e fedeltà per i ricercatori che studiano questi processi. La scelta del substrato biomateriale per simulare l&#39;ambiente stromale ha principalmente comportato l&#39;uso di collagene di tipo I, Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm topo matrice sarcoma e derma de-epidermized. Ad esempio, fibroblasti cancro-associate hanno dimostrato di contribuire verso invasione cancro 5, iniziazione e progressione attraverso interazioni stroma-epiteliale 6,7 when coltivato in tali substrati. Il gold standard per mimare l&#39;ambiente stromale in pelle, più grandi e più studiati epiteli stratificati utilizzando tali tecniche, è considerato di essere de-epidermized derma umano (DED). Preparazione del DED comporta la rimozione dell&#39;epidermide mediante tripsinizzazione o dissociazione fisica dalla pelle 3,4 cadavere umano. Tuttavia, l&#39;accesso a tali pelle può essere molto difficile per i laboratori non connessi con le istituzioni cliniche e derma malati è quasi impossibile da ottenere. In alternativa, laboratori utilizzano frequentemente una combinazione di collagene di tipo I (isolato da code di ratto) e / o la matrice del mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma. Dopo la scoperta nel 1927 da Nageotte 8 che il collagene può essere facilmente isolato con acido acetico e precipitazione di sali, la sua applicazione alla coltura di tessuti è stata successivamente lanciato da Huzella e colleghi 9. Rivestimento di collagene ha dimostrato di essere superiore al vetro per coltura cellulare di 29 ceppi e espianti di tessuto come interrogati dai Ehrmann e Gey 9. Attualmente, il principale tipo di collagene utilizzato in coltura tissutale è isolato da tendini ratto-coda, ed è solitamente acquistato da fonti commerciali. Tuttavia, lo svantaggio di fedeli substrato ricapitolazione è che il collagene ratto coda non è identico al collagene umano, o il derma umano, dove tipo I e III collageni sono presenti come costituenti principali, e isolato di ratto coda collagene è invariabilmente frammentato. Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matrice del mouse sarcoma è una miscela proteica gelatinosa secreta dalle colture Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm cellule di topo sarcoma 10. I principali componenti sono laminina, collagene di tipo IV, eparina solfato proteoglicani, entactin e nidogen e le esatte rapporti di queste proteine ​​possono variare da lotto a lotto. Oltre a pro strutturaleproteine, questa matrice contiene anche significativi livelli di fattori di crescita come trasformare β fattore di crescita, fattore di crescita epidermico, insulin-like growth factor 1, bovini fattore di crescita dei fibroblasti, e fattore di crescita derivato dalle piastrine che altererebbe comportamento cellulare 11,12. Che punta verso la complessità del Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matrice del mouse sarcoma, per un totale di 1851 proteine ​​sono stati identificati in un recente studio di proteomica 13. Alla luce della natura ricca e complessa di questa matrice, la cautela è stata informata quando interpretano e confronto diverse esperienze con l&#39;uso di esso 11. I nostri laboratori hanno un forte interesse per le malattie genetiche della pelle, in particolare quelli con una predisposizione a sviluppare un carcinoma cutaneo a cellule squamose (CSCC) 14. Nel caso di epidermolisi bollosa distrofica recessiva (RDEB), una grave malattia vesciche con mutazioni germinali del gene COL7A1 <sup&gt; 15-17, abbiamo stabilito che il microambiente cutaneo in questi pazienti è dipromozione 18. Nel corso di questo studio siamo stati in grado di valutare il tumore promuovendo proprietà dei fibroblasti dermici incorporati all&#39;interno di collagene I / Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm topo matrice sarcoma e studiati metodi di valutazione propri, matrice nativa cellule. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, abbiamo modificato una tecnica precedente dal laboratorio di Lucie Germain lavorare su pelle umana equivalenti 19,20. La tecnica di Germain era in grado di ricostruire la pelle umana con membrana basale ben organizzato utilizzando cheratinociti umani e colture primarie di fibroblasti in assenza di un ponteggio sintetico o cadaverico. In questo lavoro i passaggi utilizzati per riepilogare il microambiente cutaneo tumore stromale (matrice nativa) desunte direttamente dai fibroblasti stromali primarie in vitro sono descritti 18. Matrici Native produced da coltura a lungo termine di fibroblasti sono stati utilizzati come dermico equivalente al saggio per l&#39;invasione delle cellule CSCC. Vi presentiamo i dati utilizzando matrice nativa derivata sia dalla matrice extracellulare secreta dai fibroblasti RDEB (deficit di tipo VII collagene (C7)) o da fibroblasti RDEB retrovirally trasdotte con un tipo di collagene VII esprimere costruire e dimostrare l&#39;effetto profondo di un singolo collagene su tumore invasione delle cellule.

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	<tbody>
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			<td class="xl63" height="64" style="height:48.0pt;width:66pt" width="88">L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">A8960</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="42" style="height:31.5pt;width:66pt" width="88">DMEM with l-glutamine,</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
 border-top:none;width:66pt" width="88">Life Technologies</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
 border-top:none;width:66pt" width="88">11995-073</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
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		<tr height="106" style="height:79.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="106" style="height:79.5pt;width:66pt" width="88">4,500 mg/L d-glucose, 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85" style="height:63.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="85" style="height:63.75pt;width:66pt" width="88">100x Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Life Technologies</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">15070</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
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		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Vaseline</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">VWR</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">PROL28908.290</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Clonal cylinders</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Z370789</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
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		<tr height="148" style="height:111.0pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="148" style="height:111.0pt;width:66pt" width="88">Nylon Net Filter Disc Hydrophilic 100um 25um diameter 100/pk</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Millipore</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">NY1H02500</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
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		<tr height="127" style="height:95.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="127" style="height:95.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Bent stainless steel wire mesh support</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Made in house</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
			<td class="xl66" style="width:66pt" width="88">Dimensions were made so that the mesh would fit into 6-well plates</td>
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</table>

tissue engineering of tumor stromal microenvironment with application to cancer cell invasion

Colture organotipiche 3D di cellule epiteliali su una matrice incorporata con cellule mesenchimali sono ampiamente utilizzati per studiare la differenziazione delle cellule epiteliali e invasione. Tipo di coda di ratto collagene e / o matrice derivata da cellule topo sarcoma Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm è stato tradizionalmente impiegato come substrati per modellare il microambiente stromale o matrice in cui le cellule mesenchimali (di solito fibroblasti) sono popolate. Sebbene esperimenti utilizzando tali matrici sono molto informativo, si può affermare che a causa di una presenza prevalente di una singola proteina (come nel collagene tipo I) o un alto contenuto di componenti della membrana basale e fattori di crescita (come in matrice derivata da topo cellule di sarcoma), questi substrati non meglio riflettono il contributo alla composizione della matrice fatta dalle stesse cellule stromali. Per studiare matrici native prodotte da fibroblasti dermici primari isolati da pazienti con un tumore prona, vesciche disordine genetico (distrofica recessivaepidermolisi bollosa), abbiamo adattato un protocollo matrice originaria esistente per studiare l&#39;invasione delle cellule tumorali. I fibroblasti sono indotte a produrre la propria matrice per un periodo prolungato in coltura. Questa matrice nativa viene poi staccato dal piatto di coltura e le cellule epiteliali vengono seminate su di esso prima che l&#39;intera co-coltura viene generato all&#39;interfaccia aria-liquido. Differenziazione e / o invasione cellulare possono essere valutati nel tempo. Questa tecnica consente di valutare le interazioni delle cellule epiteliali-mesenchimali in un ambiente 3D senza la necessità di una matrice sintetica o estere con l&#39;unico svantaggio è il periodo prolungato di tempo richiesto per produrre la matrice nativa. Qui si descrive l&#39;applicazione di questa tecnica per valutare la capacità di una singola molecola espressa dai fibroblasti, collagene tipo VII, di inibire l&#39;invasione delle cellule tumorali.

<html> Questa tecnica apre la possibilità di esaminare e confrontare il comportamento invasivo di cellule tumorali (in questo caso CSCC) in differenti ambienti stromali 3D. Utilizzando questa tecnica, non solo le matrici native C7-deficienti che ricapitolato l&#39;ambiente RDEB cutanea possono essere generati, ma anche matrici aggiuntivi che sono stati geneticamente modificati per over-esprimono C7 18. Come si vede nella figura 2, invasione di cheratinociti RDEB CSCC era significativamente ri...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion at JoVE.com

Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion

Ingegneria tessutale fibroblasti derivati ​​da matrice nativa è uno strumento emergente per generare un substrato stromale che supporta la proliferazione delle cellule epiteliali e differenziazione. Ecco un protocollo di applicazione di tale metodologia per valutare l&#39;impatto dei diversi tipi di cellule stromali sulla biologia delle cellule tumorali è presentato.

Ingegneria dei tessuti del tumore stromale Microenvironment con l&#39;applicazione di Invasion Cancer Cell

3D organotypic cultures of epithelial cells on a matrix embedded with mesenchymal cells are widely used to study epithelial cell differentiation and ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.7K Views.  University of Dundee.  Ingegneria tessutale fibroblasti derivati ​​da matrice nativa è uno strumento emergente per generare un substrato stromale che supporta la proliferazione delle cellule epiteliali e differenziazione. Ecco un protocollo di applicazione di tale metodologia per valutare l'impatto dei diversi tipi di cellule stromali sulla biologia delle cellule tumorali è presentato. 

Video: Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in vitro. Nutrients delivered by vasculature fail to reach all parts of tumors, giving rise to heterogeneous microenvironments consisting of viable, quiescent and necrotic cell types. Many cancer drugs fail to effectively penetrate and treat all types of cells because of this heterogeneity. Monolayers of cancer cells do not mimic this heterogeneity, making it difficult to test cancer drugs with a suitable in vitro model. Our microfluidic devices were fabricated out of PDMS using soft lithography. Multicellular tumor spheroids, formed by the hanging drop method, were inserted and constrained into rectangular chambers on the device and maintained with continuous medium perfusion on one side. The rectangular shape of chambers on the device created linear gradients within tissue. Fluorescent stains were used to quantify the variability in apoptosis within tissue. Tumors on the device were treated with the fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, time-lapse microscopy was used to monitor its diffusion into tissue, and the effective diffusion coefficient was estimated. The hanging drop method allowed quick formation of uniform spheroids from several cancer cell lines. The device enabled growth of spheroids for up to 3 days. Cells in proximity of flowing medium were minimally apoptotic and those far from the channel were more apoptotic, thereby accurately mimicking regions in tumors adjacent to blood vessels. The estimated value of the doxorubicin diffusion coefficient agreed with a previously reported value in human breast cancer. Because the penetration and retention of drugs in solid tumors affects their efficacy, we believe that this device is an important tool in understanding the behavior of drugs, and developing new cancer therapeutics.

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We present the procedure for fabrication and operation of a microfluidic device that recreates heterogeneous tumor microenvironments in vitro. The variability in apoptosis within tumor tissue was quantified using fluorescent stains and the effective diffusion coefficient of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin into tumor tissue was evaluated.

Dispositivo Microfluidic per ricreare un microambiente tumorale<em&gt; In Vitro</em

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Directed Cellular Self-Assembly to Fabricate Cell-Derived Tissue Rings for Biomechanical Analysis and Tissue Engineering

Each year, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States.1 Approximately one third of these patients do not have suitable autologous donor vessels due to disease progression or previous harvest. The aim of vascular tissue engineering is to develop a suitable alternative source for these bypass grafts. In addition, engineered vascular tissue may prove valuable as living vascular models to study cardiovascular diseases. Several promising approaches to engineering blood vessels have been explored, with many recent studies focusing on development and analysis of cell-based methods.2-5 Herein, we present a method to rapidly self-assemble cells into 3D tissue rings that can be used in vitro to model vascular tissues.
To do this, suspensions of smooth muscle cells are seeded into round-bottomed annular agarose wells. The non-adhesive properties of the agarose allow the cells to settle, aggregate and contract around a post at the center of the well to form a cohesive tissue ring.6,7 These rings can be cultured for several days prior to harvesting for mechanical, physiological, biochemical, or histological analysis. We have shown that these cell-derived tissue rings yield at 100-500 kPa ultimate tensile strength8 which exceeds the value reported for other tissue engineered vascular constructs cultured for similar durations (&lt;30 kPa).9,10 Our results demonstrate that robust cell-derived vascular tissue ring generation can be achieved within a short time period, and offers the opportunity for direct and quantitative assessment of the contributions of cells and cell-derived matrix (CDM) to vascular tissue structure and function.

This article outlines a versatile method to create cell-derived tissue rings by cellular self-assembly. Smooth muscle cells seeded into ring-shaped agarose wells aggregate and contract to form robust three-dimensional (3D) tissues within 7 days. Millimeter-scale tissue rings are conducive to mechanical testing and serve as building blocks for tissue assembly.

Diretto Cellular Self-Assembly di fabbricare Cell-Derived Anelli tessuto per l&#39;analisi biomeccanica e di ingegneria dei tessuti

Each year, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States.1 Approximately one third of these patients do ...

Three-dimensional Cell Culture Model for Measuring the Effects of Interstitial Fluid Flow on Tumor Cell Invasion

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling in the tumor microenvironment 1. Previously, research on the tumor microenvironment has focused primarily on tumor-stromal interactions 1-2. However, the tumor microenvironment also includes a variety of biophysical forces, whose effects remain poorly understood. These forces are biomechanical consequences of tumor growth that lead to changes in gene expression, cell division, differentiation and invasion3. Matrix density 4, stiffness 5-6, and structure 6-7, interstitial fluid pressure 8, and interstitial fluid flow 8 are all altered during cancer progression.
Interstitial fluid flow in particular is higher in tumors compared to normal tissues 8-10. The estimated interstitial fluid flow velocities were measured and found to be in the range of 0.1-3 &mu;m s-1, depending on tumor size and differentiation 9, 11. This is due to elevated interstitial fluid pressure caused by tumor-induced angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability 12. Interstitial fluid flow has been shown to increase invasion of cancer cells 13-14, vascular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells 15. This invasion may be due to autologous chemotactic gradients created around cells in 3-D 16 or increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression 15, chemokine secretion and cell adhesion molecule expression 17. However, the mechanism by which cells sense fluid flow is not well understood. In addition to altering tumor cell behavior, interstitial fluid flow modulates the activity of other cells in the tumor microenvironment. It is associated with (a) driving differentiation of fibroblasts into tumor-promoting myofibroblasts 18, (b) transporting of antigens and other soluble factors to lymph nodes 19, and (c) modulating lymphatic endothelial cell morphogenesis 20.
The technique presented here imposes interstitial fluid flow on cells in vitro and quantifies its effects on invasion (Figure 1). This method has been published in multiple studies to measure the effects of fluid flow on stromal and cancer cell invasion 13-15, 17. By changing the matrix composition, cell type, and cell concentration, this method can be applied to other diseases and physiological systems to study the effects of interstitial flow on cellular processes such as invasion, differentiation, proliferation, and gene expression.

Interstitial fluid flow is elevated in solid tumors and can modulate tumor cell invasion. Here we describe a technique to apply interstitial fluid flow to cells embedded in a matrix and then measure its effects on cell invasion. This technique can be easily adapted to study other systems.

Tridimensionale Cultura modello cellulare per misurare gli effetti del flusso del fluido interstiziale sulla Invasion cellule tumorali

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling ...

Engineering Skeletal Muscle Tissues from Murine Myoblast Progenitor Cells and Application of Electrical Stimulation

Engineered muscle tissues can be used for several different purposes, which include the production of tissues for use as a disease model in vitro, e.g. to study pressure ulcers, for regenerative medicine and as a meat alternative 1. The first reported 3D muscle constructs have been made many years ago and pioneers in the field are Vandenburgh and colleagues 2,3. Advances made in muscle tissue engineering are not only the result from the vast gain in knowledge of biochemical factors, stem cells and progenitor cells, but are in particular based on insights gained by researchers that physical factors play essential roles in the control of cell behavior and tissue development. State-of-the-art engineered muscle constructs currently consist of cell-populated hydrogel constructs. In our lab these generally consist of murine myoblast progenitor cells, isolated from murine hind limb muscles or a murine myoblast cell line C2C12, mixed with a mixture of collagen/Matrigel and plated between two anchoring points, mimicking the muscle ligaments. Other cells may be considered as well, e.g. alternative cell lines such as L6 rat myoblasts 4, neonatal muscle derived progenitor cells 5, cells derived from adult muscle tissues from other species such as human 6 or even induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) 7. Cell contractility causes alignment of the cells along the long axis of the construct 8,9 and differentiation of the muscle progenitor cells after approximately one week of culture. Moreover, the application of electrical stimulation can enhance the process of differentiation to some extent 8. Because of its limited size (8 x 2 x 0.5 mm) the complete tissue can be analyzed using confocal microscopy to monitor e.g. viability, differentiation and cell alignment. Depending on the specific application the requirements for the engineered muscle tissue will vary; e.g. use for regenerative medicine requires the up scaling of tissue size and vascularization, while to serve as a meat alternative translation to other species is necessary.

Engineered muscle tissue has great potential in regenerative medicine, as disease model and also as an alternative source for meat. Here we describe the engineering of a muscle construct, in this case from mouse myoblast progenitor cells, and the stimulation by electrical pulses.

Ingegneria tessuti muscolo scheletrico di cellule murine progenitrici mioblasti e di applicazione di stimolazione elettrica

Engineered muscle tissues can be used for several different purposes, which include the production of tissues for use as a disease model in vitro, e.g. to ...

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

Ingegneria dei tessuti di un Umano 3D<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema Tumore test

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Engineering Fibrin-based Tissue Constructs from Myofibroblasts and Application of Constraints and Strain to Induce Cell and Collagen Reorganization

Collagen content and organization in developing collagenous tissues can be influenced by local tissue strains and tissue constraint. Tissue engineers aim to use these principles to create tissues with predefined collagen architectures. A full understanding of the exact underlying processes of collagen remodeling to control the final tissue architecture, however, is lacking. In particular, little is known about the (re)orientation of collagen fibers in response to changes in tissue mechanical loading conditions. We developed an in&#160;vitro model system, consisting of biaxially-constrained myofibroblast-seeded fibrin constructs, to further elucidate collagen (re)orientation in response to i) reverting biaxial to uniaxial static loading conditions and ii) cyclic uniaxial loading of the biaxially-constrained constructs before and after a change in loading direction, with use of the Flexcell FX4000T loading device. Time-lapse confocal imaging is used to visualize collagen (re)orientation in a nondestructive manner.
Cell and collagen organization in the constructs can be visualized in real-time, and an internal reference system allows us to relocate cells and collagen structures for time-lapse analysis. Various aspects of the model system can be adjusted, like cell source or use of healthy and diseased cells. Additives can be used to further elucidate mechanisms underlying collagen remodeling, by for example adding MMPs or blocking integrins. Shape and size of the construct can be easily adapted to specific needs, resulting in a highly tunable model system to study cell and collagen (re)organization.

This model system starts from a myofibroblast-populated fibrin gel that can be used to study endogenous collagen (re)organization real-time in a nondestructive manner. The model system is very tunable, as it can be used with different cell sources, medium additives, and can be adapted easily to specific needs.

Ingegneria fibrina a base di tessuto costrutti da miofibroblasti e applicazione di vincoli e la tensione per indurre Organizzazione cellulare e collagene (Re)

Collagen content and organization in developing collagenous tissues can be influenced by local tissue strains and tissue constraint. Tissue engineers aim ...

Long-term Intravital Immunofluorescence Imaging of Tissue Matrix Components with Epifluorescence and Two-photon Microscopy

Besides being a physical scaffold to maintain tissue morphology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is actively involved in regulating cell and tissue function during development and organ homeostasis. It does so by acting via biochemical, biomechanical, and biophysical signaling pathways, such as through the release of bioactive ECM protein fragments, regulating tissue tension, and providing pathways for cell migration. The extracellular matrix of the tumor microenvironment undergoes substantial remodeling, characterized by the degradation, deposition and organization of fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins. Stromal stiffening of the tumor microenvironment can promote tumor growth and invasion, and cause remodeling of blood and lymphatic vessels. Live imaging of matrix proteins, however, to this point is limited to fibrillar collagens that can be detected by second harmonic generation using multi-photon microscopy, leaving the majority of matrix components largely invisible. Here we describe procedures for tumor inoculation in the thin dorsal ear skin, immunolabeling of extracellular matrix proteins and intravital imaging of the exposed tissue in live mice using epifluorescence and two-photon microscopy. Our intravital imaging method allows for the direct detection of both fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins in the context of a growing dermal tumor. We show examples of vessel remodeling caused by local matrix contraction. We also found that fibrillar matrix of the tumor detected with the second harmonic generation is spatially distinct from newly deposited matrix components such as tenascin C. We also showed long-term (12 hours) imaging of T-cell interaction with tumor cells and tumor cells migration along the collagen IV of basement membrane. Taken together, this method uniquely allows for the simultaneous detection of tumor cells, their physical microenvironment and the endogenous tissue immune response over time, which may provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying tumor progression and ultimate success or resistance to therapy.

The extracellular matrix undergoes substantial remodeling during wound healing, inflammation and tumorigenesis. We present a novel intravital immunofluorescence microscopy approach to visualize the dynamics of fibrillar as well as mesh-like matrix components with high spatial and temporal resolution using epifluorescence or two-photon microscopy.

A lungo termine intravitale immunofluorescenza Imaging di tessuto componenti della matrice con Epifluorescenza e due fotoni Microscopia

Besides being a physical scaffold to maintain tissue morphology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is actively involved in regulating cell and tissue ...

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. However in vivo, most of the cells are completely surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of receptors. This may trigger differences in the outside-in signaling pathways and thus in cell behavior.
This article shows that stimulating the dorsal receptors of cells already adhered to a 2D substrate by overlaying a film of a new material (a sandwich-like culture) triggers important changes with respect to standard 2D cultures. Furthermore, the simultaneous excitation of ventral and dorsal receptors shifts cell behavior closer to that found in 3D environments. Additionally, due to the nature of the system, a sandwich-like culture is a versatile tool that allows the study of different parameters in cell/material interactions, e.g., topography, stiffness and different protein coatings at both the ventral and dorsal sides. Finally, since sandwich-like cultures are based on 2D substrates, several analysis procedures already developed for standard 2D cultures can be used normally, overcoming more complex procedures needed for 3D systems.

The following protocol describes the procedure to assemble sandwich-like cultures to be used as an intermediate stage between bi-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cellular environments. The engineered systems can have applications in microscopy, biomechanics, biochemistry and cell biology assays.

Microambienti sandwich di sfruttare Cellulari / Materiale Interazioni

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. ...

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards vascular disease pathologies. Unhealthy arteries often present with wall stiffening, scarring, or partial stenosis which may all affect fluid flow rates, and the magnitude of pulsatile flow, or pulsatility index. Replication of various flow conditions is the result of tuning a flow pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump. Introduction of air within a closed flow system allows for a compressible medium to absorb pulsatile pressure from the pump, and therefore vary the pulsatility index. The method described herein is simply reproduced, with highly controllable input, and easily measurable results. Some limitations are recreation of the complex physiological pulse waveform, which is only approximated by the system. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts are affected by the blood flow through the artery. The dynamic component of blood flow is determined by the cardiac output and arterial wall compliance. Vascular cell mechano-transduction of flow dynamics may trigger cytokine release and cross-talk between cell types within the artery. Co-culture of vascular cells is a more accurate picture reflecting cell-cell interaction on the blood vessel wall and vascular response to mechanical signaling. Contribution of flow dynamics, including the cell response to the dynamic and mean (or steady) components of flow, is therefore an important metric in determining disease pathology and treatment efficacy. Through introducing an in vitro co-culture model and pressure damping downstream of blood pump which produces simulated cardiac output, various arterial disease pathologies may be investigated.

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

This protocol replicates physiological or pathological blood flow in vitro to aid in determining cell response in disease pathologies. By introducing a pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump, blood flow across the vasculature can be recapitulated and imposed on a monolayer of vascular endothelium or a mimetic co-culture.

Modello in vitro di fisiologiche e patologiche flusso sanguigno con applicazione di indagini di rimodellamento vascolare cellulare

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards ...

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and trade one defect for another. Tissue engineering holds the promise to address this increasing demand. However, most tissue engineering strategies fail to generate stable and functional tissue substitutes because of poor vascularization. This paper focuses on an in vivo tissue engineering chamber model of intrinsic vascularization where a perfused artery and a vein either as an arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration is directed inside a protected hollow chamber. In this chamber-based system angiogenic sprouting occurs from the arteriovenous vessels and this system attracts ischemic and inflammatory driven endogenous cell migration which gradually fills the chamber space with fibro-vascular tissue. Exogenous cell/matrix implantation at the time of chamber construction enhances cell survival and determines specificity of the engineered tissues which develop. Our studies have shown that this chamber model can successfully generate different tissues such as fat, cardiac muscle, liver and others. However, modifications and refinements are required to ensure target tissue formation is consistent and reproducible. This article describes a standardized protocol for the fabrication of two different vascularized tissue engineering chamber models in vivo.

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

This is a guideline for constructing in vivo vascularized tissue using a microsurgical arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration inside a tissue engineering chamber. The vascularized tissues generated can be employed for organ regeneration and replacement of tissue defects, as well as for drug testing and disease modeling.

Ingegneria dei tessuti da parte intrinseca Vascolarizzazione in un<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Camera ingegneria dei tessuti

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and ...