Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da Celle a combustibile europee e Hydruogen impresa comune sotto BOR4STORE collaborativo progetto (accordo di sovvenzione n ° 303428) e il programma di infrastrutture H2FC (Grant Agreement No. FP7-284522).

1. Apparecchiatura <ol><li> Utilizzare un essiccamento supercritico (SCD) Apparecchiatura di base costituito da quattro componenti principali connesso con un tubo di gas ad alta pressione: la fornitura di gas, un sistema a vuoto, sensori (temperatura e pressione), e l&#39;ambiente campione (che può essere immerso in un bagno). Assicurarsi che la costruzione è di valvole di alta qualità in acciaio inox, raccordi e tubi, pressione votate almeno 10 MPa entro l&#39;intervallo di temperatura tra 80-300 K. Nota: Lo schema è mostrato in Figura 1. </li><li> Per azoto ScD (nscd) trattamenti, in modo che l&#39;alimentazione del gas è la purezza della ricerca (&gt; 99.999%) azoto gassoso dotato di un regolatore di pressione per il controllo della pressione di uscita tra 0-10 MPa. Collegare un contenitore 50 L (20 MPa) all&#39;apparato, e spurgare il sistema con azoto puro più volte prima dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Assicurarsi che il sistema di vuoto è in grado di raggiungere pressioni di vuoto fino a &lt;0,1 Pa ed è collegato all&#39;apparecchio conValvola ago sottile controllo. Preferibilmente usare una pompa di diffusione senza olio e una pompa turbo molecolare resistenza, posti in serie. </li><li> Utilizzare almeno due sensori di pressione per la misurazione della pressione durante i trattamenti SCD: un sensore di bassa pressione per la misurazione di vuoto e sensore di alta pressione per ottenere un intervallo di pressione misurabile totale tra 0,1-10 7 Pa. </li><li> Utilizzare almeno due sensori di temperatura per l&#39;accuratezza minima necessaria per eseguire trattamenti tipici SCD: un sensore a contatto termico con il campione e un sensore all&#39;interno del collettore di dosaggio gas primario per misurazioni accurate tra 77-300 K (ad esempio, tipo K) . </li><li> Verificare che il supporto del campione ha un volume interno appropriato per contenere la quantità di campione necessaria per il trattamento, ed è costruito in acciaio inossidabile. Nota: A allungate aids progettazione cilindrici in contatto termico con la vasca. </li><li> Assicurarsi che il raccordo che chiude il contenitore del campione è approprIATE per alte pressioni e ripetuto uso (ad esempio, Swagelok VCR). Collegare il contenitore volume del campione ad una valvola per l&#39;isolamento dall&#39;ambiente esterno attraverso un tubo di lunghezza appropriata (pescante) per completa immersione del supporto del campione nella vasca. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig1.jpg" /> . Figura 1. supercritica azoto essiccazione (nscd) Apparecchiatura Una rappresentazione schematica dell&#39;apparecchiatura nscd semplificato per l&#39;uso nel tipico laboratorio: (A) a temperatura ambiente e (B) dopo l&#39;immersione del campione nel bagno. L&#39;alimentazione del gas per il processo descritto in questo lavoro è azoto, ma questo apparato generale è generalizzabile ad altri fluidi SCD con un punto critico compresa in una gamma pratica di temperatura e pressione, come il CO 2. I componenti sono etichettati per coerenza con the protocollo qui descritto. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">Cliccate qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> 2. Preparazione <ol><li> Carico 0,2-0,5 g di campione (γ-Mg (BH 4) 2, in forma di polvere, dopo la sintesi wet-chimica e metodi di essiccazione normali) nel supporto del campione in condizioni appropriate, tipicamente in atmosfera inerte come un vano portaoggetti argon, a temperatura ambiente o inferiore. Chiudere il portacampioni (raccordo F2) con una guarnizione del filtro e quindi chiudere la valvola (valvola V4). Trasferire il portacampioni all&#39;apparato e fissare (raccordo F1). </li><li> Aprire il collettore di dosaggio per aspirare via V2 ed evacuare. Aprire V3 ed evacuare. Spurgare l&#39;apparecchio con azoto tramite V1 e V2 evacuare via. Aprire V4 e evacuare il campione a temperatura ambiente fino a 24 ore, per raggiungere la pressione minima del sistema (&lt;0,1 Pa). </li><li> Installare il bagno del campione (vedi <strong&gt; Figura 2) intorno al supporto del campione. Eseguire questa alzando la vasca in posizione su una piattaforma a forbice o meccanismo simile. </li><li> Impostare il riscaldatore per il futuro desiderato temperatura del liquido (T l, vedere il punto 3.1) di 110 K, e continuano a portare l &#39;apparecchio fino a quando la temperatura si equilibra. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. criogenico forno a bagno del campione. Una rappresentazione schematica (a sinistra) e la fotografia (a destra) di un ambiente criostatiche bagno termale adeguato per contenere il supporto del campione durante l&#39;elaborazione nscd, consentendo la misurazione e il controllo della temperatura del campione tra i 77-298 K. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">Per favore clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> 3. supercritico azoto Esposizione <ol&gt; <li> Per NSCD trattamento di γ-Mg (BH 4) 2, (oggetto di dimostrazione in questo protocollo) seleziona una temperatura del liquido (T l) di 110 K. Ciò corrisponde ad una densità di solvente liquido moderata (~ 0,6 g ml -1) ; Regolare come necessario per l&#39;applicazione di questo protocollo per altri procedimenti di trattamento nscd (vedi nota sotto). </li><li> Chiudere l&#39;impianto al vuoto chiudendo V2. Gas aperto V1 lentamente, permettendo la pressione per aumentare nella regione liquido del diagramma di fase. Equilibrare il sistema a 2 MPa e T l. </li><li> Immergere il campione in N liquido 2 per 4 ore. </li><li> Impostare il riscaldatore a 150 K con un min -1 rampa ≤2 K. Lasciare la pressione per aumentare non superiore alla pressione nominale massima dell&#39;apparecchio (questo P max dovrebbe essere ≥10 MPa); se necessario, spurgare accuratamente la pressione in eccesso di aspirare via V2. Equilibrare il sistema a P max e 150 K. </li><li> Immergere il campione in supercritical N 2 per 1 ora. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Fase Schema di Azoto. Un diagramma di fase dettagliata di azoto, dove la densità del fluido (mostrata in scala di grigi lineare) viene calcolato utilizzando Refprop (un&#39;equazione Webb-Benedetto-Rubin modificato di stato). 41 diverse linee di densità costante sono mostrati in viola. I confini di fase solida e linee di transizione di ebollizione sono mostrati in rosso. Le linee blu indicano il confine della regione del diagramma di fase che è rilevante per l&#39;essiccazione o di estrazione lavorazione con N 2. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> Nota: Per l&#39;applicazione di questo protocollo per altri materiali, istituire un adeguato trattamento schem nscde scegliendo le condizioni necessarie per una efficace solvatazione delle specie bersaglio. Fare riferimento al diagramma di fase di N 2, illustrata in figura 3. Per ottenere una elevata densità del fluido in fase liquida (ad esempio, 0.8-1 g ml -1), selezionare una T l di 80-90 K. Per densità del liquido moderata (ad esempio, 0,6-0,8 g ml -1), selezionare una T l di 90-115 K. Una prova e l&#39;approccio di errore può essere necessario. 4. supercritico azoto uscita <ol><li> Rompere attenzione al sistema di vuoto mediante strozzamento V2, permettendo la pressione per diminuire più lentamente possibile. Rompere ripetutamente il sistema di tassi di vuoto più elevati necessari per conseguire un graduale declino per alto vuoto (&lt;0,1 Pa) nell&#39;arco approssimativa di tempo di 12-24 ore. </li><li> Rimuovere il bagno di campione e completamente V2 aperto di evacuare completamente il campione. Equilibrare a RT ed alto vuoto (&lt;0,1 Pa). </li><li> Degassare il campione a temperatura ambiente e &lt;0,1 Pa per 1-24 ore, come desired. </li></ol> 5. Messaggio Trattamento <ol><li> Chiudere le valvole V3 e V4, e rimuovere il supporto del campione l&#39;apparato (raccordo F1). </li><li> Trasferire il portacampione per ambiente inerte per la manipolazione, come un cassetto portaoggetti argon-riempita. Togliere il campione dal supporto (montaggio F2) e riporla in un contenitore sigillato a temperatura ambiente o inferiore. </li></ol>

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G., Baricco, M., Bordiga, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+carbon+dioxide+recycling+by+reaction+with+&#947;-Mg(BH4)2.">Fast carbon dioxide recycling by reaction with &#947;-Mg(BH4)2.</a> Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 22482-22486 (2014).</li><li>Paskevicius, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-Situ+X-ray+Diffraction+Study+of+&#947;-Mg(BH4)2+Decomposition.">In-Situ X-ray Diffraction Study of &#947;-Mg(BH4)2 Decomposition.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 116, 15321-15240 (2012).</li><li>Lemmon, E. W., Huber, M. L., McLinden, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIST+standard+reference+database+23:+reference+fluid+thermodynamic+and+transport+properties.">NIST standard reference database 23: reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties.</a> Standard Reference Data Program. , (2008).</li><li>Moquin, P. H. L., Temelli, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+modeling+of+hydrolysis+of+canola+oil+in+supercritical+media.">Kinetic modeling of hydrolysis of canola oil in supercritical media.</a> J. Supercrit. Fluid. 45, 94-101 (2008).</li><li>Myers, M. N., Giddings, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-High-Pressure+Gas+Chromatography+in+Micro+Columns+to+2000+Atmospheres.">Ultra-High-Pressure Gas Chromatography in Micro Columns to 2000 Atmospheres.</a> Sep. Sci. 1 (6), 761-776 (1966).</li><li>McLeary, E. E., Jansen, J. C., Kapteijn, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zeolite+based+films,+membranes+and+membrane+reactors:+Progress+and+prospects.">Zeolite based films, membranes and membrane reactors: Progress and prospects.</a> Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 90, 198-220 (2006).</li><li>Richter, B., Ravnsb&#230;k, D. B., Tumanov, N., Filinchuk, Y., Jensen, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manganese+borohydride;+synthesis+and+characterization.">Manganese borohydride; synthesis and characterization.</a> Dalton Trans. , (2015).</li><li>Liang, S., Tilotta, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+of+petroleum+hydrocarbons+from+soil+using+supercritical+argon.">Extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from soil using supercritical argon.</a> Anal. Chem. 70 (3), 616-622 (1998).</li></ol>

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Forse a causa della sua relativamente bassa temperatura critica (126 K), N 2 è stato storicamente trascurato come un efficace solvente ScD. In relazioni precedenti, 3,17,42,43 è stata solo accennato nel contesto di elaborare temperatura uguale o superiore ambiente, dove si esibisce solo il potere solvatazione modesta a causa della sua bassa densità del fluido in questa regione del suo diagramma di fase (ad eccezione a pressioni estremamente elevate 43). Il passaggio chiave nella reali...

Estrazione con fluidi supercritici (SFE) ed essiccamento (SCD) metodi sono ben stabiliti in una vasta gamma di applicazioni pratiche, soprattutto nelle industrie alimentari e del petrolio, ma anche nella sintesi chimica, analisi e trattamento dei materiali. 1-6 L&#39;uso di essiccazione o supporto di estrazione a condizioni sopra loro punti critici è spesso più veloce, pulito, e più efficiente rispetto alle tecniche tradizionali (liquidi), e ha il vantaggio di essere altamente regolabili rispetto alla potenza solvatazione del fluido da leggero aggiustamento delle condizioni operative . 3,7 Un metodo semplice ScD si compone di tre fasi fondamentali. Il primo passo è esporre il materiale solido (o forse liquido) partendo che contiene il composto di destinazione impurezza di un fluido ScD opportunamente scelto nel liquido (o quasi liquido supercritico) di fase, in cui la sua alta densità corrisponde ad un alto (e forse selettiva 7) potere solvente rispetto alle specie bersaglio. Tche secondo passo è il riscaldamento e la compressione del sistema sopra punto critico del ScD fluido prescelto in un contenitore chiuso in modo che il fluido e le sue specie bersaglio disciolte non passano un confine di fase che potrebbe provocare la separazione. Il passo finale si sta riducendo lentamente la pressione del fluido ScD per vuoto ad una temperatura superiore alla temperatura critica, permettendo la soluzione fluido contenente specie bersaglio di fuggire, di nuovo senza incontrare un confine fase o eventuali effetti negativi di tensione superficiale lungo la strada. Il materiale di partenza è lasciato impoverito di specie bersaglio e può essere sottoposto a trattamenti ripetuti, se necessario. In caso di estrazione con fluido supercritico, la specie bersaglio soluto è il prodotto desiderato, e sono raccolti da soluzione per un ulteriore uso. 8,9 In altri casi, il materiale di partenza secche o purificato è il prodotto desiderato, e le impurità estratte vengono scartati. Quest&#39;ultimo scenario, qui indicatacome l&#39;approccio ScD, è stato scoperto di essere una strategia efficace per il pretrattamento di elevata area superficiale, materiali microporosi quali strutture metallo-organici (MOF), dove i metodi tradizionali di trattamento termico sotto vuoto in molti casi non è sufficiente a chiarire i pori di tutti gli ospiti indesiderati, o provocare il collasso dei pori. anidride carbonica 10 ScD (CSCD) il trattamento è ora un processo di post-sintetico di routine per MOF, 11 che porta ad un aumento delle superfici di azoto accessibile rispetto ai materiali non trattati fino a 1.000% e 12 altri miglioramenti, come in attività catalitica. 13 Altre applicazioni fluidi supercritici sono notevoli come mezzo ampiamente accordabile per reazioni chimiche, 14-16 supercritico cromatografia fluido (SCFC) 6,17,18 e sintesi di aerogel e materiali compositi avanzati. 19- 22 Per asciugare le applicazioni, un fluido ScD viene scelta in base a due criteri: a) la vicinanza del suopunto critico alle condizioni ambientali (per comodità e per ridurre i costi energetici e la complessità dei processi) e b) il suo potere solvatazione rispetto alle specie bersaglio. L&#39;anidride carbonica (CO 2) ha dimostrato di essere una comoda fluido ScD in molte applicazioni poiché è non tossico, non infiammabile, e poco costoso, e può essere sintonizzata per esibire un elevato potere di solvatazione verso un numero di comuni specie bersaglio organiche nel suo quasi-liquido stato (a pressioni di &lt;10 MPa e temperature di 273-323 K). 1-3,7-9 Altri solventi supercritici comuni (o co-solventi) si annoverano acqua (che copre una notevole gamma di proprietà solventi tra il suo ambiente e stato supercritico 23), acetone, etilene, metanolo, etanolo, ed etano, coprendo lo spettro da polare (protici e aprotici) per non polare, ed aventi punti critici relativamente vicino alle condizioni ambientali. L&#39;anidride carbonica è di gran lunga il fluido più comune ScD utilizzato. Nei metodi cscd stabiliti, la reattivitàdel materiale di partenza non è un fattore inibitorio dal CO 2 è molto debolmente reattivo a temperature vicine suo punto critico. Tuttavia, alcune classi di materiali come cosiddetti idruri complessi (ad esempio, alanati e boroidruri) presentano sfide uniche nella maneggevolezza grazie alla loro forte reattività in presenza di acqua o CO 2 in aggiunta alla loro (forse volutamente su misura) instabilità sotto riscaldamento . 24-26 Inoltre, vi è un grande interesse internazionale in materiali quali composti stoccaggio di idrogeno ad alta densità, 27-30 e quindi anche in nanostrutturati e / o varietà porosi 31-33. Per l&#39;efficace purificazione di tali reattivi, instabili e materiali nanostrutturati, metodi SCD sono una strategia promettente. Fluido 34 Un ScD deve essere utilizzato che ha un piccolo diametro molecolare appropriato per la penetrazione in cavità strette e che ha anche un elevato potere solvatazione verso la impurità bersaglio, WHIle rimanenti non reattiva verso il materiale di partenza stessa. Qui, l&#39;uso di azoto supercritico (N 2) come fluido efficace per tale estrazione e applicazioni soprattutto essiccazione è presentato. Una metodologia specifica supercritico essiccazione azoto (nscd) è descritta di seguito per la purificazione di γ-fase boroidruro magnesio una specie bersaglio comprendono sia diborano e un composto n butile (simile ma non specificamente identificabili come n butano). Il seguente protocollo può essere facilmente modificato per estensione globale ad altri processi di essiccazione di azoto o di estrazione supercritica.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Compressed Nitrogen Gas</td>
			<td>Messer Schweiz AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>50 L bottle, purity &#62; 99.999%, &#60;3 ppmv H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Pan Gas AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bulk storage, on site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom Supercritical Drying Apparatus</td>
			<td>Empa</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Swagelok (compression fitting and VCR) components</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom Cryogenic Furnace Bath</td>
			<td>Empa</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom Labview Interface</td>
			<td>Empa</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

supercritical nitrogen processing for the purification of reactive porous materials

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. Herein, nitrogen is presented as a novel supercritical drying fluid for specialized applications such as in the processing of reactive porous materials, where carbon dioxide and other fluids are not appropriate due to their higher chemical reactivity. Nitrogen exhibits similar physical properties in the near-critical region of its phase diagram as compared to carbon dioxide: a widely tunable density up to ~1 g ml-1, modest critical pressure (3.4 MPa), and small molecular diameter of ~3.6 &#197;. The key to achieving a high solvation power of nitrogen is to apply a processing temperature in the range of 80-150 K, where the density of nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than at similar pressures near ambient temperature. The detailed solvation properties of nitrogen, and especially its selectivity, across a wide range of common target species of extraction still require further investigation. Herein we describe a protocol for the supercritical nitrogen processing of porous magnesium borohydride.

Boroidruri metalli alcalini e alcalino-terrosi sono potenziali materiali per lo stoccaggio dell&#39;idrogeno, che offrono un grande contenuto di idrogeno gassoso su decomposizione. 27,29 Altri prodotti di decomposizione come diborano sono anche talvolta stato rilevato nel gas desorbita, ma la loro origine non è a priori chiaro ; è possibile che sono prodotti della decomposizione pura fase, ma possono anche essere impurità o prodotti di reazioni di impurità residue mediante sintesi chimica. 35 L...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials at JoVE.com

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

L&#39;azoto è un fluido supercritico efficace per processi di estrazione o di essiccazione a causa della sua piccola dimensione molecolare, alta densità nel regime supercritico quasi liquido, e inerzia chimica. Presentiamo un protocollo di essiccazione azoto supercritico per il trattamento di purificazione dei reattivi, materiali porosi.

Elaborazione azoto supercritica per la purificazione di reattivi materiali porosi

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. ...

supercritical-nitrogen-processing-for-purification-reactive-porous

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

14.6K Views.  Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology.  L'azoto è un fluido supercritico efficace per processi di estrazione o di essiccazione a causa della sua piccola dimensione molecolare, alta densità nel regime supercritico quasi liquido, e inerzia chimica. Presentiamo un protocollo di essiccazione azoto supercritico per il trattamento di purificazione dei reattivi, materiali porosi. 

Video: Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both stimuli and cargo can be tailored according to specific needs. Here we describe the DNA nanorobot fabrication protocol, with the use of the DNA origami technique. The procedure initiates by mixing short single-strand DNA staples into a stock mixture which is then added to a long, circular, single-strand DNA scaffold in presence of a folding buffer. A standard thermo cycler is programmed to gradually lower the mixing reaction temperature to facilitate the staples-to-scaffold annealing, which is the guiding force behind the folding of the nanorobot. Once the 60 hr folding reaction is complete, excess staples are discarded using a centrifugal filter, followed by visualization via agarose-gel electrophoresis (AGE). Finally, successful fabrication of the nanorobot is verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the use of uranyl-formate as negative stain.

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here we describe a protocol for the folding of a bio-responsive robot from DNA origami, its purification and negative staining for transmission electron microscopic imaging (TEM).

Pieghevole e caratterizzazione di un robot bio-reattiva da origami di DNA

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both ...

Ricerca

Chimica

Preparation of Highly Porous Coordination Polymer Coatings on Macroporous Polymer Monoliths for Enhanced Enrichment of Phosphopeptides

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous polymer monoliths. The developed approach is based on the preparation of a macroporous polymer containing carboxylic acid functional groups and the subsequent step-by-step solution-based controlled growth of a layer of a porous coordination polymer on the surface of the pores of the polymer monolith. The prepared metal-organic polymer hybrid has a high specific micropore surface area. The amount of iron(III) sites is enhanced through metal-organic coordination on the surface of the pores of the functional polymer support. The increase of metal sites is related to the number of iterations of the coating process.
The developed preparation scheme is easily adapted to a capillary column format. The functional porous polymer is prepared as a self-contained single-block porous monolith within the capillary, yielding a flow-through separation device with excellent flow permeability and modest back-pressure. The metal-organic polymer hybrid column showed excellent performance for the enrichment of phosphopeptides from digested proteins and their subsequent detection using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The presented experimental protocol is highly versatile, and can be easily implemented to different organic polymer supports and coatings with a plethora of porous coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks for multiple purification and/or separation applications.

A procedure for the preparation of porous hybrid separation media composed of a macroporous polymer monolith internally coated by a high surface area microporous coordination polymer is presented.

Preparazione di altamente poroso Coordinamento rivestimenti polimerici su macroporosi Polymer Monoliti di avanzata Arricchimento fosfopeptidi

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous ...

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC &#215; GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC &#215; GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.

A method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection has been developed and applied to on-line analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.

Analisi on-line dei composti contenenti azoto in matrici idrocarburi complessi

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Insights into the Interactions of Amino Acids and Peptides with Inorganic Materials Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals leads to the formation of composite materials with unique properties. In addition, the undesirable process of biofouling is initiated by the adsorption of biomolecules, mainly proteins, on surfaces. This organic layer is an adhesion layer for bacteria and allows them to interact with the surface. Understanding the fundamental forces that govern the interactions at the organic-inorganic interface is therefore important for many areas of research and could lead to the design of new materials for optical, mechanical and biomedical applications. This paper demonstrates a single-molecule force spectroscopy technique that utilizes an AFM to measure the adhesion force between either peptides or amino acids and well-defined inorganic surfaces. This technique involves a protocol for attaching the biomolecule to the AFM tip through a covalent flexible linker and single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscope. In addition, an analysis of these measurements is included.

Here we present a protocol to measure the force of interactions between a well-defined inorganic surface and either peptides or amino acids by single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The information obtained from the measurement is important to better understand the peptide-inorganic material interphase.

Intuizioni le interazioni di aminoacidi e peptidi con materiali inorganici Uso singola molecola Forza Spettroscopia

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals ...

Facet-to-facet Linking of Shape-anisotropic Colloidal Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanostructures

Here, we describe a protocol that allows for shape-anisotropic cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs), such as nanorods (NRs) and tetrapods (TPs), to be covalently and site-specifically linked via their end facets, resulting in polymer-like linear or branched chains. The linking procedure begins with a cation-exchange process in which the end facets of the cadmium chalcogenide NCs are first converted to silver chalcogenide. This is followed by the selective removal of ligands at their surface. This results in cadmium chalcogenide NCs with highly reactive silver chalcogenide end facets that spontaneously fuse upon contact with each other, thereby establishing an interparticle facet-to-facet attachment. Through the judicious choice of precursor concentrations, an extensive network of linked NCs can be produced. Structural characterization of the linked NCs is carried out via low- and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which confirm the presence of silver chalcogenide domains between chains of cadmium chalcogenide NCs.

A protocol detailing how shape-anisotropic colloidal cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals can be covalently linked via their end facets is presented here.

Faccetta--sfaccettatura che collega di cadmio colloidale forma-anisotropo Chalcogenide nanostrutture

Here, we describe a protocol that allows for shape-anisotropic cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs), such as nanorods (NRs) and tetrapods (TPs), to be ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three preparation methods are described: (a) the incorporation of metal salts into silica or alumina wet gels using an impregnation method; (b) the incorporation of metal salts into alumina wet gels using a co-precursor method; and (c) the addition of metal nanoparticles directly into a silica aerogel precursor mixture. The methods utilize a hydraulic hot press, which allows for rapid (&#60;6 h) supercritical extraction and results in aerogels of low density (0.10 g/mL) and high surface area (200-800 m2/g). While the work presented here focuses on the use of copper salts and copper nanoparticles, the approach can be implemented using other metal salts and nanoparticles. A protocol for testing the three-way catalytic ability of these aerogels for automotive pollution mitigation is also presented. This technique uses custom-built equipment, the Union Catalytic Testbed (UCAT), in which a simulated exhaust mixture is passed over an aerogel sample at a controlled temperature and flow rate. The system is capable of measuring the ability of the catalytic aerogels, under both oxidizing and reducing conditions, to convert CO, NO and unburned hydrocarbons (HCs) to less harmful species (CO2, H2O and N2). Example catalytic results are presented for the aerogels described.

Here we present protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms. Methods for preparing materials using copper salts and copper-containing nanoparticles are featured. Catalytic testing protocols demonstrate the effectiveness of these aerogels for three-way catalysis applications.

Fabbricazione e collaudo di aerogel catalitico preparato tramite rapida estrazione supercritica

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material that can be subsequently treated by dip coating. Dip coating with a sol preparation provides a supported porous layer on the fabric. In this case, the porous layer is a porphyrin functionalized sorbent system based on a powdered material that has been demonstrated previously for the capture and conversion of phosgene. A representative coating is applied to cotton fabric at a loading level of 10 mg/g. This coating has minimal impact on water vapor transport through the fabric (93% of the support fabric rate) while significantly reducing transport of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) through the material (7% of support fabric rate). The described approaches are suitable for use with other fabrics providing amine and hydroxyl groups for modification and can be used in combination with other sol preparations to produce varying functionality.

This report details a microwave-initiated approach for deposition of porphyrin functionalized porous organosilicate sorbents on a cotton fabric and demonstrates reduction in 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) transport through the fabric resulting from this treatment.

Deposizione di porosi assorbenti su supporti di tessuto

A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material ...

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, hereafter BT) is an established ferroelectric material first discovered in the 1940s and still widely used because of its well-balanced ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and dielectric constant. In addition, BT does not contain any toxic elements. Therefore, it is considered to be an eco-friendly material, which has attracted considerable interest as a replacement for lead zirconate titanate (PZT). However, bulk BT loses its ferroelectricity at approximately 130 &#176;C, thus, it cannot be used at high temperatures. Because of the growing demand for high-temperature ferroelectric materials, it is important to enhance the thermal stability of ferroelectricity in BT. In previous studies, strain originating from the lattice mismatch at hetero-interfaces has been used. However, the sample preparation in this approach requires complicated and expensive physical processes, which are undesirable for practical applications.
In this study, we propose a chemical synthesis of a porous material as an alternative means of introducing strain. We synthesized a porous BT thin film using a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles were used as an organic template. Through a series of studies, we clarified that the introduction of pores had a similar effect on distorting the BT crystal lattice, to that of a hetero-interface, leading to the enhancement and stabilization of ferroelectricity. Owing to its simplicity and cost effectiveness, this fabrication process has considerable advantages over conventional methods.

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis of porous barium titanate (BaTiO3) thin film by a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles are used as an organic template.

Sintesi chimica di Film sottile di titanato di bario poroso e stabilizzazione termica della fase ferroelettrica dallo sforzo indotto da porosità

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, hereafter BT) is an established ferroelectric material first discovered in the 1940s and still widely used because of its ...

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates

Maleimide-bearing bifunctional probes have been employed for decades for the site-selective modification of thiols in biomolecules, especially antibodies. Yet maleimide-based conjugates display limited stability in vivo because the succinimidyl thioether linkage can undergo a retro-Michael reaction. This, of course, can lead to the release of the radioactive payload or its exchange with thiol-bearing biomolecules in circulation. Both of these processes can produce elevated activity concentrations in healthy organs as well as decreased activity concentrations in target tissues, resulting in reduced imaging contrast and lower therapeutic ratios. In 2018, we reported the creation of a modular, stable, and easily accessible phenyloxadiazolyl methyl sulfone reagent &#8212; dubbed &#8216;PODS&#8217; &#8212; as a platform for thiol-based bioconjugations. We have clearly demonstrated that PODS-based site-selective bioconjugations reproducibly and robustly create homogenous, well-defined, highly immunoreactive, and highly stable radioimmunoconjugates. Furthermore, preclinical experiments in murine models of colorectal cancer have shown that these site-selectively labeled radioimmunoconjugates exhibit far superior in vivo performance compared to radiolabeled antibodies synthesized via maleimide-based conjugations. In this protocol, we will describe the four-step synthesis of PODS, the creation of a bifunctional PODS-bearing variant of the ubiquitous chelator DOTA (PODS-DOTA), and the conjugation of PODS-DOTA to the HER2-targeting antibody trastuzumab.

In this protocol, we will describe the synthesis of PODS, a phenyoxadiazolyl methyl sulfone-based reagent for the site-selective attachment of cargos to the thiols of biomolecules, particularly antibodies. In addition, we will describe the synthesis and characterization of a PODS-bearing bifunctional chelator and its conjugation to a model antibody.

Sintesi e Bioconjugation di tiolo-reattive reagenti per la creazione del sito-selettivamente per volta efattori

Maleimide-bearing bifunctional probes have been employed for decades for the site-selective modification of thiols in biomolecules, especially antibodies. ...

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples Using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay

Despite its limited analytical specificity and ruggedness, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay has been widely used as a generic metric of lipid peroxidation in biological fluids. It is often considered a good indicator of the levels of oxidative stress within a biological sample, provided that the sample has been properly handled and stored. The assay involves the reaction of lipid peroxidation products, primarily malondialdehyde (MDA), with thiobarbituric acid (TBA), which leads to the formation of MDA-TBA2 adducts called TBARS. TBARS yields a red-pink color that can be measured spectrophotometrically at 532 nm. The TBARS assay is performed under acidic conditions (pH = 4) and at 95 &#176;C. Pure MDA is unstable, but these conditions allow the release of MDA from MDA bis(dimethyl acetal), which is used as the analytical standard in this method. The TBARS assay is a straightforward method that can be completed in about 2 h. Preparation of assay reagents are described in detail here. Budget-conscious researchers can use these reagents for multiple experiments at a low cost rather than buying an expensive TBARS assay kit that only permits construction of a single standard curve (and thus can only be used for one experiment). The applicability of this TBARS assay is shown in human serum, low density lipoproteins, and cell lysates. The assay is consistent and reproducible, and limits of detection of 1.1 &#956;M can be reached. Recommendations for the use and interpretation of the spectrophotometric TBARS assay are provided.

The goal of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay is to assess oxidative stress in biological samples by measuring the production of lipid peroxidation products, primarily malondialdehyde, using visible wavelength spectrophotometry at 532 nm. The method described here can be applied to human serum, cell lysates, and low density lipoproteins.

Valutazione dello stress ossidativo in campioni biologici utilizzando il test delle sostanze reattive dell'acido tiobarbiturico

Despite its limited analytical specificity and ruggedness, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay has been widely used as a generic ...