1. Modifica polimerici Superfici con recCD47 NOTA:. Il protocollo è riassunta schematicamente in Figura 1 Figura 1A illustra generazione di superfici polimeriche tiolo reattivo Figura 1B illustra generazione di tiolo reattivo recCD47.. <ol><li> Giorno 1 <ol><li> Preparare una soluzione di PDT-BzPh (1 mg / ml) e bicarbonato di potassio (KHCO 3) (0,7 mg / ml) in acqua sterile. Mescolare notte a 4 ° C (riparo dalla luce). </li></ol></li><li> Giorno 2 <ol><li> Tagliare il tubo polimerico a 40 centimetri pezzi lunghi (abbastanza a lungo per adattarsi intorno ruote girevoli). </li><li> Bagnare i tubi in una soluzione acquosa 0,1% di hexacylpyridinium per 90 minuti a temperatura ambiente su un agitatore o su Chandler Loop Apparecchiatura. Sciacquare le provette con 3x acqua sterile dopo l&#39;90 min ammollo. </li><li> Acidificare la soluzione di PDT-BzPh dal 1 ° giorno aggiungendo il 15% di potassio fosfato monobasico acquosa (KH 2 </sub&gt; PO 4). Aggiungere 50 ml KH 2 PO 4 per ml di PDT-BzPh, formando una soluzione micellare nuvoloso. </li><li> Bagnare i tubi nella soluzione PDT-BzPh acidificato per 40 minuti a temperatura ambiente su un agitatore o apparato. </li><li> Sciacquare le provette con acido acetico diluito (1: 1.000) una volta. </li><li> Esporre i tubi per irradiazione UV per una durata complessiva di 60 min. Ruotare i tubi ¼ di giro ogni 15 minuti per irradiare l&#39;intera superficie. </li><li> Bagnare i tubi in una soluzione di bicarbonato di potassio / ml 20 mg (KHCO 3) per 20 minuti a temperatura ambiente su un agitatore o apparato. </li><li> Sciacquare le provette con 3x acqua sterile e conservare a 4 ° C in acqua sterile. </li></ol></li><li> Giorno 3 <ol><li> Disciogliere 5 mg solfo-SMCC in 200 microlitri dimetilformammide (DMF) (Attenzione: Eseguire in cappa). </li><li> Aggiungere 50 ml della soluzione di solfo-SMCC preparata al punto 1 a 0,1 mg / ml di soluzione di poli-lisina recCD47, e mescolare per 60 min a rotemperatura om. </li><li> Durante 60 min mescolare, degas sterilizzato Dulbecco Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) e mettere da parte. </li><li> Purificare solfo-SMCC reagito recCD47 utilizzando un 7K peso molecolare di cut-off di spin dissalazione colonna secondo le istruzioni del produttore. Raccogliere finale a flusso continuo (alta qualità tiolo reattivo recCD47) e portare a volume necessario per rivestire l&#39;interno del tubo con DPBS. </li><li> Sciacquare i tubi dal giorno 2 con sterile, degassata DPBS 3x. </li><li> React superficie modificata dei tubi con una soluzione di 20 mg / ml di tris (2-carbossietil) fosfina cloridrato (TCEP) in DPBS degassati per meno di 2 min. Sciacquare le provette con sterili degassificato DPBS 4x. </li><li> Aggiungere il recCD47 Sulfo-SMCC-reagito ai tubi e incubare una notte a 4 ° C su un agitatore o apparati. </li></ol></li></ol> 2 Immunoassay Quantificazione dei recCD47 su superfici modificate <ol><li> Sciacquare i tubi modificati per essere quantificato dal Day 3 with DPBS 3x. Conservare le provette non utilizzate per la quantificazione in DPBS a 4 ° C. </li><li> Utilizzare una biopsia 4 mm e fare i campioni del tubo duplicati e inserire pugni biopsia in pozzetti di una piastra a 96 pozzetti. </li><li> Preparare un controllo negativo costituito da un tubo campione non modificato non trattato con l&#39;anticorpo di rilevazione. Preparare un controllo dell&#39;anticorpo costituito da un tubo campione non modificato trattati con l&#39;anticorpo di rilevamento. Preparare i campioni di prova dei tubi modificati trattati con l&#39;anticorpo di rilevazione. </li><li> Campioni di blocco con albumina sierica bovina 0,4% (BSA) in DPBS per 60 minuti a temperatura ambiente su un agitatore. </li><li> Dopo il blocco, aspirare BSA e sciacquare con tris-buffered saline più l&#39;1% Tween-20 (TBST) 3x, 10 minuti ciascuna su un agitatore. </li><li> Preparare una diluizione di lavoro degli anticorpi nel 0,4% di BSA secondo la diluizione raccomandata dal produttore per saggi immunologici. Diluire CD47 anticorpi umani B6H12-FITC 1: 100 in 0,4% di BSA. </li><li> Aggiungere 200 ml di diluizione anticorpo per pozzetti. Incubate controlli negativi con il 0,4% solo BSA. Incubare a temperatura ambiente per 60 minuti su un agitatore (riparo dalla luce). </li><li> Risciacquare con TBST 3x, 10 minuti ciascuna su un agitatore. Aspirare l&#39;ultimo risciacquo TBST e aggiungere 200 microlitri di DPBS pozzetti del campione del tubo. </li><li> Raccogliere il flow-through finale, che è di alta qualità tiolo-reattiva CD47 ricombinante e portare a un volume necessario per rivestire l&#39;interno dei tubi con DPBS. </li><li> Leggi intensità del segnale FITC utilizzando un lettore di micropiastre con FITC di eccitazione (485 nm) e di emissione impostazioni (538 nm). </li><li> Calcola recCD47 destinato a superficie polimerica sulla base di valori standard, che rappresentano per auto-fluorescenza e non specifico vincolante dal campione di controllo dell&#39;anticorpo. </li></ol> 3. Chandler Loop Apparato protocollo Cercate Institutional Review Board (IRB) approvazione del protocollo di raccolta del sangue e informato consenso scartoffie prima di iniziare la raccolta dei campioni di sangue umano. Ottenere informazionirmed consenso da un donatore di sangue umano. NOTA: Un diagramma raffigurante l&#39;apparato è mostrato nella Figura 2. <ol><li> Riempire bagnomaria con acqua distillata fino a circa mezzo delle ruote di diametro sono sommerso. Aggiungere abbastanza candeggina al bagnomaria per ottenere una soluzione di candeggina al 10%. Set bagno d&#39;acqua a 37 ° C e che la temperatura equilibrare. </li><li> Raccogliere adattatori in metallo (indicati nella Figura 1B), tubi senza modifiche e tubi modificati, e assemblare attorno alle ruote apparecchi, come mostrato nella Figura 1C. Assicurarsi che il tubo si adatta snuggly intorno alla ruota con l&#39;adattatore in metallo posto. </li><li> Ottenere 30 ml di campione di sangue usando un protocollo IRB-approvato, in un flaconcino preriempita con 2 ml di citrato o altro anticoagulante, e mescolare per inversione per prevenire la coagulazione una volta che il campione è stato raccolto. </li><li> Aggiungere circa 10 ml di sangue per ciascun tubo con la valvola di metallo e la siringa, lasciando un po &#39;d&#39;aria nel tubo. Fissare il tappo della valvola e rotate per 3 ore. </li><li> Drenare il sangue in un bicchiere reflue trattate con una soluzione di candeggina al 10% (o come richiesto dalla politica istituzionale). </li><li> Lavare delicatamente il tubo interno con DPBS per rimuovere tutte le tracce di sangue. Raccogliere flusso continuo nel becher rifiuti. Smaltire sangue in conformità con la politica istituzionale. </li><li> Disinfettare l&#39;apparato e il sangue di contattare superfici utilizzando una soluzione di candeggina al 10% o in base alla politica istituzionale. </li><li> Campioni di processo per microscopia a fluorescenza o la scansione microscopia elettronica come descritto di seguito. </li></ol> 4. fluorescente Microscopia e conteggio delle cellule <ol><li> Preparare una soluzione al 4% paraformaldeide (PFA) (Attenzione: Eseguire in cappa). </li><li> Incubare il tubo in una soluzione PFA 4% per una notte a 4 ° C. </li><li> Dopo incubazione overnight, rimuovere 4% PFA e risciacquare film molto delicatamente con DPBS. </li><li> Tagliare il tubo in sezioni per esporre la superficie del lume per la colorazione. </li><li> Stainuna sezione del tubo con alcune gocce di mezzo di montaggio con 4 &#39;, 6-diamino-2-fenilindolo (DAPI) per 30 minuti a temperatura ambiente (proteggere dalla luce). Dopo la colorazione, sciacquare il tubo molto delicatamente con DPBS per ridurre il segnale DAPI sfondo. </li><li> Immagine utilizzando un microscopio a fluorescenza dotato di un filtro DAPI e fotocamera digitale per contare il numero di cellule in 9 settori ciecamente selezionati di vista sotto 200 ingrandimenti. </li><li> Cella Record conta per campo visivo ed eseguire appropriate analisi statistiche per determinare la significatività statistica dei risultati. </li></ol> 5. Microscopia Elettronica a Scansione <ol><li> Preparare una soluzione di glutaraldeide al 2% (Attenzione: Eseguire in cappa). </li><li> Incubare il tubo in una soluzione di glutaraldeide al 2% notte a 4 ° C. </li><li> Dopo incubazione overnight, lavare delicatamente la 3x tubi con DPBS. </li><li> Preparare una soluzione all&#39;1% di tetrossido di osmio (Attenzione: pericolo di inalazione grave! Utilizzare in cappa). </li><li> Incubare il tubo in una soluzione all&#39;1% di tetrossido di osmio per 15 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lavare delicatamente il tubo 3x con DPBS. </li><li> Preparare una serie di concentrazioni di etanolo (25%, 50%, 75%, 95% e 100% etanolo). </li><li> Disidratare il tubo mediante incubazione nella serie di concentrazioni di etanolo. Incubare a 25%, 50%, 75% e 95% di etanolo per 20 minuti ciascuno. Incubare a 100% di etanolo per 30 min. </li><li> Punto supercritico asciugare il tubo con CO 2 per 45 minuti per rimuovere tutta l&#39;umidità. </li><li> Sezioni del tubo Montare su un stub campione con pasta d&#39;argento o grafite. </li><li> Sezioni del tubo cappotto con 12,5 nm di oro-palladio. </li><li> Esaminate in un microscopio elettronico a scansione. </li></ol>

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La ricerca riportata in questa pubblicazione è stato sostenuto dal National Institute of Biomedical Imaging e Bioingegneria, con il numero premio R21 EB015612 (SJS), e il National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, con il numero premio T32 HL007915 (JBS e RJL), della Nazionale Istituto Superiore di Sanità.

La chimica fotoattivazione (riassunto nella Figura 1) consente la modifica di qualsiasi superficie polimerica che ha idrocarburi sufficienti per facilitare il fissaggio PDT-BzPh e la successiva irradiazione UV per foto-attivare il PDT-BzPh. Funzionalizzare la superficie polimerica con gruppi tiolici reattivi consente la successiva collocazione di una serie di molecole di interesse testabili. Nei nostri studi particolari abbiamo scelto ricombinante CD47 11-13. La particolare coniugazione chimi...

Molte procedure cliniche, come bypass cardiopolmonare e dialisi renale, richiedono l&#39;uso di condotti sangue polimerici e sono spesso associati a complicanze post-procedurali 1. Quando perfusi con sangue, questi polimeri illeciti la reazione da corpo estraneo (FBR), con conseguente assorbimento di proteine ​​del sangue e piastrine, monociti / macrofagi adesione, e il rilascio di citochine pro-infiammatorie, tutti che contribuiscono complicanze post-procedurali e / o guasto del dispositivo 2,3. Pertanto, le strategie per affrontare la questione rimane un settore importante e costante della ricerca biomateriali. Gli investigatori hanno cercato di affrontare questo problema modificando superfici sangue contatto con bioattivi o bioinerte molecole 4-6. La ricerca nel nostro laboratorio si è concentrata sulla aggiungendo CD47 ricombinante (recCD47) per biomateriali polimerici come strategia per mitigare la FBR e aumentare l&#39;efficacia di questi materiali. CD47 è una transmembr ubiquitariamente espressaane proteina con un ruolo conosciuto in evasione immune, riconoscere il carattere &quot;self&quot; su cellule che esprimono 7-10 e mostra la promessa di conferire biocompatibilità quando aggiunto alle superfici polimeriche 11-13. Signal-normativo proteina alfa (SIRPα), il recettore affine per CD47, e un membro del motivo inibitorio a base di tirosina immunoreceptor (ITIM) -contenenti famiglia di proteine ​​transmembrana, è espresso sulle cellule di origine mieloide 14. Abbiamo precedentemente dimostrato che CD47, tramite segnalazione cellulare SIRPα-mediata, down-regola le risposte immunitarie a poliuretano (PU) e polivinilcloruro (PVC) in in vitro, ex vivo e in modelli in vivo 11-13. Centrale per le nostre indagini è una chimica fotoattivazione relativamente nuovo, qui descritto, in cui i gruppi tiolici chimicamente reattivi sono covalentemente aggiunti a tubo polimerico facendo reagire il tubo con un polimero multifunzionale (PDT-BzPh), composto da 2-pyridyldithio (PDT), il benzofenone fotoreattivo (BzPh) e un polyallylamine carbossi-modificata 11-13. Ridurre i gruppi PDT covalentemente allegati con tris (2-carbossietil) fosfina cloridrato (TCEP) 11 produce una superficie tiolati che può essere successivamente fatto reagire con porzioni terapeutiche. Particolareggiata in questa sede e in precedenza 12,13, recCD47, ulteriormente modificato con l&#39;aggiunta di una poli-lisina coda C-terminale 12,13, viene fatto reagire con Sulfosuccinimidyl-4-[N -maleimidomethyl] cicloesano-1-carbossilato (solfo-SMCC) per 1 ora a generare gruppi tiolici-reattiva, consentendo una formazione di legami monosulfide tra il tubo e il recCD47 11. La capacità anti-infiammatoria delle superfici funzionalizzate CD47 è stato testato, ex viv o, utilizzando l&#39;Apparato Chandler Loop con tutto il sangue umano, che è stato originariamente descritto nel 1958 come un modello in vitro della coagulazione trombotica 15. L&#39;apparato si basa su unSistema di tubo chiuso parzialmente riempito di aria e un motore rotativo per far circolare il sangue attraverso il tubo 15. Questo modello sperimentale fornisce l&#39;opportunità di esaminare l&#39;effetto dell&#39;esposizione sangue su superfici modificate e non modificate così come l&#39;effetto di tali modificazioni superficiali sulla fisiologia delle cellule del sangue. recCD47 può essere aggiunto a una varietà di superfici polimeriche utilizzando questa chimica fotoattivazione, e la sua capacità anti-infiammatoria può essere valutata utilizzando un modello clinicamente rilevante ex vivo imitando la perfusione di sangue sulle superfici polimeriche 11,12. Grade clinici condotti sanguigni modificati con recCD47 mostrano molto meno piastrinica e l&#39;adesione delle cellule infiammatorie rispetto a polimeri modificati se esposti a sangue umano nell&#39;apparato. Una descrizione step-by-step di questo processo di modifica è descritto di seguito.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="802">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">16% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">58906</td>
			<td>Caution! Use in fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">25% Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">AAA17876-AP&#160;</td>
			<td>Caution! Use in fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">2-pyridyldithio,benzophenone (PDT-BzPH)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Synthesized in lab</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">A3059-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Citrate</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">S5770-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Digital Camera</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">DC500</td>
			<td>Out of production</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">270547-100ML</td>
			<td>Caution! Use in fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Gibco/Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">14190-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Fluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">TE300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Glacial Acetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">A38-212</td>
			<td>Caution! Use in fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Human CD47 (B6H12) &#8211; FITC Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">SC-12730</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Osmium Tetroxide</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">197450050</td>
			<td>Caution! Use in fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">237205-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Potassium Phosphate Monobasic (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">P5655-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">PVC Tubing (Cardiovascular Procedure Kit)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Terumo Cardiovascular Systems</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">60050</td>
			<td>Most clinical-grade tubing will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JSM-T330A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:269px;">Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="36">
			<td height="36" style="height:36px;width:269px;">Microplate Reader</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Spectramax Gemini EM&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Sulfo-SMCC</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">M6035-10MG</td>
			<td>Moisture Sensitive!</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP-HCl)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">20491</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:269px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>T1503-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:269px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>170-6531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Vectashield with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">H-1200</td>
			<td>Light sensitive!</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Zeba Spin Desalt Columns &#8211; 7K MWCO</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">89891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of the ex vivo chandler loop apparatus to assess the biocompatibility of modified polymeric blood conduits

La reazione corpo estraneo si verifica quando una superficie sintetica viene introdotto al corpo. Essa è caratterizzata da adsorbimento di proteine ​​del sangue e la conseguente attaccamento e l&#39;attivazione delle piastrine, monociti / macrofagi adesione, e gli eventi di segnalazione cellulare infiammatori, portando a complicazioni post-procedurali. L&#39;Apparato Chandler Loop è un sistema sperimentale che permette ai ricercatori di studiare le interazioni molecolari e cellulari che si verificano quando grandi volumi di sangue sono perfusi su condotti polimerici. A tal fine, questo apparato è stato usato come modello ex vivo che consentano di valutare le proprietà anti-infiammatorie di varie modificazioni superficiali polimeriche. Il nostro laboratorio ha dimostrato che i condotti del sangue, covalentemente modificati via chimica fotoattivazione con CD47 ricombinante, possono conferire biocompatibilità alle superfici polimeriche. Aggiunta di CD47 alle superfici polimeriche potrebbe essere un mezzo efficace per promuovere l&#39;efficacia dei condotti di sangue polimerici. Leiein è la metodologia in dettaglio la chimica fotoattivazione utilizzato per aggiungere CD47 ricombinante per clinicamente rilevanti condotti sanguigni polimerici e l&#39;uso del Chandler Loop come modello sperimentale ex vivo per esaminare le interazioni di sangue con le CD47 modificato e controllo condotti.

Generazione di superfici polimeriche tiolo reattivo attraverso l&#39;uso di PDT-BzPh e TCEP insieme tiolo reattivo recCD47 poli-lisina utilizzando SMCC permette il fissaggio di recCD47 a superfici polimeriche. Il processo di modifica è riassunta schematicamente in figura 1. La comodità di questo processo di modifica è che può essere applicato a molte proteine ​​differenti e molteplici superfici polimeriche, assumendo la proteina può essere modificato con sufficienti gruppi chimicamente reattivi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of the Ex Vivo Chandler Loop Apparatus to Assess the Biocompatibility of Modified Polymeric Blood Conduits at JoVE.com

The Use of the Ex Vivo Chandler Loop Apparatus to Assess the Biocompatibility of Modified Polymeric Blood Conduits

Blood exposure to polymeric blood conduits initiates the foreign body reaction that has been implicated in clinical complications. Here, the Chandler Loop Apparatus, an experimental tool mimicking blood perfusion through these conduits, is described. Appendage of recombinant CD47 results in decreased evidence of the foreign body reaction on these conduits.

L&#39;uso della<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Chandler Loop Apparecchio per valutare la biocompatibilità di Modificati Condotti sangue Polimerici

The foreign body reaction occurs when a synthetic surface is introduced to the body. It is characterized by adsorption of blood proteins and the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

The Use of the Ex Vivo Chandler Loop Apparatus to Assess the Biocompatibility of Modified Polymeric Blood Conduits

11.5K Views.  The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Blood exposure to polymeric blood conduits initiates the foreign body reaction that has been implicated in clinical complications. Here, the Chandler Loop Apparatus, an experimental tool mimicking blood perfusion through these conduits, is described. Appendage of recombinant CD47 results in decreased evidence of the foreign body reaction on these conduits. 

Video: The Use of the Ex Vivo Chandler Loop Apparatus to Assess the Biocompatibility of Modified Polymeric Blood Conduits

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic valve leaflets are composed of interstitial cells suspended within an extracellular matrix (ECM) and are lined with an endothelial cell monolayer. The valve withstands a harsh, dynamic environment and is constantly exposed to shear, flexion, tension, and compression. Research has shown calcific lesions in diseased valves occur in areas of high mechanical stress as a result of endothelial disruption or interstitial matrix damage1-3. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies have shown high blood pressure to be a leading risk factor in the onset of aortic valve disease4. 
The only treatment option currently available for valve disease is surgical replacement of the diseased valve with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve5. Improved understanding of valve biology in response to physical stresses would help elucidate the mechanisms of valve pathogenesis. In turn, this could help in the development of non-invasive therapies such as pharmaceutical intervention or prevention. Several bioreactors have been previously developed to study the mechanobiology of native or engineered heart valves6-9. Pulsatile bioreactors have also been developed to study a range of tissues including cartilage10, bone11 and bladder12. The aim of this work was to develop a cyclic pressure system that could be used to elucidate the biological response of aortic valve leaflets to increased pressure loads. 
The system consisted of an acrylic chamber in which to place samples and produce cyclic pressure, viton diaphragm solenoid valves to control the timing of the pressure cycle, and a computer to control electrical devices. The pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer, and the signal was conditioned using a load cell conditioner. A LabVIEW program regulated the pressure using an analog device to pump compressed air into the system at the appropriate rate. The system mimicked the dynamic transvalvular pressure levels associated with the aortic valve; a saw tooth wave produced a gradual increase in pressure, typical of the transvalvular pressure gradient that is present across the valve during diastole, followed by a sharp pressure drop depicting valve opening in systole. The LabVIEW program allowed users to control the magnitude and frequency of cyclic pressure. The system was able to subject tissue samples to physiological and pathological pressure conditions. This device can be used to increase our understanding of how heart valves respond to changes in the local mechanical environment.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

Progettazione di un bioreattore per la pressione ciclica Ex Vivo Studio delle valvole cardiache aortica

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

Decades ago the human placenta was thought to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and unborn child. However, the discovery of thalidomide-induced birth defects and many later studies afterwards proved the opposite. Today several harmful xenobiotics like nicotine, heroin, methadone or drugs as well as environmental pollutants were described to overcome this barrier. With the growing use of nanotechnology, the placenta is likely to come into contact with novel nanoparticles either accidentally through exposure or intentionally in the case of potential nanomedical applications. Data from animal experiments cannot be extrapolated to humans because the placenta is the most species-specific mammalian organ 1. Therefore, the ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion, developed by Panigel et al. in 1967 2 and continuously modified by Schneider et al. in 1972 3, can serve as an excellent model to study the transfer of xenobiotics or particles.
Here, we focus on the ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion protocol and its further development to acquire reproducible results.
The placentae were obtained after informed consent of the mothers from uncomplicated term pregnancies undergoing caesarean delivery. The fetal and maternal vessels of an intact cotyledon were cannulated and perfused at least for five hours. As a model particle fluorescently labelled polystyrene particles with sizes of 80 and 500 nm in diameter were added to the maternal circuit. The 80 nm particles were able to cross the placental barrier and provide a perfect example for a substance which is transferred across the placenta to the fetus while the 500 nm particles were retained in the placental tissue or maternal circuit. The ex vivo human placental perfusion model is one of few models providing reliable information about the transport behavior of xenobiotics at an important tissue barrier which delivers predictive and clinical relevant data.

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

The ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion model can be used to investigate the transfer of xenobiotics and nanoparticles across the human placenta. In this video protocol we describe the equipment and techniques required for a successful execution of a placenta perfusion.

Determinazione del tasso di trasporto di xenobiotici e nanomateriali attraverso la placenta con il<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Umano Modello perfusione placentare

Decades ago the human placenta was thought to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and unborn child. However, the discovery of thalidomide-induced ...

Improved Method for the Preparation of a Human Cell-based, Contact Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises impermeable but adaptable brain capillaries which tightly control the brain environment. Failure of the BBB has been implied in the etiology of many brain pathologies, creating a need for development of human in vitro BBB models to assist in clinically-relevant research. Among the numerous BBB models thus far described, a static (without flow), contact BBB model, where astrocytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs) are cocultured on the opposite sides of a porous membrane, emerged as a simplified yet authentic system to simulate the BBB with high throughput screening capacity. Nevertheless the generation of such model presents few technical challenges. Here, we describe a protocol for preparation of a contact human BBB model utilizing a novel combination of primary human BECs and immortalized human astrocytes. Specifically, we detail an innovative method for cell-seeding on inverted inserts as well as specify insert staining techniques and exemplify how we use our model for BBB-related research.

Establishment of human models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can benefit research into brain conditions associated with BBB failure. We describe here an improved technique for preparation of a contact BBB model, which permits coculturing of human astrocytes and brain endothelial cells on the opposite sides of a porous membrane.

Migliorata metodo per la preparazione di un cell-based, Contact modello umano della barriera sanguigna del cervello

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises impermeable but adaptable brain capillaries which tightly control the brain environment. Failure of the BBB has ...

Gene Transfection toward Spheroid Cells on Micropatterned Culture Plates for Genetically-modified Cell Transplantation

To improve the therapeutic effectiveness of cell transplantation, a transplantation system of genetically modified, injectable spheroids was developed. The cell spheroids are prepared in a culture system on micropatterned plates coated with a thermosensitive polymer. A number of spheroids are formed on the plates, corresponding to the cell adhesion areas of 100 &#181;m diameter that are regularly arrayed in a two-dimensional manner, surrounded by non-adhesive areas that are coated by a polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix. The spheroids can be easily recovered as a liquid suspension by lowering the temperature of the plates, and their structure is well maintained by passing them through injection needles with a sufficiently large caliber (over 27 G). Genetic modification is achieved by gene transfection using the original non-viral gene carrier, polyplex nanomicelle, which is capable of introducing genes into cells without disrupting the spheroid structure. For primary hepatocyte spheroids transfected with a luciferase-expressing gene, the luciferase is sustainably obtained in transplanted animals, along with preserved hepatocyte function, as indicated by albumin expression. This system can be applied to a variety of cell types including mesenchymal stem cells.

This protocol describes a cell transplantation system using genetically modified, injectable spheroids. Cell spheroids are cultured on micropatterned culture plates and recovered after gene introduction using polyplex nanomicelles. This system facilitates prolonged transgene expression from the transplanted cells in host animals while maintaining the innate function of the cells.

Gene Transfection verso Celle sferoide su lastre micropatterned coltura per trapianto di cellule geneticamente modificati

To improve the therapeutic effectiveness of cell transplantation, a transplantation system of genetically modified, injectable spheroids was developed. ...

A New Ex Vivo Model for the Evaluation of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection Material Performance

Increasing the performance of submucosal injection materials (SIMs) is important for endoscopic therapy of early gastrointestinal cancer. It is essential to establish an ex vivo model that can evaluate SIM performance accurately, for developing high-performance SIMs. In our previous study, we developed a new ex vivo model that can be used to evaluate the performance of various SIMs in detail by applying constant tension to the specimen&#39;s ends. We also confirmed that the proposed new ex vivo model allows accurate submucosal elevation height (SEH) measurement under uniform conditions and detailed comparisons of the performances of various types of SIMs. Here, we describe the new ex vivo model and explain the detailed setup methodology of this model. Since all parts of the new model were easy to obtain, the setup of the new model could be completed quickly. SEH of various SIMs could be measured more accurately by using the new model. The critical factor that determines SIM performance can be identified using the new model. SIM development speed will drastically increase after the factor has been identified.

A New Ex Vivo Model for the Evaluation of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection Material Performance

We developed a new ex vivo model that applies constant tension to the porcine gastric specimen. This development made it possible to evaluate the performance (the height and duration of the submucosal elevation) of various SIMs accurately.&#160; The detailed setup methodology of this new model is explained.

Un nuovo modello Ex Vivo per la valutazione delle prestazioni del materiale di iniezione sottomucosa endoscopica

Increasing the performance of submucosal injection materials (SIMs) is important for endoscopic therapy of early gastrointestinal cancer. It is essential ...

Intra-cardiac Side-Firing Light Catheter for Monitoring Cellular Metabolism using Transmural Absorbance Spectroscopy of Perfused Mammalian Hearts

Absorbance spectroscopy of cardiac muscle provides non-destructive assessment of cytosolic and mitochondrial oxygenation via myoglobin and cytochrome absorbance respectively. In addition, numerous aspects of the mitochondrial metabolic status such as membrane potential and substrate entry can also be estimated. To perform cardiac wall transmission optical spectroscopy, a commercially available side-firing optical fiber catheter is placed in the left ventricle of the isolated perfused heart as a light source. Light passing through the heart wall is collected with an external optical fiber to perform optical spectroscopy of the heart in near real- time. The transmission approach avoids numerous surface scattering interference occurring in widely used reflection approaches. Changes in transmural absorbance spectra were deconvolved using a library of chromophore reference spectra, providing quantitative measures of all the known cardiac chromophores simultaneously. This spectral deconvolution approach eliminated intrinsic errors that may result from using common dual wavelength methods applied to overlapping absorbance spectra, as well as provided a quantitative evaluation of the goodness of fit. A custom program was designed for data acquisition and analysis, which permitted the investigator to monitor the metabolic state of the preparation during the experiment. These relatively simple additions to the standard heart perfusion system provide a unique insight into the metabolic state of the heart wall in addition to conventional measures of contraction, perfusion, and substrate/oxygen extraction.

Here we introduce a method for using an intra-ventricle optical catheter in perfused hearts to perform absorbance spectroscopy across the heart wall. The data obtained provides robust information on tissue oxygen tension as well as substrate utilization and membrane potential simultaneously with cardiac performance measures in this ubiquitous preparation.

Catetere leggero intra-cardiaco per il monitoraggio del metabolismo cellulare utilizzando la spettroscopia transmurale di riambente di cuori mammiferi perfusi

Absorbance spectroscopy of cardiac muscle provides non-destructive assessment of cytosolic and mitochondrial oxygenation via myoglobin and cytochrome ...

Blood Flow Imaging with Ultrafast Doppler

The pulsed-Doppler effect is the main technique used in clinical echography to assess blood flow. Applied with conventional focused ultrasound Doppler modes, it has several limits. Firstly, a finely tuned signal filtering operation is needed to distinguish blood flows from surrounding moving tissues. Secondly, the operator must choose between localizing the blood flows or quantifying them. In the last two decades, ultrasound imaging has undergone a paradigm shift with the emergence of ultrafast ultrasound using unfocused waves. In addition to a hundredfold increase in framerate (up to 10000 Hz), this new technique also breaks the conventional quantification/localization trade-off, offering a complete blood flow mapping of the field of view and a simultaneous access to fine velocities measurements at the single-pixel level (down to 50 &#181;m). This data continuity in both spatial and temporal dimensions strongly improves the tissue/blood filtering process, which results in an increase sensitivity to small blood flow velocities (down to 1 mm/s). In this method paper, we aim to introduce the concept of ultrafast Doppler as well as its main parameters. Firstly, we summarize the physical principles of unfocused wave imaging. Then, we present the Doppler signal processing main steps. Particularly, we explain the practical implementation of the critical tissue/blood flow separation algorithms and on the extraction of velocities from these filtered data. This theoretical description is supplemented by in vitro experiences. A tissue phantom embedding a canal with flowing blood-mimicking fluid is imaged with a research programmable ultrasound system. A blood flow image is obtained and the flow characteristics are displayed for several pixels in the canal. Finally, a review of in vivo applications is proposed, showing examples in several organs such as carotids, kidney, thyroid, brain and heart.

This protocol shows how to apply ultrafast ultrasound Doppler imaging to quantify blood flows. After a 1 s long acquisition, the experimenter has access to a movie of the full field of view with axial velocity values for each pixel every &#8776;0.3 ms (depending on the ultrasound time of flight).

Imaging del flusso sanguigno con Doppler ultraveloce

The pulsed-Doppler effect is the main technique used in clinical echography to assess blood flow. Applied with conventional focused ultrasound Doppler ...

&quot;Avatar&quot;- Optimized Ex Vivo Work Loop Experiment to Emulate In Vivo Muscle Force

"Avatar", a Modified Ex vivo Work Loop Experiments Using In vivo Strain and Activation

Movement behaviors are emergent features of dynamic systems that result from muscle force production and work output. The interplay between neural and mechanical systems occurs at all levels of biological organization concurrently, from the tuning of leg muscle properties while running to the dynamics of the limbs interacting with the ground. Understanding the conditions under which animals shift their neural control strategies toward intrinsic muscle mechanics (&#39;preflexes&#39;) in the control hierarchy would allow muscle models to predict in vivo muscle force and work more accurately. To understand in vivo muscle mechanics, ex vivo investigation of muscle force and work under dynamically varying strain and loading conditions similar to in vivo locomotion is required. In vivo strain trajectories typically exhibit abrupt changes (i.e., strain and velocity transients) that arise from interactions among neural activation, musculoskeletal kinematics, and loads applied by the environment. The principal goal of our &#34;avatar&#34; technique is to investigate how muscles function during abrupt changes in strain rate and loading when the contribution of intrinsic mechanical properties to muscle force production may be highest. In the &#34;avatar&#34; technique, the traditional work-loop approach is modified using measured in vivo strain trajectories and electromyographic (EMG) signals from animals during dynamic movements to drive ex vivo muscles through multiple stretch-shortening cycles. This approach is similar to the work-loop technique, except that in vivo strain trajectories are scaled appropriately and imposed on ex vivo mouse muscles attached to a servo motor. This technique allows one to: (1) emulate in vivo strain, activation, stride frequency, and work-loop patterns; (2) vary these patterns to match in vivo force responses most accurately; and (3) vary specific features of strain and/or activation in controlled combinations to test mechanistic hypotheses.

Author Spotlight: Bridging the Gap Between In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies with the &quot;Avatar&quot; Technique to Advance Muscle Mechanics Research 

This article details the methodology for emulating in vivo muscle force production during ex vivo work loop experiments using an "avatar" muscle from a laboratory rodent to assess the contributions of strain transients and activation to the muscle force response.

Movement behaviors are emergent features of dynamic systems that result from muscle force production and work output. The interplay between neural and ...

Preparation of Cardiomyocytes and Setting-Up the Apparatus for the Slow Injection Method

Prepare the 10%gelatin stock solution by weighing and dissolving the gelatin in the ADS buffer, and autoclaving the solution. Rewarm the 10%gelatin stock at 37 degrees Celsius, until it becomes liquid. Then dilute the gelatin stock, using a prewarmed ADS buffer, to obtain the final injectable 5%gelatin solution.Suspend 96 cardiomyocyte balls in 100 microliters of prewarmed injection solution. Load the cardiomyocyte ball suspension into the cell injection syringe without aspirating the excess air. Next, hold the syringe vertically, with the needle facing upward, and tap the syringe to collect the bubbles at the upper ridge of the syringe.Also, observe the cardiomyocyte balls gradually settling onto the rubber seal of the plunger. Maintain the vertical position of the syringe, and slowly push the plunger to discard the bubbles and excess cell suspension solution, until 20 microliters of the cell suspension remain in the syringe, and the cardiomyocyte ball remains resting on the rubber seal of the plunger. Once done, immerse the capped syringe in an ice bath for five minutes, and fix the injection syringe apparatus on the animal stage before activating the main syringe pump during percutaneous cell transplantation in an anesthetized rat.

Preparazione dei cardiomiociti e messa a punto dell'apparecchio per il metodo dell'iniezione lenta

Analisi di modelli di barriera emato-encefalica mediante colorazione in immunofluorescenza

Use of the MicroSiM (&#181;SiM) Barrier Tissue Platform for Modeling the Blood-Brain Barrier

The microSiM (&#181;SiM) is a membrane-based culture platform for modeling the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Unlike conventional membrane-based platforms, the&#160;&#181;SiM provides experimentalists with new capabilities, including live cell imaging, unhindered paracrine signaling between &#39;blood&#39; and &#39;brain&#39; chambers, and the ability to directly image immunofluorescence without the need for the extraction/remounting of membranes. Here we demonstrate the basic use of the platform to establish monoculture (endothelial cells) and co-culture (endothelial cells and pericytes) models of the BBB using ultrathin nanoporous silicon-nitride membranes. We demonstrate compatibility with both primary cell cultures and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) cultures. We provide methods for qualitative analysis of BBB models via immunofluorescence staining and demonstrate the use of the &#181;SiM for the quantitative assessment of barrier function in a small molecule permeability assay. The methods provided should enable users to establish their barrier models on the platform, advancing the use of tissue chip technology for studying human tissues.

Autore in primo piano: Promuovere l'uso della tecnologia dei chip tissutali per lo studio dei tessuti umani 

This report provides protocols for assembly, cell culture, and assays on the &#181;SiM platform for the construction of blood-brain barrier models.

Utilizzo della piattaforma tissutale barriera MicroSiM (μSiM) per la modellazione della barriera emato-encefalica

The microSiM (&#181;SiM) is a membrane-based culture platform for modeling the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Unlike conventional membrane-based platforms, ...