We thank members of the Mariani lab for critical reading of the manuscript. Our funding sources were: the Baxter Medical Scholar Research Fellowship (to M.K.S.), USC undergraduate fellowships and the Provost, Dean Joan M. Schaeffer, and Rose Hills Fellowships, (to M.K.S.). We also acknowledge a CIRM BRIDGES fellowship through Pasadena City College (to T.T.T). and the James H. Zumberge Research and Innovation Fund, the USC Regenerative Medicine Initiative, and the NIAMS NIH under Award Number R21AR064462 (to F.V.M).

NOTA: Tutte le procedure sono in accordo con un protocollo animali approvato dalla cura e l&#39;uso degli animali Comitato Istituzionale (IACUC) presso la University of Southern California. 1. Preparazione per la chirurgia <ol><li> Lay out gli strumenti e le forniture chirurgici necessari (sterilizzato, articoli 1-18 nella lista dei materiali) e di organizzare un microscopio da dissezione e una fibra ottica trans-illuminatore in un cappuccio o su un tavolo downdraft. </li><li> Posizionare un mouse sessualmente matura (20 - 30 g, 1 - 3 mesi) di una camera di induzione con 4% isoflurano per indurre l&#39;anestesia. </li><li> Confermare anestesia con una zampa e / o test di coda pizzico. </li><li> Applicare una pomata per gli occhi del topo per evitare secchezza oculare durante l&#39;intervento chirurgico. </li><li> Spostare il mouse alla fase microscopio. Posizionare il mouse nel naso cono del tubo manutenzione e posizionare lateralmente. Fornire un sacchetto riscaldamento adiacente all&#39;animale per aiutare a mantenere la temperatura corporea. NONE:. Posizione del mouse è dipendente da preferenze personali e / o manualità del chirurgo, lato a destra oa sinistra va bene. </li><li> Regolare isoflurano al 2 - 3% per la manutenzione, e guardare la frequenza respiratoria. </li><li> Iniettare buprenorfina (0,05 mg / kg) per via sottocutanea (fianco laterale della gamba) per dolore post-operatorio con un ago 25 G. La gamba può contrarsi, che è una risposta normale. </li></ol> Incisione 2. Apertura <ol><li> Rileva la costola voluta da palpazione, e ripulire l&#39;area di capelli con un rasoio. NOTA: Ribs 8-10 sono raccomandati dal costole 1-7 sono più vicini ai polmoni e 11-13 sono notevolmente più brevi. Contando le costole dovrebbe iniziare con la costola più rostrale come numero 1. </li><li> Preparare la zona con alternanza iodopovidone e isopropanolo (70%) tampone (3x è spesso raccomandato dai protocolli di utilizzo degli animali). </li><li> Tagliare un&#39;incisione di 2 cm attraverso la pelle, direttamente sopra e parallela alla costola desiderata con le forbici microchirurgia medie dimensioni. Incise attraverso gli strati muscolari e adipose sottostanti. </li><li> Mettere tutti 3 strati (pelle, muscoli, grasso) in un riavvolgitore per esporre l&#39;area chirurgica, riducendo al minimo la dimensione della incisione. </li></ol> 3. ablazione del Rib <ol><li> Tagliare i muscoli intercostali sovrastanti la sezione desiderata della costola con un bisturi 5,0 millimetri. Posizione questa incisione attorno a 5 mm prossimale al giunto chondrocostal come questo è dove la costola non è così altamente curvo. Separare con cura il muscolo dall&#39;osso con una pinza a punta fine. </li><li> Per creare una resezione mantenendo periostio nell&#39;animale, tagliare il periostio, lungo la lunghezza della nervatura con un bisturi 5,0 millimetri. Separare con cura il periostio dall&#39;osso sottostante lateralmente con una pinza a punta fine. Procedere con cautela, come periostio è molto delicata e ha una consistenza gelatinosa. </li><li> Successivo fare una sezione trasversale attraverso l&#39;osso ad una estremità con sottili micro-forbici. Se necessario, misurare la resezione conun reticolo nel microscopio o un manometro tipo righello. Quindi sollevare con attenzione l&#39;osso dal periostio e tagliare l&#39;altra estremità. NOTA: Procedere con cautela. Questo è il passo più delicato, come tirare senza asportare la costola di seguito si strappare la membrana pleurica e il risultato in un pneumotorace. Se la membrana pleurica è strappata questo sarà immediatamente evidente come l&#39;interno della cavità toracica diventa visibile. </li><li> Se l&#39;emorragia si verifica come risultato di taglio dell&#39;osso, applicare pressione alla fine del taglio con un panno di cotone per 4 - 5 sec per fermare l&#39;emorragia. NOTA: Nelle rare occasioni che il sanguinamento continua, può essere necessario per fermare e eutanasia dell&#39;animale come significativa perdita di sangue comprometterà recupero (senza sostituzione di liquidi, il volume massimo di sangue che può essere tranquillamente essere perso è del 10% del volume totale del sangue 7,7 -. 8 microlitri / g Per 25 g del mouse, questo è equivalente a circa 180-200 microlitri 9). </li><li> Porre immediatamente la nervatura rimosso in4% PFA per le analisi future. NOTA: Se la resezione sia l&#39;osso e periostio deve essere effettuata, omettere l&#39;incisione periostio e la separazione (passo 3.2). Dal momento che il periostio è molto strettamente attaccato alla membrana pleurica procedere con cautela, prendere in giro la costola di distanza dalla membrana pleurica con una pinza per evitare strappi. </li></ol> 4. Chiusura della incisione <ol><li> Suturare la muscoli intercostali sopra la parte superiore del manicotto periostio restante con 9-0 suture (2 suture sono generalmente sufficienti). Posizionare i punti di sutura direttamente sopra le estremità tagliate della costola, di agire come indicatori per posizione chirurgia. </li><li> Rimuovere il divaricatore. Suturare il muscolo sovrastante e grasso con 9-0 punti di sutura (3 - 4 punti di sutura sono generalmente sufficienti). In topi con particolarmente spessi strati muscolari e / o grasso, suturare ogni strato separatamente (ad esempio, 1 strato di suture per lo strato muscolare e 1 strato di suture per lo strato grasso). </li><li> Chiudere ilpelle con 7-0 punti di sutura (4 - 5 punti di sutura sono generalmente sufficienti). </li><li> Fissare l&#39;incisione con la colla sutura, pizzicando i bordi con le grandi pinze. </li><li> Lentamente svezzare il mouse fuori isoflurano per primo adeguamento al 1% per alcuni minuti e poi si spegne. </li><li> Posizionare il mouse sotto una lampada di calore e lasciare fino coscienza è recuperato, 5 - 10 min. Dopo la coscienza è riconquistato e per tutto il periodo di guarigione, il mouse dovrebbe muoversi e deambulare normalmente e non mostrano segni di sofferenza. </li></ol> 5. Recupero e analisi <ol><li> Fornire la gestione del dolore post-operatorio compresa la somministrazione di buprenorfina in forma di gelatina orale a 0,5 mg / kg ogni 12 ore per 48 ore. La somministrazione orale non richiede immobilizzare l&#39;animale che potrebbe causare dolore alla regione toracica. </li><li> Mantenere il mouse in una gabbia con libero accesso a cibo e acqua durante il periodo di guarigione. Dopo l&#39;incisione è asciutto, le femmine possono essere co-ospitati durante maschios deve restare isolato per evitare lotte. </li><li> Dopo il periodo di guarigione, seguire la procedura approvata per l&#39;eutanasia. Rimuovere la gabbia toracica per la fissazione e l&#39;analisi. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Philip, S. J., Kumar, R. J., Menon, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+study+of+rib+regeneration+following+costectomy+in+adolescent+idiopathic+scoliosis.">Morphological study of rib regeneration following costectomy in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.</a> Eur Spine J. 14 (8), 772-776 (2005).</li><li>Munro, I. R., Guyuron, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Split-rib+cranioplasty.">Split-rib cranioplasty.</a> Ann Plast Surg. 7 (5), 341-346 (1981).</li><li>Taggard, D. A., Menezes, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Successful+use+of+rib+grafts+for+cranioplasty+in+children.+Pediatric+neurosurgery.">Successful use of rib grafts for cranioplasty in children. Pediatric neurosurgery.</a> 34 (3), 149-155 (2001).</li><li>Head, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+Regeneration+fo+the+Ribs:+A+problem+in+thoracic+surgery.">Prevention of Regeneration fo the Ribs: A problem in thoracic surgery.</a> Archives of Surgery. 14 (6), 1215-1221 (1927).</li><li>Kawanabe, Y., Nagata, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+of+costal+cartilage+harvest+for+total+auricular+reconstruction:+part+I.+Avoidance+and+prevention+of+intraoperative+and+postoperative+complications+and+problems.">A new method of costal cartilage harvest for total auricular reconstruction: part I. Avoidance and prevention of intraoperative and postoperative complications and problems.</a> Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 117 (6), 2011-2018 (2006).</li><li>Cheung, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+externally+fixed+femoral+fracture+model+for+mice.">An externally fixed femoral fracture model for mice.</a> Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 21 (4), 685-690 (2003).</li><li>Matthys, R., Perren, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Internal+fixator+for+use+in+the+mouse.">Internal fixator for use in the mouse.</a> Injury. 40, S103-S109 (2009).</li><li>Cooper, G. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+the+critical+size+in+calvarial+bone+defects:+revisiting+the+concept+of+a+critical-size+defect.">Testing the critical size in calvarial bone defects: revisiting the concept of a critical-size defect.</a> Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 125 (6), 1685-1692 (2010).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ask+the+Vet.">Ask the Vet.</a> JAX NOTES. 499, (2005).</li><li>Flecknell, P. A., Roughan, J. V., Stewart, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+oral+buprenorphine+('buprenorphine+jello')+for+postoperative+analgesia+in+rats--a+clinical+trial.">Use of oral buprenorphine ('buprenorphine jello') for postoperative analgesia in rats--a clinical trial.</a> Laboratory animals. 33 (2), 169-174 (1999).</li><li>Rigueur, D., Lyons, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-mount+skeletal+staining.">Whole-mount skeletal staining.</a> Methods in molecular biology. 1130, 113-121 (2014).</li><li>Evans, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+somitic+cells+to+the+avian+ribs.">Contribution of somitic cells to the avian ribs.</a> Developmental biology. 256 (1), 114-126 (2003).</li><li>Colnot, C., Thompson, Z., Miclau, T., Werb, Z., Helms, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+fracture+repair+in+the+absence+of+MMP9.">Altered fracture repair in the absence of MMP9.</a> Development. 130 (17), 4123-4133 (2003).</li><li>Lu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+basis+for+age-related+changes+in+fracture+repair.">Cellular basis for age-related changes in fracture repair.</a> Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 23 (6), 1300-1307 (2005).</li><li>Zilberman, Y., Gafni, Y., Pelled, G., Gazit, Z., Gazit, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescent+imaging+in+bone.">Bioluminescent imaging in bone.</a> Methods in molecular biology. 455, 261-272 (2008).</li><li>Pelled, G., Gazit, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+using+osteocalcin-luciferase.">Imaging using osteocalcin-luciferase.</a> Journal of musculoskeletal. 4 (4), 362-363 (2004).</li><li>Elefteriou, F., Yang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+mouse+models+for+bone+studies--strengths+and+limitations.">Genetic mouse models for bone studies--strengths and limitations.</a> Bone. 49 (6), 1242-1254 (2011).</li><li>Srour, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+large-scale+regeneration+of+rib+cartilage+in+a+mouse.">Natural large-scale regeneration of rib cartilage in a mouse.</a> J. Bone Miner. , (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

La prima volta che l&#39;apprendimento di questo protocollo, determinando dove localizzare l&#39;incisione iniziale può essere impegnativo. Tuttavia, la pratica sui topi eutanasia aiuta il chirurgo imparare dove posizionare l&#39;incisione iniziale ed esporre la costola desiderato da asportato. Lavorare su cadaveri migliora anche le capacità fine-motorie necessarie per rimuovere la parte toracica, con o senza il periostio. Inoltre, qualcuno di nuovo a questa procedura potrebbe trovare manipolare le belle strumenti e s...

Debilitante lesioni scheletriche, osteoartrite cronica, ei gravi problemi connessi con la chirurgia ricostruttiva impatto produttività economica, benessere familiare, e la qualità della vita. Mentre piccole pause e le lesioni possono guarire abbastanza bene, gli esseri umani non sono in grado di riparare grandi difetti e quindi deve fare affidamento su procedure ricostruttive per ripristinare la struttura e la funzione. La ricostruzione può comportare innesti allogenici o heterogeneic, osso morcellized, ponteggi impiantati, o distrazione osteogenesi. Sfortunatamente, non solo vi sono fattori di morbilità persistenti associati a questi trattamenti, ma la forza originaria dell&#39;osso riparato è raramente raggiunto. Pertanto, sono necessari nuovi approcci clinici. Senso unico per sviluppare metodi innovativi per il trattamento di difetti segmentali è quello di studiare le situazioni in cui la riparazione su larga scala avviene naturalmente. Anfibi notoriamente in grado di rigenerare gli elementi scheletrici, mentre i mammiferi sono considerate limitate in thè la capacità. Tuttavia, dal momento che la prima parte del 20 ° secolo, alcuni rapporti di rigenerazione della costola umana sono stati pubblicati suggerisce che gli esseri umani non possono essere limitati così 1-4. Attualmente questo fenomeno è meglio conosciuto da chirurghi plastici che usano materiale costola per mascella, viso e orecchio ricostruzione, ma non è più ampiamente apprezzato 5. Per studiare questa riparazione più in dettaglio, abbiamo sviluppato un modello chirurgica utilizzando il mouse. Usando questo protocollo, i ricercatori possono individuare i fattori innati coinvolti e utilizzare queste informazioni per facilitare la guarigione scheletrico in altri luoghi. Ci sono molti vantaggi di utilizzare le costole come modello per lo studio di riparazione scheletrica. Innanzitutto, le nervature circostanti offrono un fissatore naturale (rispetto alla resezione del femore 6,7). Questo riduce il rischio di morbilità fissatori interni ed esterni e semplifica la procedura chirurgica. In secondo luogo, gli strati muscolari sottili degli wa pettoll fornire un facile accesso e una visibilità eccellente che fanno il test paragonabile alla comodità di resezioni cranica 8. In terzo luogo, in contrasto con la Calvariae che costituiscono da ossificazione intramembranosa, forma nervature da encondrale e crescere in lunghezza tramite allungamento a placche di crescita situati alle due estremità di un diafisi centrale. Pertanto, la riparazione delle costole può essere più paragonabile a riparazione delle ossa lunghe dello scheletro appendicolare. Inoltre, abbiamo trovato che rispetto al femore, il periostio della nervatura è più spessa e può essere più facilmente manipolato. Così, gli investigatori che vogliono saggiare riparazione ossea al fine di studiare il periostio o testare terapie cellulari, gli agenti farmacologici e / o impalcature tissutali potrebbero trovare questo modello chirurgica utile. In sintesi, questo modello di resezione costola fornisce un contesto all&#39;interno del quale studiare la riparazione ossea larga scala naturale nei mammiferi in quanto tale modello in uso generale attualmente esistente.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="896">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">Medium sized micro-dissection scissors (Vannas-T&#252;bingen Spring Scissors 5 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15003-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Fine micro-dissection scissors (Vannas Spring Scissors - 2mm Cutting Edge)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">15000-04</td>
			<td>curved tip is beneficial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Micro-scalpel 5.0 mm</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10315-12</td>
			<td>other fine scalpels can be substituted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Dumont 55 forceps</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">11295-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Retractor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>17004-05</td>
			<td>adjustability is convenient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Micro-needle holders</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">12060-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">9.0 nylon sutures (Ethilon), taper point best</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td>2819G or similar</td>
			<td>taper point best but reverse cutting is also good</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">7.0 prolene sutures (Prolene)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td>8700H or similar</td>
			<td>6-0 can be used too, needle point can vary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Large forceps (Adson Forceps)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">11006-12</td>
			<td>other brands are fine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Lubricant Eye Ointment (Akwa Tears)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Akorn</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">17478-062-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Suture glue (GLUture Topical Tissue Adhesive)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Abbot</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">32046-01</td>
			<td>has excellent working time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Shaver</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Wahl</td>
			<td>9918-6171 or similar</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Clamp lamp</td>
			<td>Zoo Med</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">LF-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Infrared Bulb, 75W</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Zoo Med</td>
			<td>RS-75</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:275px;">RC2 Rodent Anesthesia System</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">VetEquip&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">922100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">IsoFlo (Isoflurane)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Abbot</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">05260-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Buprenorphine (Buprenex)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Reckitt Benckiser</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">12496-0757-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Betadine</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Purdue Frederick</td>
			<td>67618015017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Flavored Gelatin, raspberry</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Jell-O</td>
			<td>B000E1FYL0</td>
			<td>made up firm, to the consistency of &#39;jigglers&#39;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a surgical procedure for resecting the mouse rib: a model for large-scale long bone repair

Questo protocollo introduce ricercatori di un nuovo modello di grande riparazione ossea utilizzando la costola del mouse. Dettagli La procedura seguente: preparazione del animale per la chirurgia, aprendo la parete del corpo toracica, esponendo la nervatura desiderato dai muscoli intercostali circostanti, asportare la sezione desiderata della costola senza indurre un pneumotorace, e chiudendo le incisioni. Rispetto alle ossa dello scheletro appendicolare, le nervature sono altamente accessibile. Inoltre, nessun fissatore interno o esterno è necessario in quanto le nervature adiacenti forniscono una fissazione naturale. L&#39;intervento utilizza commercialmente scorte disponibili, è semplice da imparare, e ben tollerato dall&#39;animale. La procedura può essere eseguita con o senza rimuovere il periostio circostante, e quindi il contributo del periostio di riparazione può essere valutata. I risultati indicano che se il periostio viene mantenuta, riparazione robusto si verifica in 1 - 2 mesi. Ci aspettiamo che l&#39;uso di questo protocollo saràstimolare la ricerca in riparazione costola e che i risultati faciliteranno lo sviluppo di nuovi modi per stimolare la riparazione ossea in altre località in tutto il corpo.

Animali tipicamente recuperare rapidamente da questa procedura, l&#39;incisione guarisce bene, e gli animali mostrano un comportamento normale. La procedura utilizza materiali di consumo disponibili sul mercato e dopo la pratica, può essere completato in meno di 1 ora. Prima di utilizzare questa procedura per generare dati sperimentali, è importante analizzare resezione al punto di tempo di giorno 0 per determinare se eventuali grandi frammenti ossei potrebbero rimanere all&#39;interno della zona di resezione. Un modo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair at JoVE.com

A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair

The overall goal of this procedure is to successfully resect a portion of bone from the rib of a mouse. The procedure was developed as a model to study large-scale long bone repair.

Una procedura chirurgica per la resezione Rib Mouse: Un modello per le grandi ossa lunghe Repair

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation ...

a-surgical-procedure-for-resecting-mouse-rib-model-for-large-scale

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.0K Views.  Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California. The overall goal of this procedure is to successfully resect a portion of bone from the rib of a mouse. The procedure was developed as a model to study large-scale long bone repair.

Video: A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair

A Novel Surgical Approach for Intratracheal Administration of Bioactive Agents in a Fetal Mouse Model

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Apart from congenital or inherited abnormalities with the requirement for long-term expression of the delivered gene, several non-inherited perinatal conditions, where short-term gene expression or pharmacological intervention is sufficient to achieve therapeutic effects, are considered as potential future indications for this kind of approach. Candidate diseases for the application of short-term prenatal therapy could be the transient neonatal deficiency of surfactant protein B causing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome1,2 or hyperoxic injuries of the neonatal lung3. Candidate diseases for permanent therapeutic correction are Cystic Fibrosis (CF)4, genetic variants of surfactant deficiencies5 and &alpha;1-antitrypsin deficiency6.
Generally, an important advantage of prenatal gene therapy is the ability to start therapeutic intervention early in development, at or even prior to clinical manifestations in the patient, thus preventing irreparable damage to the individual. In addition, fetal organs have an increased cell proliferation rate as compared to adult organs, which could allow a more efficient gene or stem cell transfer into the fetus. Furthermore, in utero gene delivery is performed when the individual's immune system is not completely mature. Therefore, transplantation of heterologous cells or supplementation of a non-functional or absent protein with a correct version should not cause immune sensitization to the cell, vector or transgene product, which has recently been proven to be the case with both cellular and genetic therapies7.
In the present study, we investigated the potential to directly target the fetal trachea in a mouse model. This procedure is in use in larger animal models such as rabbits and sheep8, and even in a clinical setting9, but has to date not been performed before in a mouse model. When studying the potential of fetal gene therapy for genetic diseases such as CF, the mouse model is very useful as a first proof-of-concept because of the wide availability of different transgenic mouse strains, the well documented embryogenesis and fetal development, less stringent ethical regulations, short gestation and the large litter size.
Different access routes have been described to target the fetal rodent lung, including intra-amniotic injection10-12, (ultrasound-guided) intrapulmonary injection13,14 and intravenous administration into the yolk sac vessels15,16 or umbilical vein17. Our novel surgical procedure enables researchers to inject the agent of choice directly into the fetal mouse trachea which allows for a more efficient delivery to the airways than existing techniques18.

We developed a novel surgical approach for intratracheal administration of bioactive agents into the mouse fetus. The delivery route is more efficient in targeting the fetal mouse lungs than the commonly used intra-amniotic injection. This procedure has to date not been described in a mouse model.

Un nuovo approccio chirurgico per somministrazione endotracheale di agenti bioattivi in ​​un modello murino fetale

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Surgical Technique for Spinal Cord Delivery of Therapies: Demonstration of Procedure in Gottingen Minipigs

This is a compact visual description of a combination of surgical technique and device for the delivery of (gene and cell) therapies into the spinal cord. While the technique is demonstrated in the animal, the procedure is FDA-approved and currently being used for stem cell transplantation into the spinal cords of patients with ALS. While the FDA has recognized proof-of-principle data on therapeutic efficacy in highly characterized rodent models, the use of large animals is considered critical for validating the combination of a surgical procedure, a device, and the safety of a final therapy for human use. The size, anatomy, and general vulnerability of the spine and spinal cord of the swine are recognized to better model the human. Moreover, the surgical process of exposing and manipulating the spinal cord as well as closing the wound in the pig is virtually indistinguishable from the human. We believe that the healthy pig model represents a critical first step in the study of procedural safety.

Short visual description of the surgical technique and device used for the delivery of (gene and cell) therapies into the spinal cord. The technique is demonstrated in the animal but is entirely translatable and currently being used for human application.

Tecnica chirurgica per la consegna del midollo spinale per le terapie: Dimostrazione di procedura a Gottinga nel maialino

This is a  compact visual description of a combination of surgical technique and device  for the  delivery of (gene and cell) therapies into the spinal ...

A Mouse Fetal Skin Model of Scarless Wound Repair

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs across species but is age dependent. The transition from a scarless to scarring phenotype occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy in humans and around embryonic day 18 (E18) in mice. However, this varies with the size of the wound with larger defects generating a scar at an earlier gestational age. The emergence of lineage tracing and other genetic tools in the mouse has opened promising new avenues for investigation of fetal scarless wound healing. However, given the inherently high rates of morbidity and premature uterine contraction associated with fetal surgery, investigations of fetal scarless wound healing in vivo require a precise and reproducible surgical model. Here we detail a reliable model of fetal scarless wound healing in the dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

During mammalian development, early gestational skin wounds heal without a scar. Here we detail a reliable and reproducible model of fetal scarless wound healing in the cutaneous dorsum of E16.5 (scarless) and E18.5 (scarring) mouse embryos.

Un Mouse fetale Modello Skin of Wound Repair scarless

Early in utero, but not in postnatal life, cutaneous wounds undergo regeneration and heal without formation of a scar. Scarless fetal wound healing occurs ...

The Mouse Round-window Approach for Ototoxic Agent Delivery: A Rapid and Reliable Technique for Inducing Cochlear Cell Degeneration

Investigators have utilized a wide array of animal models and investigative techniques to study the mammalian auditory system. Much of the basic research involving the cochlea and its associated neural pathways entails exposure of model cochleae to a variety of ototoxic agents. This allows investigators to study the effects of targeted damage to cochlear structures, and in some cases, the self-repair or regeneration of those structures. Various techniques exist for delivery of ototoxic agents to the cochlea. When selecting a particular technique, investigators must consider a number of factors, including the induction of inadvertent systemic toxicity, the amount of cochlear damage produced by the surgical procedure itself, the type of lesion desired, animal survivability, and reproducibility/reliability of results. Currently established techniques include parenteral injection, intra-peritoneal injection, trans-tympanic injection, endolymphatic sac injection, and cochleostomy with perilymphatic perfusion. Each of these methods has been successfully utilized and is well described in the literature; yet, each has various shortcomings. Here, we present a technique for topical application of ototoxic agents directly to the round window niche. This technique is non-invasive to inner ear structures, produces rapid onset of reliably targeted lesions, avoids systemic toxicity, and allows for an intra-animal control (the contra-lateral ear). Results stemming from this approach have helped deeper understanding of auditory pathophysiology, cochlear cell degeneration, and regenerative capacity in response to an acute injury. Future investigations may use this method to conduct interventional studies involving gene therapy and stem cell transplantation to combat hearing loss.

Various methods exist for introducing ototoxic agents to the cochleae of animal models. Presented is a surgical protocol for delivery of ototoxic agents to the round window niche. The procedure is reliable, creates targeted intra-cochlear lesions, and avoids mechanical damage to the microarchitecture. Examination of cochlear self-repair/regeneration is possible.

L&#39;approccio del mouse Round-finestra per ototossico Delivery Agent: Una rapida e tecnica affidabile per indurre la degenerazione delle cellule Cochlear

Investigators have utilized a wide array of animal models and investigative techniques to study the mammalian auditory system. Much of the basic research ...

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the exact pathophysiology remains unknown. In order to unravel the pathophysiology a murine model of AVF-failure was developed in which the configuration of the anastomosis resembles the preferred situation in the clinical setting. A model was described in which an AVF is created by connecting the venous end of the branch of the external jugular vein to the side of the common carotid artery using interrupted sutures. At a histological level, we observed progressive stenotic intimal lesions in the venous outflow tract that is also seen in failed human AVFs. Although this procedure can be technically challenging due to the small dimensions of the animal, we were able to achieve a surgical success rate of 97% after sufficient training. The key advantage of a murine model is the availability of transgenic animals. In view of the different proposed mechanisms that are responsible for AVF failure, disabling genes that might play a role in vascular remodeling can help us to unravel the complex pathophysiology of AVF failure.

Here we present a murine model of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure in which a clinically relevant anastomotic configuration is incorporated. This model can be used to study the pathophysiology and to test possible therapeutic interventions.

A Novel Modello murino di fistola artero-venosa Fallimento: la procedura chirurgica in dettaglio

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the ...

Surgical Angiogenesis in Porcine Tibial Allotransplantation: A New Large Animal Bone Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Model

Segmental bone loss resulting from trauma, infection malignancy and congenital anomaly remains a major reconstructive challenge. Current therapeutic options have significant risk of failure and substantial morbidity.
Use of bone vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) would offer both a close match of resected bone size and shape and the healing and remodeling potential of living bone. At present, life-long drug immunosuppression (IS) is required. Organ toxicity, opportunistic infection and neoplasm risks are of concern to treat such non-lethal indications.
We have previously demonstrated that bone and joint VCA viability may be maintained in rats and rabbits without the need of long-term-immunosuppression by implantation of recipient derived vessels within the VCA. It generates an autogenous, neoangiogenic circulation with measurable flow and active bone remodeling, requiring only 2 weeks of IS. As small animals differ from man substantially in anatomy, bone physiology and immunology, we have developed a porcine bone VCA model to evaluate this technique before clinical application is undertaken. Miniature swine are currently widely used for allotransplantation research, given their immunologic, anatomic, physiologic and size similarities to man. Here, we describe a new porcine orthotopic tibial bone VCA model to test the role of autogenous surgical angiogenesis to maintain VCA viability.
The model reconstructs segmental tibial bone defects using size- and shape-matched allogeneic tibial bone segments, transplanted across a major swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) mismatch in Yucatan miniature swine. Nutrient vessel repair and implantation of recipient derived autogenous vessels into the medullary canal of allogeneic tibial bone segments is performed in combination with simultaneous short-term IS. This permits a neoangiogenic autogenous circulation to develop from the implanted tissue, maintaining flow through the allogeneic nutrient vessels for a short time. Once established, the new autogenous circulation maintains bone viability following cessation of drug therapy and subsequent nutrient vessel thrombosis.

Currently any kind of vascularized composite allotransplantation depends on long-term-immunosuppression, difficult to support for non-life-critical indications. We present a new porcine tibial VCA model that can be used to study bone VCA and demonstrate the use of surgical angiogenesis to maintain bone viability without the need of long-term immune-modulation.

Chirurgica dell'angiogenesi in porcina Allotransplantation Tibial: un nuovo grande osso animale vascolarizzato Allotransplantation composito modello

Segmental bone loss resulting from trauma, infection malignancy and congenital anomaly remains a major reconstructive challenge. Current therapeutic ...

Evaluating the Procedure for Performing Awake Cystometry in a Mouse Model

Awake filling cystometry has been used for a long time to evaluate bladder function in freely moving mice, however, the specific methods used, vary among laboratories. The goal of this study was to describe the microsurgical procedure used to implant an intravesical tube and the experimental technique for recording urinary bladder pressure in an awake, freely moving mouse. In addition, experimental data is presented to show how surgery, as well as tubing type and size, affect lower urinary tract function and recording sensitivity. The effect of tube diameter on pressure recording was assessed in both polyethylene and polyurethane tubing with different internal diameters. Subsequently, the best performing tube from both materials was surgically implanted into the dome of the urinary bladder of male C57BL/6 mice. Twelve-hour, overnight micturition frequency was recorded in healthy, intact animals and animals 2, 3, 5, and 7 days post-surgery. At harvest, bladders were assessed for signs of swelling using gross observation and were subsequently processed for pathological analysis. The greatest extent of bladder swelling was observed on day 2 and 3, which correlated with behavioral voiding data showing significantly impaired bladder function. By day 5, bladder histology and voiding frequency had normalized. Based on the literature and evidence provided by our studies, we propose the following steps for in vivo recording of intravesical pressure and voided volume in an awake mouse: 1) Perform the surgery using an operating microscope and microsurgical tools, 2) Use polyethylene-10 tubing to minimize movement artifacts, and 3) Perform cystometry on post-operative day 5, when bladder swelling resolves.

This study describes the surgical procedures and experimental techniques for performing awake cystometry in a freely moving mouse. In addition, it provides experimental evidence to support its optimization and standardization.

Valutazione della procedura per eseguire la cystometria sveglia in un modello di mouse

Awake filling cystometry has been used for a long time to evaluate bladder function in freely moving mice, however, the specific methods used, vary among ...

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Hearing research has long been facilitated by rodent models, although in some diseases, human symptoms cannot be recapitulated. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small, easy-to-handle New World monkey which has a similar anatomy of the temporal bone, including the middle ear ossicular chains and inner ear to humans, than in comparison with that of rodents. Here, we report a reproducible, safe, and rational surgical approach to the cochlear round window niche for the drug delivery to the inner ear of the common marmoset. We adopted posterior tympanotomy, a procedure used clinically in human surgery, to avoid manipulation of the tympanic membrane that may cause conductive hearing loss. This surgical procedure did not lead to any significant hearing loss. This approach was possible due to the large bulla structure of the common marmoset, although the lateral semicircular canal and vertical portion of the facial nerve should be carefully considered. This surgical method allows us to perform the safe and accurate administration of drugs without hearing loss, which is of great importance in obtaining pre-clinical proof of concept for translational research.

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

We report a surgical method to administrate drugs to the inner ear of a non-human primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), via the round window membrane.

Una procedura chirurgica per l'amministrazione delle droghe all'interno dell'orecchio in un Non umano primati comune uistitì (Callithrix jacchus)

Hearing research has long been facilitated by rodent models, although in some diseases, human symptoms cannot be recapitulated. The common marmoset ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Misurazione di contrattilità isometrica dell'arteria mesenterica Mouse con filo Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, primarily in the hip and knee joints, which results in significant impacts on patient mobility and quality of life. To date, there are no existing curative therapies for OA able to slow down or inhibit cartilage degeneration. Presently, there is an extensive body of ongoing research to understand OA pathology and discover novel therapeutic approaches or agents that can efficiently slow down, stop, or even reverse OA. Thus, it is crucial to have a quantitative and reproducible approach to accurately evaluate OA-associated pathological changes in the joint cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone. Currently, OA severity and progression are primarily assessed using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) or Mankin scoring systems. In spite of the importance of these scoring systems, they are semiquantitative and can be influenced by user subjectivity. More importantly, they fail to accurately evaluate subtle, yet important, changes in the cartilage during the early disease states or early treatment phases. The protocol we describe here uses a computerized and semiautomated histomorphometric software system to establish a standardized, rigorous, and reproducible quantitative methodology for the evaluation of joint changes in OA. This protocol presents a powerful addition to the existing systems and allows for more efficient detection of pathological changes in the joint.

The current protocol establishes a rigorous and reproducible method for quantification of morphological joint changes that accompany osteoarthritis. Application of this protocol can be valuable in monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic interventions in osteoarthritis.

Valutazione istomormetrica standardizzata dell'osteoartrite in un modello di topo chirurgico

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, ...