This research was supported by a grant (AZ: 76202-29-3/11) from the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony (Germany) to Andreas Mojzisch and Jan H&#228;usser.

<ol>
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Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge.</a> Psychoneuroendocrino. 34 (1), 2-18 (2009).</li><li>Kudielka, B. M., Gierens, A., Hellhammer, D. H., W&#252;st, S., Schlotz, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salivary+cortisol+in+ambulatory+assessment&#8212;some+dos,+some+don&#8217;ts,+and+some+open+questions.">Salivary cortisol in ambulatory assessment&#8212;some dos, some don&#8217;ts, and some open questions.</a> Psychosom. Med. 74 (4), 418-431 (2012).</li><li>Doosje, B., Ellemers, N., Spears, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceived+intragroup+variability+as+a+function+of+group+status+and+identification.">Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 31 (5), 410-436 (1995).</li><li>Birkett, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Trier+Social+Stress+Test+protocol+for+inducing+psychological+stress.">The Trier Social Stress Test protocol for inducing psychological stress.</a> J. Vis. Exp. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Questo protocollo descrive due manipolazioni efficaci di (a) il rapporto tra i diversi protagonisti TSST (cioè tra i partecipanti al TSST-G 11 o tra il TSST-comitato e il partecipante 12) e (b) il comportamento del TSST- Comitato 12. La proposta di manipolazione di identità sociale ha diversi punti di forza. In primo luogo, può essere facilmente implementato prima di iniziare la TSST. Quindi, non altera il protocollo TSST standard, che è importan...

Come animali sociali 1, gli esseri umani lottano per appartenenza 2. Quindi, per gli esseri umani il comportamento di altri significativi così come i loro rapporti con loro sono di grande importanza, soprattutto in situazioni non familiari e difficili. Ad esempio, in situazioni di stress comportamento favorevole di altre persone così come le relazioni sociali positive possono agire come potenti risorse per far fronte allo stress 3,4. Queste risorse sociali, tuttavia, interagiscono in modo complesso e talvolta non sono efficaci 5 tamponi di stress per se. Al fine di studiare le condizioni in cui il comportamento solidale e le relazioni sociali hanno un effetto sulle reazioni di stress, vengono introdotti due differenti manipolazioni che può essere implementato in Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) 6,7 o la versione di gruppo del TSST (TSST -G) 8. Entrambi sono protocolli standard per indurre alti livelli di stress psicologico e fisiologico in laboratorio <sup&gt; 7. Il TSST (-G) è inquadrato come un colloquio di lavoro simulato, in cui i partecipanti sono tenuti a convincere i due intervistatori (vale a dire, il comitato di selezione), che sono il candidato più adatto per una posizione di lavoro. Inoltre, i partecipanti devono svolgere un compito di aritmetica mentale di fronte al comitato di selezione. Al fine di aumentare la minaccia socio-valutativa, i partecipanti sono detto che un video di loro sarà registrato per l&#39;analisi del loro comportamento non verbale e un&#39;analisi 6,7 frequenza della voce. Manipolazione dei social rispetto dell&#39;identità personale Per manipolare le relazioni sociali all&#39;interno del TSST (-G), diverse tecniche per indurre un&#39;identità sociale 9 sensazione -a condivisa di &quot;noi&quot; -ness-tra protagonisti del TSST / TSST-G sono proposte (confrontare Gockel et al. 10, Häusser et al. 11). In particolare, la manipolazione di un social identità consiste nei seguenti passi: 11,12 (1) I partecipanti sono collocati allo stesso tavolo. (2) Nel corso dei partecipanti procedura sperimentale sono indirizzate come gruppo. (3) La lettera iniziale del nome dei partecipanti è manipolata essere identica, perché la gente preferisce le lettere che costituiscono il loro nome 13. Questo effetto nome della lettera può essere collegato ad un aumento attrazione interpersonale 14. (4) età e professione dei partecipanti sono manipolati per essere simili. (5) I partecipanti sono date le magliette dello stesso colore. (6) I partecipanti lavorano da soli in un compito in cui devono generare e scrivere le idee per migliorare la qualità della vita nella loro città (Obiettivo 1). Le loro idee sono messi in una scatola collettiva e gli viene detto che la performance del gruppo saranno analizzati. (7) I partecipanti sono invitati a pensare a similitudini (ad esempio, obiettivi, desideri, e abitudini) tra se stessi ei loro compagni di gruppo (Task 2). (8) immagine Un gruppo è takit. Al fine di indurre una identità personale, sono prese le seguenti modalità: (1) I partecipanti sono seduti ai tre tavoli individuali. (2) Nel corso dei partecipanti procedura sperimentale si rivolgono come individui. (3) La lettera iniziale del nome dei partecipanti è manipolata per essere diverso. (4) età e professione dei partecipanti sono manipolati per essere diverso. (5) I partecipanti sono date le magliette di diversi colori. (6) I partecipanti lavorano anche su Task 1. Tuttavia, le loro idee per migliorare la qualità della vita sono messi in box individuali e si sottolinea che la loro performance individuale sarà analizzata. (7) I partecipanti devono pensare alle cose (ad esempio, obiettivi, desideri, e abitudini) che si distinguono dai loro compagni di gruppo. (8) Un quadro individuale di ciascun partecipante è presa. È importante sottolineare che, in entrambe le condizioni partecipanti non possono interagire tra loro in qualsiasi forma. Inoltre, si ricorda che il realizazione di punti 3 e 4 richiede l&#39;uso di confederati e può quindi non essere applicabile in ogni disegno dello studio. Manipolazione di sostegno contro comportamenti non solidale Per studiare gli effetti di (in) comportamento solidale, una manipolazione sperimentale del comportamento non verbale dei membri del comitato TSST-selezione (confrontare Taylor et al. 15) viene introdotto. È importante sottolineare che solo il comportamento non verbale del comitato è alterata: In netto contrasto con la versione standard della TSST 6, in cui i membri del comitato sono addestrati a comunicare con il partecipante in un modo neutro non risponde (ad esempio, i membri del comitato di fornire alcun feedback facciale a tutti), i membri del comitato ora si comportano sia supportively o unsupportively. Tuttavia, le dichiarazioni verbali standardizzati dei membri del comitato e la procedura del TSST sono immutati. Questi due manipulati sperimentalicomponenti può essere applicata indipendentemente l&#39;uno dall&#39;altro, ma può anche essere combinati. In sintesi, la manipolazione di identità è stato testato nel nostro laboratorio di 186 studenti sani maschili e femminili e la manipolazione del comportamento comitato su 90 studenti sani maschi e femmine. Nel presente articolo, si descrive la combinazione di entrambi manipolazioni come condotto da Frisch et al. 12. Costruire sull&#39;approccio identità sociale 16, Frisch et al. 12 ipotizza che il sostegno sociale in una situazione stressante sarà efficace nella risposta allo stress buffer solo se il prestatore e il destinatario di supporto quota un&#39;identità sociale. Questa ipotesi è stata testata utilizzando un 2 (sociale contro l&#39;identità personale) × 2 (unsupportive contro comportamento comitato di sostegno) tra soggetti design. Nella prima parte di questo esperimento, una identità sociale comune (contro identità personale) è stata indotta tra tre partecipanti. In realtà, c&#39;è un solo vero partecipante ele altre due persone sono stati complici che fingevano di essere dei veri partecipanti durante lo studio. I due complici sono stati utilizzati al fine di assicurare un comportamento comitato standardizzato nella prossima TSST. In questa seconda parte dell&#39;esperimento, la TSST è stato introdotto per i partecipanti e loro hanno detto che uno di loro avrebbe dovuto servire come lavoro richiedente e gli altri due avrebbe costituito il comitato. I due complici sono stati designati come membri del TSST-comitato, utilizzando un disegno fasulla di procedura lotti. Durante la TSST, il comportamento non verbale di questi due membri del comitato è stato manipolato e che ha agito sia supportively o unsupportively. Il protocollo che segue descrive la procedura di questo esperimento 12 e le manipolazioni più dettagliatamente.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="841">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>9 T-shirts in 3 colors (i.e., 3 in each color)</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Social/personal identity manipulation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 stick-on labels</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Social/personal identity manipulation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 boxes (e.g., made of cardboard)</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Social/personal identity manipulation (task 1).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a little pouch&#160;</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bogus lot drawing procedure (entails three lots: two neatly folded lots labeled with with &#8220;committee&#8221; and one crumpled-up lot labeled with &#8220;applicant&#8221;).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 stopwatches</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place them on the table in Room 2 (for the TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 video cameras</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place in Room 2 (one for allegedly filming the participant, one for filming the behavior of the committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 tripods</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place in Room 2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 microphone</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place in Room 2 (for allegedly recording the speech and the answers of the participant).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 microphone stand</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place in Room 2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>several pens</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Furniture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 chairs</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 1 A and B (social/ personal identity manipulation).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 big table</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 1A (social identity manipulation).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 small tables</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 1B (personal identity manipulation).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 big table</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 2 (TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 chairs</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Room 2 (TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Questionnaires/ instructions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 informed consents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use the&#160; informed consent of your institution (for all participants, i.e., the two confederates and the real participant).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 manipulation checks of identity salience</td>
			<td>Items of Frisch et al. (2014), H&#228;usser et al. (2012) or Doosje et al. (1995)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hand out after the identity salience manipulation (for all participants, i.e., the two confederates and the real participant).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 &#34;instructions&#34; for the TSST-committee</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hand out to the committee members (i.e., the confederates) at the end of the bogus lot drawing procedure. These &#34;instructions&#34; are part of the cover story so that the real participant believes that the two confederates are real participants as well and need to be informed about their roles in the TSST. However, since the confederates are of course already familiar with the TSST procedure, it is not important what these instructions actually entail (e.g., as a reminder for the confederates they may entail the exact wording of the verbal instructions of the committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 solutions to the mental arithmetic task</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place them on the table in Room 2 (for the TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 (or 3) manipulation check(s) of committee behavior</td>
			<td>Items of Frisch et al. (2014)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hand out after the TSST (for the real participant only). (However, in order to keep up the role of the confederates as real participants, a similar questionnaire can be handed out to the confederates asking them how they evaluate their own behavior during the TSST.)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>several sheets of blank paper</td>
			<td>any brand/manufacturer is suitable</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hand out for task 1, task 2, preparation time of TSST (for the real participant), notes during the TSST (for the TSST-committee).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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the social dimension of stress: experimental manipulations of social support and social identity in the trier social stress test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Due studi (Häusser et al. 11 e Frisch et al., 12) hanno dimostrato l&#39;efficacia della manipolazione dell&#39;identità su 186 studenti sani (97 femmine, di età compresa da 18 a 35 anni, media M) età (= 22.40 anni, deviazione standard (SD ) = 2.83 anni). Inoltre, Frisch et al. 12 ha testato l&#39;efficacia della manipolazione comportamento comitato su 90 studenti sani (49 femmine, di età 18-29, M = 22.00 anni, DS = 2.31...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test at JoVE.com

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

La dimensione sociale dello stress: manipolazioni sperimentali di sostegno sociale e identità sociale nella Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

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13.6K Views.  University of Hildesheim. Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test). 

Video: The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression and defensive behavior in a semi natural setting. The most important behavioral elements performed by the resident and the intruder are demonstrated in the video and illustrated using artistic drawings. The use of the resident intruder paradigm for acute and chronic social stress experiments is explained as well. Finally, some brief tests and criteria are presented to distinguish aggression from its more violent and pathological forms.

This video shows the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression, defensive behavior and violence in a semi-natural setting. The use of the paradigm for social stress experiments is explained as well.

Il Paradigma residente-intruso: un test standardizzato per aggressione, di violenza e di stress sociale

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

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Using Chronic Social Stress to Model Postpartum Depression in Lactating Rodents

Exposure to chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depressive disorders, and social stress is a common ethologically relevant stressor in both animals and humans. However, many animal models of depression were developed in males and are not applicable or effective in studies of postpartum females. Recent studies have reported significant effects of chronic social stress during lactation, an ethologically relevant and effective stressor, on maternal behavior, growth, and behavioral neuroendocrinology. This manuscript will describe this chronic social stress paradigm using repeated exposure of a lactating dam to a novel male intruder, and the assessment of the behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine effects of this model. Chronic social stress (CSS) is a valuable model for studying the effects of stress on the behavior and physiology of the dam as well as her offspring and future generations. The exposure of pups to CSS can also be used as an early life stress that has long term effects on behavior, physiology, and neuroendocrinology.

This article describes the use of chronic resident intruder social stress as an ethologically relevant paradigm to model postpartum depression and anxiety in lactating rodents.

Utilizzando cronica stress sociale a modello depressione post-partum in lattazione Roditore

Exposure to chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depressive disorders, and social stress is a common ethologically relevant stressor in both animals ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

The Hole Consiglio Modified - Behavior, Cognition e l&#39;interazione sociale in topi e ratti di misura

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Mouse Model of Subchronic and Mild Social Defeat Stress for Understanding Stress-induced Behavioral and Physiological Deficits

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of depression is essential. Because there are several types of depression, various animal models are needed for a deeper understanding of the disorder. Previously, a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS) using a modified chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm was established. In the paradigm, to reduce physical injuries from aggressors, the duration of physical contact between the aggressor and a subordinate was reduced compared to in the original CSDS paradigm. sCSDS mice showed increased body weight gain, food intake, and water intake during the stress period, and their social behaviors were suppressed after the stress period. In terms of the face validity of the stress-induced overeating and overdrinking following the increased body weight gain, the sCSDS mice may show some features related to atypical depression in humans. Thus, a mouse model of sCSDS may be useful for studying the pathogenic mechanisms underlying depression. This protocol will help establish the sCSDS mouse model, especially for studying the mechanisms underlying stress-induced weight gain and polydipsia- and hyperphagia-like symptoms.

Here, methods for developing a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress are described and used to investigate the pathogenic features of depression including hyperphagia- and polydipsia-like symptoms following increased body weight.

Un modello murino di subcronica e Mild Sconfitta sociale stress per la comprensione deficit comportamentali e fisiologiche allo stress indotto

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of ...

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has focused on the cognitive strategies people adopt to deal with uncertainty. However, especially when uncertainty is due to unpredictable societal events (e.g., economical crises, political revolutions, terrorism threats) of which one is unable to judge the impact on one&#8217;s future live, cognitive strategies (like seeking additional information) is likely to fail to combat uncertainty. Instead, the current paper discusses a method demonstrating that people might deal with uncertainty experientially through soft haptic sensations. More specifically, because touching something soft creates a feeling of comfort and security, people prefer objects with softer as compared to harder properties when feeling uncertain. Seeking for softness is a highly efficient and effective tool to deal with uncertainty as our hands are available at all times. This protocol describes a set of methods demonstrating 1) how environmental (un)certainty can be situationally activated with an experiential priming procedure, 2) that the quality of the softness experience (what type of softness and how it is experienced) matters and 3) how uncertainty can be reduced using different methods.

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

Experimental Research Esaminare come le persone possono far fronte all&#39;incertezza Attraverso morbide aptiche Sensations

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

Esaminando Richiamo Memoria in prima e seconda infanzia Utilizzando il suscitato imitazione Paradigma

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

Un entro soggetti protocollo sperimentale per valutare gli effetti di Input sociale in Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies have described the behaviors connected with disease defense, and the associated use of chemicals and antimicrobials, no common visual reference has been made. The main aim of this study was to record short clips of behaviors involved in disease defense, both prophylactically and directly targeted towards an antagonist of the colony following infection. To do so we used an infection experiment, with sub-colonies of the leaf-cutting ant species Acromyrmex echinatior, and the most significant known pathogenic threat to the ants&#39; fungal crop (Leucoagaricus gongylophorus), a specialized pathogenic fungus in the genus Escovopsis. We filmed and compared infected and uninfected colonies, at both early and more advanced stages of infection. We quantified key defensive behaviors across treatments and show that the behavioral response to pathogen attack likely varies between different castes of worker ants, and between early and late detection of a threat. Based on these recordings we have made a library of behavioral clips, accompanied by definitions of the main individual defensive behaviors. We anticipate that such a guide can provide a common frame of reference for other researchers working in this field, to recognize and study these behaviors, and also provide greater scope for comparing different studies to ultimately help better understand the role these behaviors play in disease defense.

We present a visual guide to disease defense behaviors in leaf-cutting ants, with individual clips and accompanying definitions, illustrated in an experimental infection scenario. Our main aim is to help other researchers recognize key defensive behaviors and to provide a common understanding for future research in this field.

Una guida visiva per studiare le difese del comportamento patogeno attacca in formiche tagliafoglie

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies ...

Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View

The single Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and the TSST for groups (TSST-G) are the most used protocols to experimentally induce psychosocial stress. These tests are based on uncontrollability and social-evaluative threat, inducing psychological and physiological consequences (e.g., anxiety, emotional states, salivary cortisol increases). Many quantitative experimental studies have investigated these stress inducers and these consequences. But, as far as we know, this study is the first to provide a qualitative analysis to access the participants' voices so as to understand the dynamics of their experience throughout the TSST and the TSST-G. This paper outlines a mixed methods approach to the TSST. This approach can help to maximize the information that can be gained from the TSST, which researchers often use without looking more closely at what is qualitatively happening psychologically for participants during the stressor itself. In this way, this protocol is an example of mixed methods, showing the added value of using the enactive phenomenological approach to analyze experimental protocols more deeply. This kind of mixed methods is helpful to access the experience, to understand the actor's point of view, and to analyze in-depth the dynamics of cognitive processes like intentions, perceptions, enacted knowledge, and emotion. The discussion section shows the different uses of a mixed methods protocol, exploiting the enactive phenomenological approach to analyze a protocol or to give a cross vision of the same research subject. This section deals with different existing applications, pointing out some critical steps in this mixed methods approach.

Here, we present an original mixed method combining a quantitative and a qualitative approach to examine accurately participants&#39; experiences during the Trier Social Stress Test and the Trier Social Stress Test for groups.

Approccio fenomenologico enattive per la prova di sforzo sociale di Treviri: un punto di vista metodi misti

The single Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and the TSST for groups (TSST-G) are the most used protocols to experimentally induce psychosocial stress. ...

Integrating Computerized Linguistic and Social Network Analyses to Capture Addiction Recovery Capital in an Online Community

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery capital development in online communities of recovery from alcohol and drug (AOD) addiction. Recovery capital was conceptualised as both engagement in the online recovery community and identification with the community. To measure recovery capital development, naturally occurring data were extracted from the social media page of a specific recovery program, with the page being set up as a resource for a face-to-face recovery program. To map engagement with the online community, social network analysis (SNA) capturing online social interaction was performed. Social interaction was measured through the linkages between the online contributors/members of the online community as represented by program clients, staff, and supporters from the broader community. To capture markers of social identification with the online community, computerised linguistic analysis of the textual data (content from posts and comments) was conducted. Recovery capital captured in this way was analysed against retention data (a proxy outcome indicator), as days spent in the (face-to-face) recovery program. The online data extracted was linked to participant data in regards to program retention to test prediction of a key recovery outcome. This approach allowed the examination of the role of online support communities and assessment of the association between recovery capital (developed via the online community of recovery) and recovery outcomes.

The article describes a novel approach for analyzing dynamic online social interactions (in an online context) exemplified by a study of an online community of recovery from alcohol and drug addiction.

Integrazione di analisi linguistiche e sociali computerizzate per catturare il capitale di recupero dalle dipendenze in una comunità online

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery ...