We thank Miltenyi Biotec, Germany for providing reagents and CliniMACS Prodigy equipment for evaluation studies. We thank George T. McNamara (Pediatric department, MD Anderson Cancer Center) for proof reading the manuscript. Grant support: Cancer Center Core Grant (CA16672); RO1 (CA124782, CA120956, CA141303; CA141303); R33 (CA116127); P01 (CA148600); Burroughs Wellcome Fund; Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas; CLL Global Research Foundation; Estate of Noelan L. Bibler; Gillson Longenbaugh Foundation; Harry T. Mangurian, Jr., Fund for Leukemia Immunotherapy; Institute of Personalized Cancer Therapy; Leukemia and Lymphoma Society; Lymphoma Research Foundation; MDACC&#8217;s Sister Institution Network Fund; Miller Foundation; Mr. Herb Simons; Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Scales; Mr. Thomas Scott; National Foundation for Cancer Research; Pediatric Cancer Research Foundation; William Lawrence and Blanche Hughes Children's Foundation.

1. Preparazione dei materiali in condizioni sterili (vedi Materiali e attrezzature Table) <ol><li> Preparare 3 L di tampone PBS / EDTA supplementato con albumina sierica umana (HSA) a una concentrazione finale di 0,5% (w / v). </li><li> Preparare 1 L sacchetto di soluzione clinica grade 0,9% di cloruro di sodio (NaCl) e 2 L di grado GMP terreno di coltura cellulare. </li><li> Preparare 60 nmol di specifici antigeni CMV peptide cocktail ricostituendo un flaconcino di CMV pp65 con 8 ml di acqua sterile. </li><li> Trasferire CMV pp65 peptide cocktail in un sacchetto di congelamento di 50 volumi ml utilizzando un Luer / Spike interconnessione e pinza con bloccaggio pinze per evitare la successiva distribuzione del cocktail nel set di tubi. Aperto cella set di tubi di arricchimento (TS 500) in condizioni di sterilità. </li><li> Utilizzando sterili tubi saldatore, collegare borsa congelamento peptide cocktail in collegamento tubo per valvola 2 del set di tubi TS 500. Non aprire il morsetto per sacco peptide cocktail in questo momento. </li><li> Rimuovere 1 x 10 9 TNC avvio prodotto cellulare e sospendere in tampone PBS / EDTA contenente 2,5% HSA ad un volume totale di 50 ml. Iniettare il prodotto cellulare in una sacca di trasferimento 150 ml. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione e utilizzo delle cellule automatizzato di arricchimento del sistema (vedi Materiali e attrezzature Table) <ol><li> Accendere il sistema di arricchimento di cellule (Figura 1B) e selezionare il programma &quot;CCS_IFN-γ arricchimento&quot;. Osservare una interfaccia utente che mostra schermi con le istruzioni e le immagini che guidano l&#39;operatore attraverso la procedura. </li><li> Inserire il parametro &quot;Operatore&quot; e &quot;Set di tubi P / N No&quot;. Successivamente, installare il Set di tubi da 500 ad un arricchimento delle cellule automatizzato dispositivo secondo le istruzioni visualizzate sullo schermo del monitor interattivo. </li><li> Seguire le istruzioni passo passo visualizzate sullo schermo per collegare il medio e buffer per il dispositivo. Record numero di catalogo e il numero di lotto dei reagenti prima connecting allo strumento. </li><li> Dopo il controllo finale del set di tubi, aprire il morsetto della borsa peptide cocktail. Aprire la busta medio e avviare innesco automatico del set di tubi. </li><li> Dopo la fase di caricamento è completato, integrare HSA (2,5%) in tampone NaCl nel sacchetto serbatoio (200 ml) con l&#39;aiuto del tubo saldatore sterile. Trasferire il prodotto di partenza cellulare nella &quot;borsa Applicazione&quot; utilizzando il tubo saldatore sterile. </li><li> Collegare CCS (IFNγ) reagenti in rispettivo tubo tramite adattatori. Inserisci orario preferito per raccogliere una frazione del materiale cellulare prima di processo di arricchimento. Review e verificare l&#39;esattezza di tutti i dati / parametri inseriti. Avviare il processo. </li><li> Prima dell&#39;inizio del processo di arricchimento delle cellule automatizzato, rimuovere il sacchetto di Controllo Qualità (QCB, frazione originale (ori) contiene circa 1,3 ml su 100 ml di contenuto camera diluito con tampone PBS / EDTA). Sigillare il QCB, pesare, e conservare a 4 ° C. </li><li> Avviare il enrichmeprocesso nt. Alla fine del processo, cellule bersaglio vengono eluite con un volume di circa tampone di eluizione dal sacchetto serbatoio. </li><li> Sigillare il cellulare Sacchetto non Target (NTCB, frazione negativo = neg) e Cell obiettivo Bag (TCB, frazione positiva = pos) e pesare ogni sacchetto. I pesi saranno utilizzati successivamente per il calcolo del numero di cellule. </li><li> Immediatamente dopo la procedura di arricchimento raccogliere due aliquote per frazione per citometria a flusso, e memorizzare il resto dei campioni a 4 ° C. Utilizzare un&#39;aliquota campione per la determinazione numero di celle e l&#39;altra un&#39;aliquota del campione per l&#39;analisi delle prestazioni arricchimento (Tabella 1). </li><li> Rimuovere il set di tubi dallo strumento di arricchimento delle cellule. Trasferire il file di log di un drive USB per un utilizzo futuro. NOTA: Tutti i reagenti devono essere preparati in condizioni sterili. Si consiglia vivamente l&#39;uso di un biosicurezza tipo II cofano. Utilizzare aferesi prodotto cellulare di stato stazionario (non mobilitati) isolato da un sanoCMV-sieropositivi donatore per arricchire specifiche cellule T antigene CMV. Solo la FDA licenza HSA deve essere utilizzato. Il buffer per la preparazione delle cellule deve essere conservato a 19 ° C a +25 ° C, temperature ambiente inferiori o superiori si tradurrà in purezza ridotta e una resa ridotta delle cellule bersaglio. </li></ol> 3. Determinazione delle cellule Conte <ol><li> Prendete le aliquote di QCB, NTCB e TCB per la conta delle cellule, come indicato nella tabella 1. Aggiungere CD45-VoBlue a ciascuna aliquota (titolo 1,11) e incubare al buio per 10 minuti a 4 ° C. </li><li> Aggiungere 1,5 ml di soluzione di lisi dei globuli rossi preparata di fresco (1x) alla frazione originale e la frazione negativo, 450 microlitri soluzione appena preparata di lisi dei globuli rossi alla frazione positiva, e incubare tutte le frazioni per 15 minuti a RT. </li><li> Appena prima dell&#39;analisi, aggiungere ioduro di propidio ad una concentrazione finale di 1 mg / ml (1: 100 di 100 mg di diluizione / ml). Utilizzare contatore di cellule automatico per determinare conteggio e vi cellacapacità. Utilizzare dispositivo contatore di cellule software consigliato per analisi di citometria a flusso. Determinare i conteggi assoluti di leucociti per frazioni originali, negativi e positivi. NOTA: Il numero di celle di leucociti vitali per ml dei campioni prelevati per l&#39;analisi conta delle cellule è determinata con il software analizzatore di cellule consigliato. </li><li> Impostare la regione come mostrato nella Figura 2 (regione 5, leucociti vitali). Utilizzare la seguente strategia di gating per determinare il conteggio delle cellule. Un leucociti vitali in frazione originale è mostrato in Figura 2. </li><li> Le regioni indicate (Figura 2, 1-6) sono gerarchicamente come segue: 1: Il tempo porta → 2: Singole cellule → 3: CD45 + cellule → 4: leucociti (detriti esclusa) → 5: leucociti vitali → 6: linfociti vitali </li><li> Ripetere gli stessi passaggi per determinare il conteggio delle cellule per le frazioni negativi e positivi. Calcolare il numero di cellule di tutta la frazioneconsiderando il fattore di diluente del campione e del volume totale della frazione (Tabella 2). </li></ol> 4. Esame della Performance separazione <ol><li> Lavare le aliquote di QCB, NTCB e cellule frazione TCB con pre-refrigerati tampone PBS / EDTA / siero AB 0,5%. Centrifugare le cellule a 300 xg per 5 minuti a 4 ° C e aspirare il surnatante. </li><li> Risospendere le cellule in miscela colorazione 100 l anticorpi fluorocromo contenente: CD3-FITC, CD4-APC, CD8-APC-Vio770, CD14-PerCP, CD20-PerCP, CD45-VioBlue e anti-IFNγ-PE (titolo 1:11) e incubare al buio per 10 minuti a 4 ° C. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di soluzione di lisi dei globuli rossi preparata di fresco (1x) e incubare per 15 minuti a RT. Centrifugare a 300 xg per 5 minuti a 4 ° C e aspirare il surnatante. Risospendere le cellule in un adeguato volume di PBS / EDTA Buffer / 0,5% AB Serum. </li><li> Aggiungere propidio ioduro ad una concentrazione finale di 1 mg / ml appena prima dell&#39;analisi (1: 100 dilutisu 100 mcg / ml). Eseguire analisi citofluorimetrica per valutare la purezza del campione. </li><li> Utilizzare la seguente strategia di gating per calcolare le cellule T CD3 + in percorribile strategia di gating leucociti per la determinazione delle cellule T CD3 + è mostrato nella frazione positiva dopo il processo di CCS arricchimento. Le regioni indicate (figura 3A e 3B, 1-6) sono gerarchicamente collegati come segue: 1: Tempo di cancello → 2: Singole cellule → 3: CD45 + cellule → 4: Cells (detriti esclusa) → 5: leucociti vitali → 6: CD3 + cellule vitali di popolazione </li><li> Determinare le frequenze di CD4 +, CD8 +, CD4 + IFN-γ + e CD8 + IFN-γ + cellule T dopo processo di arricchimento CCS (Tabella 2). </li><li> Utilizzare la strategia di gating per determinare le frequenze di CD4 +, CD8 +, CD4 + IFN-γ + e CD8 + cellule T IFN-γ + indicati di seguito fo (catturati) frazione positiva originale e arricchito dopo il processo di CCS. Le regioni indicate sono gerarchicamente collegati e denominati come segue: 1: Tempo di cancello → 2: Singole cellule → 3: CD45 + cellule → 4: Cells (detriti esclusa) → 5: I leucociti vitali → 6: CD3 + cellule vitali → 7: cellule CD4 + → 7a: CD4 + IFN-γ + celle (scatola) → 8: CD8 + cellule → 8a: + cellule CD8 + IFN-g (scatola) </li></ol> NOTA: I primi 6 regioni dei collegamenti gerarchia indicate sono le stesse di figura 3, (1-6) e l&#39;ultima 2 regioni sono mostrati in Figura 4 (6-8a).

<ol>
	<li>Syed, B. A., Evans, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+the+Analyst's+Couch+Stem+Cell+Therapy+Market.">From the Analyst's Couch Stem Cell Therapy Market.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 12 (3), 185-186 (2013).</li><li>Maus, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+Immunotherapy+for+Cancer+or+Viruses.">Adoptive Immunotherapy for Cancer or Viruses.</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 32, 189-225 (2014).</li><li>Kumaresan, P. 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Entrambi MD Anderson Cancer Center e il dottor Cooper hanno un interesse finanziario in ZIOPHARM Oncology, Inc., e Intrexon Corporation. Il 7 maggio 2015, il dottor Cooper è stato nominato Chief Executive Officer di ZIOPHARM Oncology. Dr. Cooper è ora un Visiting Scientist al MD Anderson. Dottor Cooper ha fondato e possiede InCellerate, Inc. Ha brevetti con Sangamo BioSciences con nucleasi artificiali. Svolge attività di consulenza con Targazyme, Inc. (cellule staminali precedentemente americane, Inc.), GE Healthcare, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Fate Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, e Bristol-Myers Squibb. Fa parte del comitato consultivo di Cellectis Scientifico. Egli riceve onorari da Miltenyi Biotec.

La terapia delle cellule T adottiva è emersa come una valida opzione per il trattamento di tumori a cellule B 4. Il suo potenziale terapeutico dipende infondendo il numero desiderato di specifiche cellule T antigene bersaglio privi replicativa senescenza 2. Ciò può essere ottenuto da sistemare una popolazione pura di cellule T specifiche antigene da cellule T espanse le vigenti buona fabbricazione. Due procedure di smistamento sono ampiamente utilizzati, vale a dire, la fluorescenza delle cellul...

Il trapianto di cellule emopoietiche staminali (HSCT) 1 può essere combinato con la terapia delle cellule T adottiva per migliorare effetto graft-versus-tumorale e per fornire l&#39;immunità alle infezioni opportunistiche 2. Generazione di linfociti T del donatore-derivato antigene-specifiche per infusione è storicamente richiesto personale specializzato e l&#39;uso di strutture specializzate che sono GMP. La consegna di tali cellule T ha portato alla risoluzione di infezioni opportunistiche 3 e trattare il tumore di base 4. Recentemente, i ricercatori hanno dimostrato che il trasferimento adottivo di solo poche migliaia di cellule T virus-specifici (~ 1 x 10 4-2,5 x 10 5 cellule / kg di peso corporeo destinatario) in grado di trattare con successo le infezioni opportunistiche da CMV dopo HSCT allogenico 5-9. Un numero limitato di strutture GMP con relative esigenze produttive qualificati e gli alti costi associati con la produzione delle cellule ha, tuttavia, Restrl&#39;accesso dei pazienti alle itto promettenti terapie delle cellule T 10. Un approccio per isolare le cellule T antigene-specifiche è basata su CCS utilizzando un reagente specifico bi-riconoscere CD45 e IFN-γ. Come mostrato, questa metodologia può essere utilizzato per generare uso clinico cellule T specifiche per CMV impiegano un dispositivo di arricchimento delle cellule automatizzato CCS (Figura 1B). Cellule T specifiche per CMV sono generate incubando peptidi sovrapposti da pp65 CMV con le cellule leucoaferesi totale nucleari (TNC) da donatori CMV positivi. Questi peptidi, visualizzate nel contesto di leucociti antigene umano (HLA), attivare le cellule T specifiche CMV-PP65 nel TNC a secernere IFN-γ. Queste cellule T possono essere &quot;catturati&quot; e magneticamente separati. Il funzionamento del dispositivo di arricchimento delle cellule prima generazione (Figura 1A) richiesto personale specializzato in coltura in condizioni di GMP e coordinamento del personale di intraprendere le molteplici sTeps necessario generare un prodotto &quot;catturato&quot;. La procedura di richiesta tipicamente 10-12 ore di funzionamento continuo, e quindi il personale probabilmente bisogno di lavorare su due turni nella struttura GMP. Questi vincoli sono ora ovviato con l&#39;attuazione di un dispositivo di seconda generazione (Figura 1B). Questo dispositivo si impegna arricchimento magnetico, simile al dispositivo di prima generazione, ma automatizza altri aspetti delle CCS in un approccio unbreached. Questo riduce notevolmente l&#39;onere per la squadra GMP come la maggior parte delle fasi può essere realizzato senza sorveglianza da parte del personale. Inoltre, poiché il dispositivo opera come un sistema chiuso, le cellule T antigene-specifiche possono essere acquisiti e processati sul banco tranne le fasi isolatamente leucaferesi e preparazione dei materiali prima di avviare lo strumento. Dettagli della strumentazione completa e la funzionalità del dispositivo di arricchimento cellulare di seconda generazione sono stati pubtuito 11. Qui, descriviamo la procedura per arricchire le cellule T specifiche per PP65 CMV da un prodotto aferesi steady-state utilizzando il sistema automatizzato CCS arricchimento delle cellule. Una volta isolato, queste cellule T specifiche per CMV possono essere immediatamente infuso in un paziente.

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		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS PBS/EDTA Buffer 3 L bag</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>700-29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS Prodigy Tubing Set TS 500</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-097-182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 L waste bag</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>110-004-067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS Cytokine Capture System (IFN-gamma)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>279-01</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Albumin (Human) 25%&#160;</td>
			<td>Grifols</td>
			<td>58516-5216-2</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Luer/Spike Interconnector</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-018-701</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>0.9 % NaCl Solution (1 L)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS GMP PepTivator HCMV pp65</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>170-076-109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water for injections</td>
			<td>Hospira, inc, Lake Forest, IL</td>
			<td>NDC-0409-4887-10</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>MILLEX GV Filter Unit 0.22 &#956;m&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TexMACS GMP Medium 2 L bag</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>170-076-306</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Transfer Bag, 150 mL (for cellular starting material)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-018-301</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>CryoMACS Freezing Bag 50</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>200-074-400</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>60 mL Syringes, sterile</td>
			<td>BD, Laagstraat, Temse, Belgium</td>
			<td>309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CMV sero positive apheresis product</td>
			<td>Key Biologics, LLC, Memphis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometry Materials</td>
			<td>Manufacturer</td>
			<td>Catalog number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AB Serum, GemCell</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio-Products, West Sacramento, USA</td>
			<td>100-512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3-FITC</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-080-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4-APC</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD8-APC-Vio770</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD14-PerCP</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD20-PerCP</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45-VioBlue</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aIFN-&#947;-PE, human</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-097-940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3-PE</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-091-374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide Solution (100 &#181;g/mL)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-093-233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td>Manufacturer</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS Prodigy Device&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td rowspan="2">200-075-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software V1.0.0.RC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACSQuant Analyzer 10</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td rowspan="2">130-096-343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software 2.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5415R&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG</td>
			<td>22331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellometer K2</td>
			<td>Nexelom Bioscience, Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>LB-001-0016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile tubing welder SCDIIB</td>
			<td>Terumo Medical Corp., Elkton, MA</td>
			<td>7811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated cell enrichment of cytomegalovirus-specific t cells for clinical applications using the cytokine-capture system

Il trasferimento adottivo di cellule T specifiche per patogeno può essere usato per prevenire e curare le infezioni opportunistiche come il citomegalovirus (CMV) che si verificano dopo il trapianto allogenico di cellule staminali. Cellule T specifiche virali-da donatori allogenici, compresi donatori di terze parti, possono essere propagati ex vivo in conformità con le attuali buone prassi di fabbricazione (cGMP), impiegando ripetuti cicli di stimolazione antigenica-driven per propagare selettivamente le cellule T desiderate. L&#39;identificazione e l&#39;isolamento di cellule T antigene-specifiche possono essere effettuati anche in base al sistema di acquisizione di citochine di cellule T che sono state attivate a secernere gamma-interferone (IFN-γ). Tuttavia, diffusa applicazione umana del sistema di cattura di citochine (CCS) contribuire a ripristinare l&#39;immunità è stata limitata come il processo di produzione richiede tempo e richiede un operatore esperto. Lo sviluppo di un dispositivo di arricchimento cellulare di seconda generazione come CliniMACS Prodigy oraconsente agli investigatori di generare cellule T specifiche virali-con un sistema ad alta intensità di manodopera automatizzato, meno. Questo dispositivo separa magneticamente etichettati cellule dalle cellule senza etichetta utilizzando la tecnologia magnetica ordinamento delle cellule attivate per generare prodotti ad uso clinico, è stato progettato come un sistema chiuso e si può accedere e gestito sul banco. Abbiamo dimostrato il funzionamento di questo nuovo dispositivo arricchimento delle cellule automatizzato per la fabbricazione di cellule T specifiche per CMV pp65 ottenute da un prodotto aferesi stato stazionario ottenuto da un donatore sieropositivo CMV. Queste cellule T isolate possono essere infuse direttamente in un paziente sotto la supervisione regolamentare istituzionale e federale. Tutte le fasi bio-trattamento compresi rimozione dei globuli rossi, la stimolazione di cellule T, la separazione delle cellule T antigene-specifiche, purificazione e lavaggio sono completamente automatizzati. Dispositivi come questo sollevano la possibilità che le cellule T per applicazioni sull&#39;uomo possono essere realizzati al di fuori di buone pratiche di fabbricazione dedicato (GMP) Strutture e invece essere prodotti in sangue servizi bancari in cui il personale può supervisionare protocolli automatizzati per la produzione di più prodotti.

In questo studio, una cella automatizzata arricchimento sistema CCS è stato utilizzato per la produzione automatica di cellule T specifiche per CMV pp65. Cellule T specifiche per CMV sono stati arricchiti da tre prodotti di cellule aferesi. Il prodotto aferesi steady-state è stato raccolto più di 2 ore da un donatore CMV-sieropositivi e ha generato 10 10 cellule nucleari totali (TNC). 10 9 TNC sono stati poi attivati ​​con CMV pp65 peptidi derivati ​​dal (60 nmol) per 4 ore e l&#39;IFN-?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System at JoVE.com

Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System

The goal of this protocol is to manufacture pathogen-specific clinical-grade T cells using a bench-top, automated, second generation cell enrichment device that incorporates a closed cytokine capture system and does not require dedicated staff or use of a GMP facility. The cytomegalovirus pp65-specific-T cells generated can be directly administered to patients.

Arricchimento cellulare automatizzata di Citomegalovirus specifici linfociti T per le applicazioni cliniche che utilizzano il sistema di citochine cattura

The adoptive transfer of pathogen-specific T cells can be used to prevent and treat opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection ...

automated-cell-enrichment-cytomegalovirus-specific-t-cells-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.3K Views.  U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center. The goal of this protocol is to manufacture pathogen-specific clinical-grade T cells using a bench-top, automated, second generation cell enrichment device that incorporates a closed cytokine capture system and does not require dedicated staff or use of a GMP facility. The cytomegalovirus pp65-specific-T cells generated can be directly administered to patients.

Video: Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

Trasduzione retrovirale di recettori delle cellule T nel topo le cellule T

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the simultaneous infection of the cell by a number of phages, one of two pathways is chosen: lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (dormant)3,4. We recently developed a method for fluorescently labeling individual phages, and were able to examine the post-infection decision in real-time under the microscope, at the level of individual phages and cells5. Here, we describe the full procedure for performing the infection experiments described in our earlier work5. This includes the creation of fluorescent phages, infection of the cells, imaging under the microscope and data analysis. The fluorescent phage is a "hybrid", co-expressing wild- type and YFP-fusion versions of the capsid gpD protein. A crude phage lysate is first obtained by inducing a lysogen of the gpD-EYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) phage, harboring a plasmid expressing wild type gpD. A series of purification steps are then performed, followed by DAPI-labeling and imaging under the microscope. This is done in order to verify the uniformity, DNA packaging efficiency, fluorescence signal and structural stability of the phage stock. The initial adsorption of phages to bacteria is performed on ice, then followed by a short incubation at 35&deg;C to trigger viral DNA injection6. The phage/bacteria mixture is then moved to the surface of a thin nutrient agar slab, covered with a coverslip and imaged under an epifluorescence microscope. The post-infection process is followed for 4 hr, at 10 min interval. Multiple stage positions are tracked such that ~100 cell infections can be traced in a single experiment. At each position and time point, images are acquired in the phase-contrast and red and green fluorescent channels. The phase-contrast image is used later for automated cell recognition while the fluorescent channels are used to characterize the infection outcome: production of new fluorescent phages (green) followed by cell lysis, or expression of lysogeny factors (red) followed by resumed cell growth and division. The acquired time-lapse movies are processed using a combination of manual and automated methods. Data analysis results in the identification of infection parameters for each infection event (e.g. number and positions of infecting phages) as well as infection outcome (lysis/lysogeny). Additional parameters can be extracted if desired.

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

This article describes the procedure for preparing a fluorescently-labeled version of bacteriophage lambda, infection of E. coli bacteria, following the infection outcome under the microscope, and analysis of infection results.

A seguito di Cell-destino<em&gt; E. coli</em&gt; Dopo l&#39;infezione da fago lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most commonly utilizing two plasmids with one expressing the piggyBac transposase enzyme and a transposon plasmid harboring the gene(s) of interest between inverted repeat elements which are required for gene transfer activity. PiggyBac mediates gene transfer through a "cut and paste" mechanism whereby the transposase integrates the transposon segment into the genome of the target cell(s) of interest. PiggyBac has demonstrated efficient gene delivery activity in a wide variety of insect1,2, mammalian3-5, and human cells6 including primary human T cells7,8. Recently, a hyperactive piggyBac transposase was generated improving gene transfer efficiency9,10.
Human T lymphocytes are of clinical interest for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer11. Of note, the first clinical trial involving transposon modification of human T cells using the Sleeping beauty transposon system has been approved12. We have previously evaluated the utility of piggyBac as a non-viral methodology for genetic modification of human T cells. We found piggyBac to be efficient in genetic modification of human T cells with a reporter gene and a non-immunogenic inducible suicide gene7. Analysis of genomic integration sites revealed a lack of preference for integration into or near known proto-oncogenes13. We used piggyBac to gene-modify cytotoxic T lymphocytes to carry a chimeric antigen receptor directed against the tumor antigen HER2, and found that gene-modified T cells mediated targeted killing of HER2-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model14. We have also used piggyBac to generate human T cells resistant to rapamycin, which should be useful in cancer therapies where rapamycin is utilized15.
Herein, we describe a method for using piggyBac to genetically modify primary human T cells. This includes isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human blood followed by culture, gene modification, and activation of T cells. For the purpose of this report, T cells were modified with a reporter gene (eGFP) for analysis and quantification of gene expression by flow cytometry.
PiggyBac can be used to modify human T cells with a variety of genes of interest. Although we have used piggyBac to direct T cells to tumor antigens14, we have also used piggyBac to add an inducible safety switch in order to eliminate gene modified cells if needed7. The large cargo capacity of piggyBac has also enabled gene transfer of a large rapamycin resistant mTOR molecule (15 kb)15. Therefore, we present a non-viral methodology for stable gene-modification of primary human T cells for a wide variety of purposes.

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

We describe a method to genetically modify primary human T cells with a transgene using the non-viral piggyBac transposon system. T cells modified to using the piggyBac transposon system exhibit stable transgene expression.

piggyBac Transposon modifica del sistema di cellule primarie umane T

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells

A basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an ability to identify T cells based on their T cell antigen receptor (TCR) specificity. Many indirect methods are available in which a bulk population of T cells is stimulated in vitro with a specific antigen and epitope-specific T cells are identified through the measurement of a functional response such as proliferation, cytokine production, or expression of activation markers1. However, these methods only identify epitope-specific T cells exhibiting one of many possible functions, and they are not sensitive enough to detect epitope-specific T cells at naive precursor frequencies. A popular alternative is the TCR transgenic adoptive transfer model, in which monoclonal T cells from a TCR transgenic mouse are seeded into histocompatible hosts to create a large precursor population of epitope-specific T cells that can be easily tracked with the use of a congenic marker antibody2,3. While powerful, this method suffers from experimental artifacts associated with the unphysiological frequency of T cells with specificity for a single epitope4,5. Moreover, this system cannot be used to investigate the functional heterogeneity of epitope-specific T cell clones within a polyclonal population.
	The ideal way to study adaptive immunity should involve the direct detection of epitope-specific T cells from the endogenous T cell repertoire using a method that distinguishes TCR specificity solely by its binding to cognate peptide:MHC (pMHC) complexes. The use of pMHC tetramers and flow cytometry accomplishes this6, but is limited to the detection of high frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells only found following antigen-induced clonal expansion. In this protocol, we describe a method that coordinates the use of pMHC tetramers and magnetic cell enrichment technology to enable detection of extremely low frequency epitope-specific T cells from mouse lymphoid tissues3,7. With this technique, one can comprehensively track entire epitope-specific populations of endogenous T cells in mice at all stages of the immune response.

This protocol describes the use of peptide:MHC tetramers and magnetic microbeads to isolate low frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells and analyze them by flow cytometry. This method enables the direct study of endogenous T cell populations of interest from in vivo experimental systems.

Peptide: MHC Tetramero basata Arricchimento di epitopi specifici per cellule T

A  basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an  ability to identify T cells based on their T cell ...

Quantitative High-throughput Single-cell Cytotoxicity Assay For T Cells

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) based on the adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has shown considerable promise in clinical trials1-4. There are several advantages to using CAR+ T cells for the treatment of cancers including the ability to target non-MHC restricted antigens and to functionalize the T cells for optimal survival, homing and persistence within the host; and finally to induce apoptosis of CAR+ T cells in the event of host toxicity5.
Delineating the optimal functions of CAR+ T cells associated with clinical benefit is essential for designing the next generation of clinical trials. Recent advances in live animal imaging like multiphoton microscopy have revolutionized the study of immune cell function in vivo6,7. While these studies have advanced our understanding of T-cell functions in vivo, T-cell based ACT in clinical trials requires the need to link molecular and functional features of T-cell preparations pre-infusion with clinical efficacy post-infusion, by utilizing in vitro assays monitoring T-cell functions like, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Standard flow-cytometry based assays have been developed that determine the overall functioning of populations of T cells at the single-cell level but these are not suitable for monitoring conjugate formation and lifetimes or the ability of the same cell to kill multiple targets8.
Microfabricated arrays designed in biocompatible polymers like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are a particularly attractive method to spatially confine effectors and targets in small volumes9. In combination with automated time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, thousands of effector-target interactions can be monitored simultaneously by imaging individual wells of a nanowell array. We present here a high-throughput methodology for monitoring T-cell mediated cytotoxicity at the single-cell level that can be broadly applied to studying the cytolytic functionality of T cells.

We describe a single-cell high-throughput assay to measure cytotoxicity of T cells when incubated with tumor target cells. This method employs a dense, elastomeric array of sub-nanoliter wells (~100,000 wells/array) to spatially confine the T cells and target cells at defined ratios and is coupled to fluorescence microscopy to monitor effector-target conjugation and subsequent apoptosis.

Quantitativa High-throughput cella singola test di citotossicità per le cellule T

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of  immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT)  based on the adoptive ...

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer a biologic product with the potential for superior (i) recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), (ii) persistence after infusion, (iii) potential for migration to tumor sites, and (iv) ability to recycle effector functions within the tumor microenvironment. Most approaches to genetic manipulation of T cells engineered for human application have used retrovirus and lentivirus for the stable expression of CAR1-3. This approach, although compliant with current good manufacturing practice (GMP), can be expensive as it relies on the manufacture and release of clinical-grade recombinant virus from a limited number of production facilities. The electro-transfer of nonviral plasmids is an appealing alternative to transduction since DNA species can be produced to clinical grade at approximately 1/10th the cost of recombinant GMP-grade virus. To improve the efficiency of integration we adapted Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase for human application4-8. Our SB system uses two DNA plasmids that consist of a transposon coding for a gene of interest (e.g. 2nd generation CD19-specific CAR transgene, designated CD19RCD28) and a transposase (e.g. SB11) which inserts the transgene into TA dinucleotide repeats9-11. To generate clinically-sufficient numbers of genetically modified T cells we use K562-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) (clone #4) modified to express a TAA (e.g. CD19) as well as the T cell costimulatory molecules CD86, CD137L, a membrane-bound version of interleukin (IL)-15 (peptide fused to modified IgG4 Fc region) and CD64 (Fc-&gamma; receptor 1) for the loading of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)12. In this report, we demonstrate the procedures that can be undertaken in compliance with cGMP to generate CD19-specific CAR+ T cells suitable for human application. This was achieved by the synchronous electro-transfer of two DNA plasmids, a SB transposon (CD19RCD28) and a SB transposase (SB11) followed by retrieval of stable integrants by the every-7-day additions (stimulation cycle) of &gamma;-irradiated aAPC (clone #4) in the presence of soluble recombinant human IL-2 and IL-2113. Typically 4 cycles (28 days of continuous culture) are undertaken to generate clinically-appealing numbers of T cells that stably express the CAR. This methodology to manufacturing clinical-grade CD19-specific T cells can be applied to T cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). Furthermore, this approach can be harnessed to generate T cells to diverse tumor types by pairing the specificity of the introduced CAR with expression of the TAA, recognized by the CAR, on the aAPC.

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

T cells expressing a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are infused as investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies in our first-in-human gene therapy trials. We describe genetic modification of T cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system to introduce CD19-specific CAR and selective propagation on designer CD19+ artificial antigen presenting cells.

Applicazione clinica della<em&gt; Bella Addormentata</em&gt; Artificiale e cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene per modificare geneticamente le cellule T da sangue del cordone ombelicale e periferico

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer  a biologic product with the potential for ...

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study physiological or pathological processes in living organisms. MRI is also proving to be a valuable tool for capturing transplanted cells in vivo. Initial cell labeling strategies for MRI made use of contrast agents that influence the MR relaxation times (T1, T2, T2*) and lead to an enhancement (T1) or depletion (T2*) of signal where labeled cells are present. T2* enhancement agents such as ultrasmall iron oxide agents (USPIO) have been employed to study cell migration and some have also been approved by the FDA for clinical application. A drawback of T2* agents is the difficulty to distinguish the signal extinction created by the labeled cells from other artifacts such as blood clots, micro bleeds or air bubbles. In this article, we describe an emerging technique for tracking cells in vivo that is based on labeling the cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles. These particles are prepared by emulsifying perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds and then used to label cells, which subsequently can be imaged by 19F MRI. Important advantages of PFCs for cell tracking in vivo include (i) the absence of carbon-bound 19F in vivo, which then yields background-free images and complete cell selectivityand(ii) the possibility to quantify the cell signal by 19F MR spectroscopy.

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracking of cells using MRI has gained remarkable attention in the past years. This protocol describes the labeling of dendritic cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles, the in vivo application of these cells, and monitoring the extent of their migration to the draining lymph node with 19F/1H MRI and 19F MRS.

Monitoraggio migrazione delle cellule dendritiche usando<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

Valutare l&#39;innato rilevamento dell&#39;infezione da HIV-1 CD4 infetti<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Cellule T dalle cellule dendritiche plasmacitoidi Utilizzando un<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Sistema di co-coltura.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

Mouse Na&amp;#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

Mouse Naïve CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Isolamento T cellulare e<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Differenziazione in T sottopopolazioni cellulari

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic self-tolerance. Tregs represent about 5 - 10% of the mature CD4+ T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, with about 1 - 2% of those Tregs circulating in the peripheral blood. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into functional Tregs, which have a potential to be used for cell-based therapies of autoimmune diseases. Here, we present a method to develop antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from iPSCs (i.e., iPSC-Tregs). The method is based on incorporating the transcription factor FoxP3 and an Ag-specific T cell receptor (TCR) into iPSCs and then differentiating on OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch ligands delta-like (DL) 1 and DL4. Following in vitro differentiation, the iPSC-Tregs express CD4, CD8, CD3, CD25, FoxP3, and Ag-specific TCR and are able to respond to Ag stimulation. This method has been successfully applied to cell-based therapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model. Adoptive transfer of these Ag-specific iPSC-Tregs into Ag-induced arthritis (AIA)-bearing mice has the ability to reduce joint inflammation and swelling and to prevent bone loss.

We present here a method to develop functional antigen (Ag)-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for immunotherapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model.