Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da una borsa-in-Aid per JSPS Fellows a AA; da sovvenzioni-in-Aid per la Ricerca Scientifica sulle zone innovative per JSP Fellows (n 4501 e n 25.132.712) di TK; e da una borsa di progetto di ricerca assegnato dalla Azabu University. figura 2 è ristampato da Kihara, T., Harada, T., e Koshida, N. Wafer-compatibile fabbricazione e le caratteristiche del silicio nanocristallino emettitori di ultrasuoni indotte termicamente. In: Sensori e Attuatori A: fisiche, volume 125, Elsevier, pag. 426, (2006), con il permesso di Elsevier.

<html> Tutte le procedure sono state approvate dal Comitato Etico di Azabu University. Tutti gli esperimenti sono stati eseguiti in una camera insonorizzata. 1. Preparazione degli animali <ol><li> Maschi per la registrazione <ol><li> Ottenere topi maschi sessualmente maturi esperienza in accoppiamento. </li></ol></li><li> Soggetti di sesso femminile <ol><li> Ottenere vergine topi femmina che hanno ospitato da 2 a 5 fratellini per gabbia (di solito 8 - 12 settimane). </li><li> Ottenere striscio vaginale giornaliero per determinare la fase del ciclo estrale prima della prova, secondo McLean 21. Si deve prestare attenzione a ridurre al minimo la stimolazione vaginale per evitare pseudogravidanza. </li><li> Stain gli strisci con Giemsa, e determinare fase del ciclo estrale in base alla presenza o assenza di leucociti, cellule epiteliali cornified e cellule epiteliali nucleate, secondo Nelson 22. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Dispositivi (Figura 1) _content &quot;&gt; <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Schema del due scelta Box Test e dispositivi. I topi possono accedere sale A e B attraverso i piccoli cancelli situati tra loro e la zona neutra. La scatola due scelta e due emettitori ultrasuoni sono posti sul pavimento di una camera insonorizzata. Il microfono è sospeso all&#39;interno della camera insonorizzata. Abbreviazione:. PC, personal computer <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <ol><li> Per la registrazione <ol><li> Collegare un microfono a condensatore ad ultrasuoni a un PC utilizzando un convertitore USB A / D. </li><li> Impostare il livello di guadagno del convertitore A / D a &quot;7&quot;. </li><li> Dati acustici record in file di formato a 16 bit con una frequenza di campionamento di 400 kHz utilizzando il software di acquisizione audio. </li></ol></li><li> Per la riproduzione <ol><li> Collegare un convertitore D / A al PC utilizzandoun&#39;interfaccia USB. </li><li> Collegare due amplificatori per il convertitore D / A attraverso un attenuatore. (Quest&#39;ultimo dispositivo serve per evitare sovraccarichi.) </li><li> Collegare un emettitore ad ultrasuoni per ogni amplificatore. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. USV registrazione <ol><li> Inserire un topo maschio in piccole (17 x 10 x 11 cm) o medie (21 x 14 x 13 cm) gabbia con un foro di 6 cm di diametro nella parete laterale e il foro coperto con una rete metallica 0,5 cm. Quando si usa una gabbia di medie dimensioni, realizzare una partizione attraverso il centro della gabbia per ridurre l&#39;area. </li><li> Non utilizzare biancheria da letto nella gabbia per evitare fruscii che possono contaminare le registrazioni. </li><li> Collocare un microfono accanto alla mesh. </li><li> Iniziare il monitoraggio ultrasuoni vocalizzazione con l&#39;impostazione di registrazione mostrata al punto 2.1. </li><li> Posizionare un sessualmente maturo topo femmina sia metestrus o diestrus nella gabbia con il topo maschio. </li><li> USV record per 3-5 min. </li></ol> 4. Test Box <ol><li> Costruire la casella prova utilizzando bordo acrilico (Figura 1). Nota: La casella di prova (alta 35 x 20, e x 20 cm) è diviso in tre scomparti: una zona neutra (15 x 20 cm), e sale A e B (20 x 10 cm, ciascuno). Camere A e B hanno ciascuno un foro di 4 centimetri di diametro che è coperto con una rete metallica 0,5 centimetri. I fori e tele si trovano a ciascuna estremità del sale A e B. Fai cancelli (5 x 5 cm ciascuno) tra la zona neutra e camere A e B. </li><li> Per evitare perdite suono isolare ciascun emettitore ultrasuoni, ad eccezione del lato rivolto verso la rete, utilizzando lastre in gomma, loro tenuta alla scatola intorno al perimetro di ciascuna maglia. </li><li> Sigilli di piombo posto su entrambi i lati del muro tra le stanze A e B per l&#39;isolamento acustico. </li></ol> 5. La preparazione per la riproduzione del suono <ol><li> Creazione di riproduzione Suoni <ol><li> Catturare un segmento di 20 secondi di USV dal file registrato utilizzando software di editing audio digitale. </li><li> Selezionare e catturare sfondo noise (0.35 sec) dal file segmento 20 sec USV. Creare un file di rumore di fondo 20 sec ripetendo il segmento rumore. </li><li> Per riprodurre i due file audio contemporaneamente, esportarli come un unico file audio stereo, con un file per il &quot;orecchio sinistro&quot; e l&#39;altro file per il &quot;orecchio destro.&quot; </li><li> Filtrare i file audio utilizzando come filtro passa-alto con un taglio di 40 kHz. </li><li> Ridurre il rumore utilizzando lo strumento di riduzione del rumore in software di post-elaborazione. Selezionare e catturare un segmento del file che contiene USV come il profilo di riduzione del rumore, ed eseguire la riduzione del rumore con il livello 40. </li></ol></li><li> Taratura di riproduzione Suoni <ol><li> Assicurarsi che lo spazio tra gli emettitori di ultrasuoni e il microfono è di 10 cm. </li><li> Per calibrare i livelli di pressione sonora dagli emettitori di ultrasuoni, effettuare il monitoraggio ad ultrasuoni utilizzando la configurazione descritta al punto 2.1. Misurare il livello di pressione sonora dal microfono in decibel (dB). </li><li> Using l&#39;attenuatore e amplificatori, regolare il volume dei USV generati dai emettitori ultrasuoni allo stesso livello di pressione sonora come USV maschi registrate nel passaggio 3. </li><li> Quando si utilizzano i due emettitori di ultrasuoni e un file audio composto da USV e rumore di fondo, verificare che i due emettitori di ultrasuoni presentano lo stesso livello di pressione sonora con un suono di calibrazione (per esempio, un tono puro 75-kHz) prima di eseguire il test comportamentale. </li><li> Quando si riproduce un file audio composto da due flussi di USV, regolare i due livelli di pressione sonora generati allo stesso livello, prima del test. </li></ol></li></ol> 6. Prova a due scelta <ol><li> Posizionare gli emettitori di ultrasuoni dietro le maglie della scatola della prova. </li><li> Chiudere le porte di stanze A e B con un bordo acrilico, e abituare il soggetto femminile alla zona neutra per 30 min. Coprire la scatola con bordo acrilico per evitare che il mouse può sfuggire. </li><li> Avviare la registrazione video utilizzando un CCFotocamera D montata sopra la casella. La telecamera (non mostrato in figura 1) comprende una superficie di tutte tre scomparti. </li><li> Rimuovere il cancello e la copertura di bordo e lasciare la femmina di esplorare liberamente la casella di prova, comprese le zone sane. </li><li> Una volta che la femmina ha indagato due maglie, ed è tornato alla zona neutra, avviare la riproduzione di un file audio di 20 secondi più volte per 5 o 10 minuti. </li><li> Condurre il monitoraggio comportamentale per 5 o 10 minuti. </li><li> Per ridurre stimoli olfattivi indesiderati depositati dal soggetto precedente, pulire le gabbie di prova tra le prove con il 70% di etanolo. </li><li> Accendere il luogo di emettitori di ultrasuoni A e B in modo casuale al fine di evitare pregiudizi inerenti effetto lato verso le camere A o B. </li></ol> 7. Analisi statistica <ol><li> Utilizzando il software comportamentale evento-gol, l&#39;analisi dei seguenti parametri: numero totale delle voci in ogni stanza; durata totale di permanenza in ogni zona mediana; durata totale di permanenza in ogni zona del suono; edurata totale di ricerca di ciascuna maglia davanti ultrasuoni emettitore. Figura 1 illustra ciò che si intende per &quot;zona intermedia&quot; e &quot;zona suono.&quot; Nota: Nei casi in cui il mouse rimane sulla linea di separazione tra le due zone (figura 1, linea tratteggiata) decidere la posizione della direzione della testa. Quando la testa rivolta verso il lato della maglia, è segnato come permanenza nella zona di suono. </li><li> Per ogni parametro comportamentale, confrontare le risposte per camere A e B con un Wilcoxon prova firmato-rank, o t -test in coppia con un livello di significatività di 0.05. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Panksepp, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affiliative+behavior,+ultrasonic+communication+and+social+reward+are+influenced+by+genetic+variation+in+adolescent+mice.">Affiliative behavior, ultrasonic communication and social reward are influenced by genetic variation in adolescent mice.</a> PLoS One. 2 (4), e351 (2007).</li><li>Scattoni, M. L., Ricceri, L., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unusual+repertoire+of+vocalizations+in+adult+BTBR+T+tf/J+mice+during+three+types+of+social+encounters.">Unusual repertoire of vocalizations in adult BTBR T+tf/J mice during three types of social encounters.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 10 (1), 44-56 (2010).</li><li>Hammerschmidt, K., Radyushkin, K., Ehrenreich, H., Fischer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+and+usage+of+female+and+male+mouse+ultrasonic+vocalizations+reveal+only+minor+differences.">The structure and usage of female and male mouse ultrasonic vocalizations reveal only minor differences.</a> PLoS One. 7 (7), e41133 (2012).</li><li>Merten, S., Hoier, S., Pfeifle, C., Tautz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+ultrasonic+vocalisation+in+social+communication+and+divergence+of+natural+populations+of+the+house+mouse+(Mus+musculus+domesticus).">A role for ultrasonic vocalisation in social communication and divergence of natural populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus).</a> PLoS One. 9 (5), e97244 (2014).</li><li>Amato, F. R., Moles, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+vocalizations+as+an+index+of+social+memory+in+female+mice.">Ultrasonic vocalizations as an index of social memory in female mice.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 115 (4), 834-840 (2001).</li><li>Chabout, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+male+mice+emit+context-specific+ultrasonic+vocalizations+that+are+modulated+by+prior+isolation+or+group+rearing+environment.">Adult male mice emit context-specific ultrasonic vocalizations that are modulated by prior isolation or group rearing environment.</a> PLoS One. 7 (1), e29401 (2012).</li><li>Ehret, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infant+rodent+ultrasounds&#8211;a+gate+to+the+understanding+of+sound+communication.">Infant rodent ultrasounds&#8211;a gate to the understanding of sound communication.</a> Behav. Genet. 35 (1), 19-29 (2005).</li><li>Holy, T. E., Guo, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+songs+of+male+mice.">Ultrasonic songs of male mice.</a> PLoS Biol. 3 (1), e386 (2005).</li><li>Portfors, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Types+and+functions+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+laboratory+rats+and+mice.">Types and functions of ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory rats and mice.</a> J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 46 (1), 28-34 (2007).</li><li>Holfoth, D. P., Neilans, E. G., Dent, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discrimination+of+partial+from+whole+ultrasonic+vocalizations+using+a+go/no-go+task+in+mice.">Discrimination of partial from whole ultrasonic vocalizations using a go/no-go task in mice.</a> J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 136 (6), 3401 (2014).</li><li>Neilans, E. G., Holfoth, D. P., Radziwon, K. E., Portfors, C. V., Dent, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discrimination+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+by+CBA/CaJ+mice+(Mus+musculus)+is+related+to+spectrotemporal+dissimilarity+of+vocalizations.">Discrimination of ultrasonic vocalizations by CBA/CaJ mice (Mus musculus) is related to spectrotemporal dissimilarity of vocalizations.</a> PLoS One. 9 (1), e85405 (2014).</li><li>Hammerschmidt, K., Radyushkin, K., Ehrenreich, H., Fischer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Female+mice+respond+to+male+ultrasonic+&#8216;songs&#8217;+with+approach+behaviour.">Female mice respond to male ultrasonic &#8216;songs&#8217; with approach behaviour.</a> Biol. Lett. 5 (5), 589-592 (2009).</li><li>Musolf, K., Hoffmann, F., Penn, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+courtship+vocalizations+in+wild+house+mice,+Mus+musculus+musculus.">Ultrasonic courtship vocalizations in wild house mice, Mus musculus musculus.</a> Anim. Behav. 79 (3), 757-764 (2010).</li><li>Asaba, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+social+environment+imprints+female+preference+for+male+song+in+iice.">Developmental social environment imprints female preference for male song in iice.</a> PloS one. 9 (2), e87186 (2014).</li><li>Uematsu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+approaches+to+pup+ultrasonic+vocalizations+produced+by+a+nanocrystalline+silicon+thermo-acoustic+emitter.">Maternal approaches to pup ultrasonic vocalizations produced by a nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitter.</a> Brain Res. 1163, 91-99 (2007).</li><li>Okabe, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+social+experience+and+gonadal+hormones+on+retrieving+behavior+of+mice+and+their+responses+to+pup+ultrasonic+vocalizations.">The effects of social experience and gonadal hormones on retrieving behavior of mice and their responses to pup ultrasonic vocalizations.</a> Zoolog. Sci. 27 (10), 790-795 (2010).</li><li>Okabe, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pup+odor+and+ultrasonic+vocalizations+synergistically+stimulate+maternal+attention+in+mice.">Pup odor and ultrasonic vocalizations synergistically stimulate maternal attention in mice.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 127 (3), 432-438 (2013).</li><li>Shinoda, H., Nakajima, T., Ueno, K., Koshida, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermally+induced+ultrasonic+emission+from+porous+silicon.">Thermally induced ultrasonic emission from porous silicon.</a> Nature. 400 (6747), 853-855 (1999).</li><li>Kihara, T., Harada, T., Koshida, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wafer-compatible+fabrication+and+characteristics+of+nanocrystalline+silicon+thermally+induced+ultrasound+emitters.">Wafer-compatible fabrication and characteristics of nanocrystalline silicon thermally induced ultrasound emitters.</a> Sensor. Actuat. A-Phys. 125 (2), 422-428 (2006).</li><li>Kikusui, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross+fostering+experiments+suggest+that+mice+songs+are+innate.">Cross fostering experiments suggest that mice songs are innate.</a> PloS One. 6 (3), e17721 (2011).</li><li>McLean, A. C., Valenzuela, N., Fai, S., Bennett, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performing+Vaginal+Lavage,+Crystal+Violet+Staining,+and+Vaginal+Cytological+Evaluation+for+Mouse+Estrous+Cycle+Staging+Identification.">Performing Vaginal Lavage, Crystal Violet Staining, and Vaginal Cytological Evaluation for Mouse Estrous Cycle Staging Identification.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (67), e4389 (2012).</li><li>Nelson, J. F., Felicio, L. S., Randall, P. K., Sims, C., Finch, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+longitudinal+study+of+estrous+cyclicity+in+aging+C57BL/6J+mice:+I.+Cycle+frequency,+length+and+vaginal+cytology.">A longitudinal study of estrous cyclicity in aging C57BL/6J mice: I. Cycle frequency, length and vaginal cytology.</a> Biol. Reprod. 27 (2), 327-339 (1982).</li><li>Tomihara, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+ER-beta+gene+disruption+on+estrogenic+regulation+of+anxiety+in+female+mice.">Effect of ER-beta gene disruption on estrogenic regulation of anxiety in female mice.</a> Physiol. Behav. 96 (2), 300-306 (2009).</li><li>Zheng, Q. Y., Johnson, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hearing+loss+associated+with+the+modifier+of+deaf+waddler+(mdfw)+locus+corresponds+with+age-related+hearing+loss+in+12+inbred+strains+of+mice.">Hearing loss associated with the modifier of deaf waddler (mdfw) locus corresponds with age-related hearing loss in 12 inbred strains of mice.</a> Hear. Res. 154 (1-2), 45-53 (2001).</li><li>Haga, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+male+mouse+pheromone+ESP1+enhances+female+sexual+receptive+behaviour+through+a+specific+vomeronasal+receptor.">The male mouse pheromone ESP1 enhances female sexual receptive behaviour through a specific vomeronasal receptor.</a> Nature. 466 (7302), 118-122 (2010).</li><li>Grimsley, J. M., Monaghan, J. J., Wenstrup, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+social+vocalizations+in+mice.">Development of social vocalizations in mice.</a> PLoS One. 6 (3), e17460 (2011).</li><li>Sugimoto, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+strain+differences+in+waveforms+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+during+male-female+interaction.">A role for strain differences in waveforms of ultrasonic vocalizations during male-female interaction.</a> PLoS ONE. 6 (7), (2011).</li><li>Hanson, J. L., Hurley, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Female+presence+and+estrous+state+influence+mouse+ultrasonic+courtship+vocalizations.">Female presence and estrous state influence mouse ultrasonic courtship vocalizations.</a> PLoS One. 7 (7), e40782 (2012).</li><li>Wang, H., Liang, S., Burgdorf, J., Wess, J., Yeomans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonic+vocalizations+induced+by+sex+and+amphetamine+in+M2,+M4,+M5+muscarinic+and+D2+dopamine+receptor+knockout+mice.">Ultrasonic vocalizations induced by sex and amphetamine in M2, M4, M5 muscarinic and D2 dopamine receptor knockout mice.</a> PLoS One. 3 (4), (2008).</li><li>Moles, A., Kieffer, B. L., D'Amato, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficit+in+attachment+behavior+in+mice+lacking+the+mu-opioid+receptor+gene.">Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene.</a> Science. 304 (5679), 1983-1986 (2004).</li><li>Hiramoto, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tbx1:+identification+of+a+22q11.2+gene+as+a+risk+factor+for+autism+spectrum+disorder+in+a+mouse.">Tbx1: identification of a 22q11.2 gene as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder in a mouse.</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 20 (24), 4775-4785 (2011).</li><li>Ey, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+deficits+in+social+behaviors+and+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+later+generations+of+mice+lacking+neuroligin4.">Absence of deficits in social behaviors and ultrasonic vocalizations in later generations of mice lacking neuroligin4.</a> Genes Brain Behav. , (2012).</li><li>Roy, S., Watkins, N., Heck, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+analysis+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+a+mouse+model+of+fragile+X+syndrome+reveals+limited,+call+type+specific+deficits.">Comprehensive analysis of ultrasonic vocalizations in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome reveals limited, call type specific deficits.</a> PLoS One. 7 (9), e44816 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Here, the results of a representative test showed that female mice can discriminate between artificial male USVs and background noise (Figure 3). The conclusion to be drawn from these results is that the discrimination signal is reflected in the duration of stay in the room and sound zone, and in the duration of searching the mesh in the first 5 min of testing, but not in the second 5 min (Figure 3C, E and F). These data indicate that mice become habituated to the playback sounds, possib...

Molti animali usano vocalizzazioni per la comunicazione intraspecifica. Nel topo Mus musculus, uno importante tipo di segnale di comunicazione è vocalizzazioni ultrasoniche (USV), che hanno frequenze superiori a 20 kHz. USV emessi dai topi sono considerati una componente di riconoscimento sociale in maschio-femmina 1-4, femmina-femmina 1, 5, e maschio-maschio 1, 6 interazioni. USV vengono emessi anche da cuccioli quando sono isolate dalla loro madre, che aumenta il suo comportamento-pup recupero, e di conseguenza la sopravvivenza Pup 7. Anche se molti studi hanno analizzato e classificato USV del mouse 8, 9, le risposte comportamentali e meccanismi neurali dell&#39;animale ricevente sono stati meno documentati 10, 11. Quest&#39;ultimo è necessario per chiarire il significato biologico delle diverse caratteristiche di USV. Per rivelare questi meccanismi, l&#39;esperimento di riproduzione è un metodo efficiente. Studi di riproduzione recenti hanno rivelato che femminilei topi sono attratti da USV 12, e che preferiscono USV da maschi che sono diversi dai loro genitori 13, 14. Questo articolo spiega il test di riproduzione utilizzato per valutare USV preferenza nei topi. Una scatola test a due scelta è stata sviluppata in cui due USV differenti possono essere riprodotte contemporaneamente in due compartimenti di un contenitore di prova, come illustrato in Figura 1. Questo tipo di scatola di prova impedisce la contaminazione suono dividendo l&#39;area di prova in tre sottocamere , con muri di piombo. Gli emettitori di ultrasuoni si trovano al di fuori di ogni stanza. Nel muro tra le camere e emettitori di ultrasuoni sono buchi coperti di rete metallica. Topi può muoversi liberamente nelle tre sale, e mostra una &quot;ricerca della rete&quot; comportamento, come se per rispondere a USV riprodotte dagli emettitori di ultrasuoni. In questo test, i topi soggiornare per periodi di durata diversa vicino a un emettitore sonoro o l&#39;altro. Questi parametri possono essere registrati per ottenere un sensibile misu<html> re di preferenza suono. Per riprodurre i USV indietro, silicio nanocristallino emettitori termo-acustico (cioè, &quot;emettitore nc-Si&quot;), sono stati utilizzati come in studi precedenti 15-17. Questi dispositivi sono composti da un elettrodo a film sottile riscaldatore, uno strato di silicio poroso nano, e un wafer di silicio monocristallino. Il file audio digitale viene convertito in un segnale analogico e poi fatto passare attraverso l&#39;elettrodo riscaldatore. Il dispositivo converte i segnali termici derivanti voltaggio-dipendenti in significativo di pressione sonora con bassa distorsione. Questo dispositivo è unico in quanto, a differenza di generatori di suoni comuni che dipendono da vibrazioni meccaniche, può riprodurre il suono senza la necessità di un diaframma. L&#39;emettitore presenta un livello di pressione sonora piatta a frequenze da 20 a 160 kHz (figura 2), e può riprodurre USV murini digitalmente registrate molto accuratamente in termini di durata, frequenza e livello sonoro di pressione 15, 18, ​​19. ve_content &quot;&gt; In un esperimento rappresentativo mostrato in Figura 3, C57BL / 6 (B6) femmine hanno permesso di scegliere tra BALB / c (BALB) USV maschi e rumore di fondo. Inoltre, la Figura 4 mostra la scelta delle femmine B6 e BALB tra riproduzioni USV simultanee da un topo BALB e un maschio B6, come riportato in un precedente studio 14. Le caratteristiche di USV maschili differiscono B6 e BALB ceppi 20. Come mostrato da questi risultati, l&#39;attrattiva di USV può essere valutata con il presente protocollo, in cui i suoni sono registrati da un individuo dal vivo, acusticamente analizzati e riprodotti ad altri individui.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Soundproof chamber</td>
			<td>Muromachi Kikai</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small cage</td>
			<td>CLEA Japan</td>
			<td>CL-0113-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Middle cage</td>
			<td>CLEA Japan</td>
			<td>CL-0103-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound condenser microphones</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>CM16/CMPA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A/D converter</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>UltraSoundGate116H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Audio software</td>
			<td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td>
			<td>RECORDER USGH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe Audition 3.0 / Audio editing software</td>
			<td>Adobe Systems</td>
			<td>Adobe Audition 3.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nc-Si emitter</td>
			<td>Original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>not commercially available but it is planned to be so in near future</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D/A converter</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI USB-6251 BNC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Attenuator</td>
			<td>Original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Yamatake</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC</td>
			<td>Windows 7 professional</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Intel&#174; core i7-2600K CPU @ 3.4GHz, 8GB RAM, 64-bit operating system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Event recorder Excel-macro / Event-scoring software</td>
			<td>original</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Programmed by Naoto Akagawa &#38; Takeru Yamamoto</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber plates (made of elastomer resin)</td>
			<td>Tokyo bouon</td>
			<td>TI-75BK B4</td>
			<td>Cut them to the proper size http://www.piano-bouon.jp/shopping/?pid=1329272401-447630&#38;ca=6&#38;p=3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Giemsa&#39;s azur eosin methylene blue solution</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.09204.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining ultrasonic vocalization preferences in mice using a two-choice playback test

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, sex, condition, and genetic background of the emitting animal. Although many studies have characterized these differences, whether receiver mice can discriminate among objectively different USVs and show preferences for particular sound traits remains to be elucidated. To determine whether mice can discriminate between different characteristics of USVs, a playback experiment was developed recently, in which preference responses of mice to two different USVs could be evaluated in the form of a place preference.
First, USVs from mice were recorded. Then, the recorded USVs were edited, trimmed accordingly, and exported as stereophonic sound files. Next, the USV amplitudes generated by the two ultrasound emitters used in the experiment were adjusted to the same sound pressure level. Nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitters were used to play the USVs back. Finally, to investigate the preference of subject mice to selected USVs, pairs of two differing USV signals were played back simultaneously in a two-choice test box. By repeatedly entering a defined zone near an ultrasound emitter and searching the wire mesh in front of the emitter, the mouse reveals its preference for one sound over another. This model allows comparing the attractiveness of the various features of mouse USVs, in various contexts.

I USV registrate da un topo BALB-maschio (161 sillabe per 20 sec), così come rumore di fondo sono stati utilizzati come riprodurre suoni nell&#39;esperimento rappresentante illustrato nella figura 3. In questo esperimento, 7 topi B6 femminili sono stati usati a 9 settimane di età . Per determinare la migliore durata della prova della risposta femminile di riproduzione suoni, i parametri comportamentali sono state analizzate separatamente per i primi e gli ultimi cinque minuti del tempo di collaudo tot...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test at JoVE.com

Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Determinazione Preferenze ultrasuoni vocalizzazione nei topi utilizzando un test di riproduzione a due scelta

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, ...

determining-ultrasonic-vocalization-preferences-mice-using-two-choice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.0K Views.  Azabu University. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

Video: Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Le successive Vicoli test di ansia nei topi e nei ratti

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Contestuali e Cued paura condizionata test utilizzando un sistema di video Analizzare in topi

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

The Hole Consiglio Modified - Behavior, Cognition e l&#39;interazione sociale in topi e ratti di misura

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

La dimensione sociale dello stress: manipolazioni sperimentali di sostegno sociale e identità sociale nella Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization (USV) Songs

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup retrieval1, juvenile interactions2, opposite and same sex interactions3,4,5, and territorial interactions6. For decades, the USVs have been used by investigators as proxies to study neuropsychiatric and developmental or behavioral disorders7,8,9, and more recently to understand mechanisms and evolution of vocal communication among vertebrates10. Within the sexual interactions, adult male mice produce USV songs, which have some features similar to courtship songs of songbirds11. The use of such multisyllabic repertoires can increase potential flexibility and information they carry, as they can be varied in how elements are organized and recombined, namely syntax. In this protocol a reliable method to elicit USV songs from male mice in various social contexts, such as exposure to fresh female urine, anesthetized animals, and estrus females is described. This includes conditions to induce a large amount of syllables from the mice. We reduce recording of ambient noises with inexpensive sound chambers, and present a quantification method to automatically detect, classify and analyze the USVs. The latter includes evaluation of call-rate, vocal repertoire, acoustic parameters, and syntax. Various approaches and insight on using playbacks to study an animal&#39;s preference for specific song types are described. These methods were used to describe acoustic and syntax changes across different contexts in male mice, and song preferences in female mice.

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization USV Songs

Mice produce a complex multisyllabic repertoire of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These USVs are widely used as readouts for neuropsychiatric disorders. This protocol describes some of the practices we learned and developed to consistently induce, collect, and analyze the acoustic features and syntax of mouse songs.

Eliciting e analisi di canzoni ad ultrasuoni (USV) di topo maschio

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

Psicofisico monitoraggio metodo per misurare preferenze alimentari nei bambini e adulti

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

Il roditore psicomotorio vigilanza Test (rPVT): un metodo per la valutazione delle prestazioni neurocomportamentali in ratti e topi

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

Test di riconoscimento di oggetto romanzo per l'indagine di apprendimento e memoria in topi

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

Reintegrazione di droga in Cerca nei topi utilizzando il paradigma di Conditioned Place Preference

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy aging groups. For example, olfactory dysfunction in AD can present as impairment in olfactory recognition, emerging during early stages of the disease and worsening while the disease progresses. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) task is based on a rudimentary form of communication between rodents concerning distant foods dependent on the transmission of olfactory cues. Healthy wild-type mice would prefer to eat a novel, flavored food that was previously cued by a conspecific, and this food preference would be hampered in transgenic AD mice, such as the APP/PS1 model. Indeed, a strong preference for the cued food in C57Bl6/J mice of 3 months of age was found, and this was reduced in 3 months old transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In summary, STFP task could be a powerful measure to be integrated in present subclinical detection assays of AD.

This paper presents a protocol for the investigation of social transmission of food preference in mice. The advantages and possible applications for this procedure, for instance, in detecting early changes in AD mouse models, are highlighted. To conclude, interpretation of the results in light of critical details are discussed.

Valutazione di trasmissione sociale dei comportamenti di preferenze alimentari

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...