This work was supported by Adelphi University faculty development grant and grant R15GM113156 from NIGMS awarded to EVC, grant R01GM067862 from NIGMS and grant R01AG027849 from NIA awarded to DMR.

1. I reagenti e soluzioni <ol><li> Preparazione di volare cibo e dei media <ol><li> Calore mosca gli ingredienti 11% di zucchero, 2% lievito Autolyzed, 5,2% farina di mais, agar 0,79% w / v in acqua in una piastra fissata a 90 ° C. Mescolare regolarmente fino ad ottenere una miscela omogenea leggermente densa. Preparare un volume finale di 550 ml di mosca cibo per un totale di 100 flaconcini con 5 ml volare alimentare in ogni. </li><li> Rimuovere dalla fonte di calore, agitare occasionalmente finché il cibo si raffredda a 80 ° C e aggiungere 0,2% tegosept-metil 4-idrossibenzoato disciolto in 95% di etanolo. </li><li> Dividere il cibo in due volumi uguali. Aggiungere 1,1 ml di 50 mM rapamicina sciolti in etanolo ad un volume e 1,1 ml di etanolo per l&#39;altro volume. Mescolare il le soluzioni di etanolo nel cibo e rapamicina. Assicurarsi che la temperatura scende a 50 ° C prima di aggiungere farmaci. </li></ol></li><li> Isolamento Buffer <ol><li> Preparare 500 ml di isolamento Buffer [225 mM Mannitolo, saccarosio 75 mm, 10 mM 3- (N &lt;/ em&gt; -morpholino) propanosulfonico (MOPS) e 1 mm di acido etilendiamminotetraacetico (EDTA), 2,5 mg / ml di albumina sierica bovina (BSA)] in acqua. </li><li> Portare il pH a 7,2 utilizzando idrossido di sodio. Il pH iniziale sarà acida. </li><li> Utilizzare bottiglie di archiviazione filtro sterili con dimensione dei pori di 0,22 micron per sterilizzare soluzione e conservarlo a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Tampone di lavaggio <ol><li> Preparare 500 ml di tampone di lavaggio [225 mM Mannitolo, saccarosio 75 mm, KCl 10 mm, 10 mM Tris HCl e 5 KH mM PO 2 4] in acqua. </li><li> Portare il pH a 7,2 utilizzando idrossido di sodio. Il pH iniziale sarà acida. </li><li> Utilizzare bottiglie di archiviazione filtro sterili con dimensione dei pori di 0,22 micron per sterilizzare soluzione e conservarlo a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Governo dei ceppi di Drosophila <ol><li> Per controllare la densità larvale durante lo sviluppo, inserire 25 coppie di genitori in una bottiglia cultura e di permettere loro di deporre le uova per 48 ore. </li> &lt;li&gt; Rimuovi genitori dopo 48 ore di regolare la densità di uova. </li><li> Ripetere i punti 2.1 e 2.2 con la prole F1 emergente, così due generazioni di questo controllo della densità è raggiunto. </li><li> Per raccogliere gli adulti, anestetizzare linea utilizzando l&#39;anidride carbonica (CO 2) e separati per sesso. <ol><li> Utilizzare un unico regolatore fase consegnato CO 2 pura da un serbatoio ad alta pressione in un flusso continuo di 5 psi. Per evitare l&#39;elettricità statica, utilizzare tubi di plastica per catalizzare la CO 2 in un matraccio da 500 ml di filtraggio con acqua. </li><li> Utilizzare un tappo di gomma con un foro per sigillare nel pallone. Utilizzare tubi di plastica per collegare l&#39;apertura laterale del pallone di un pad di CO 2. </li><li> Posizionare le mosche in tampone per non più di 10-15 minuti. Permette di recuperare da anestesia per 24 ore prima di metterli in condizioni sperimentali. </li></ol></li><li> Per generare abbastanza metaboliti frazioni arricchito mitocondriali, utilizzare 300 mosche per campione. Qui, utilizzare femmine, ma gender può differire in altri esperimenti. Trasferire 150 mosche per un 1 L demografia gabbia fatta in casa. Consentire l&#39;accesso a 5 ml di mosca alimentare in una fiala. </li><li> Trasferire i restanti 150 mosche in un altro 1 L gabbia. Non sovrappopolare gabbie con più di 150 mosche. </li><li> Utilizzare sei campioni replicati per ogni condizione sperimentale. Poiché estratti animali interi resa più metaboliti, di generare 1 campione di tutto l&#39;animale isolati, trasferire 50 femminile vola a una gabbia. Per quanto riguarda gli isolati mitocondriali, utilizzare sei campioni replicati per ogni condizione sperimentale. </li><li> Inserire gabbie a 25 ° C con ciclo di 12 ore di luce e 12 ore scuro. </li><li> Fornire cibo fresco ogni 2 o 3 giorni in una fiala con 5 ml di cibo per mantenere la qualità del cibo. </li><li> Mantenere mosche sul cibo per 10 giorni. Questo passo è necessario per il trattamento rapamicina 7. Altri trattamenti o condizioni saranno diverse. </li></ol> 3. Isolamento di mitocondriali Frazioni <ol><li> Dump vola da una gabbia (150 mosche) in unvetro-teflon Dounce omogeneizzatore riempita con 1 ml di tampone isolamento refrigerati. </li><li> Omogeneizzare spostando il pestello su e giù per 15 colpi. Tenere il mortaio su ghiaccio per mantenere intatto mitocondri. </li><li> Trasferimento omogenato in una provetta da 1,5 ml e centrifugare a 300 xg per 5 minuti a 4 ° C. </li><li> Prendere il surnatante e centrifugare a 6000 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C per arricchire per mitocondri. </li><li> Come il surnatante contiene la frazione citosolica, scartare il surnatante o usarlo per esperimenti alternativi. Risospendere il pellet in 300 ml di tampone di lavaggio. </li><li> Ripetere i passaggi 3,1-3,5 per il secondo gabbia. Unire i pellet risospeso di entrambe le gabbie in una provetta criogenica. </li><li> Centrifugare a 6000 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Scartare il surnatante e flash-congelare il pellet in azoto liquido. </li><li> Conservare le frazioni arricchite mitocondriali a -80 ° C o temperature inferiori. <ol><li> In alternativa, per tutta la pre animaleparazione, posizionare le adulti in una provetta criogenica. Flash-congelare la fiala in azoto e conservare adulti liquido a -80 ° C o la temperatura più bassa. </li></ol></li></ol>

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	<li>Scheffler, I. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Mitochondria (Scheffler, Mitochondria). , 484 (2007).</li><li>Guarente, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria--a+nexus+for+aging,+calorie+restriction,+and+sirtuins.">Mitochondria--a nexus for aging, calorie restriction, and sirtuins.</a> Cell. 132 (2), 171-176 (2008).</li><li>Raimundo, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+pathology:+stress+signals+from+the+energy+factory.">Mitochondrial pathology: stress signals from the energy factory.</a> Trends in molecular medicine. 20 (5), 282-292 (2014).</li><li>Embley, T. M., Martin, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eukaryotic+evolution,+changes+and+challenges.">Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges.</a> Nature. 440 (7084), 623-630 (2006).</li><li>Lane, N., , <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life. 368, (2006).</li><li>Montooth, K. L., Meiklejohn, C. D., Abt, D. N., Rand, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial-nuclear+epistasis+affects+fitness+within+species+but+does+not+contribute+to+fixed+incompatibilities+between+species+of+Drosophila.">Mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis affects fitness within species but does not contribute to fixed incompatibilities between species of Drosophila.</a> Evolution; international journal of organic evolution. 64 (12), 3364-3379 (2010).</li><li>Villa-Cuesta, E., Holmbeck, M. A., Rand, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapamycin+increases+mitochondrial+efficiency+by+mtDNA-dependent+reprogramming+of+mitochondrial+metabolism+in+Drosophila.">Rapamycin increases mitochondrial efficiency by mtDNA-dependent reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism in Drosophila.</a> Journal of cell science. 127 (Pt 10), 2282-2290 (2014).</li><li>Zhu, C. -. T., Ingelmo, P., Rand, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G&#215;G&#215;E+for+Lifespan+in+Drosophila:+Mitochondrial,+Nuclear,+and+Dietary+Interactions+that+Modify+Longevity.">G&#215;G&#215;E for Lifespan in Drosophila: Mitochondrial, Nuclear, and Dietary Interactions that Modify Longevity.</a> PLoS genetics. 10 (5), e1004354 (2014).</li><li>Madala, N. E., Piater, L. A., Steenkamp, P. A., Dubery, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multivariate+statistical+models+of+metabolomic+data+reveals+different+metabolite+distribution+patterns+in+isonitrosoacetophenone-elicited+Nicotiana+tabacum+and+Sorghum+bicolor+cells.">Multivariate statistical models of metabolomic data reveals different metabolite distribution patterns in isonitrosoacetophenone-elicited Nicotiana tabacum and Sorghum bicolor cells.</a> SpringerPlus. 3, 254 (2014).</li><li>Hogeboom, G. H., Schneider, W. C., Pallade, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytochemical+Studies+Of+Mammalian+Tissues+I+.+Isolation+Of+Intact+Mitochondria+From+Rat+Liver+Some+Biochemical+Properties+Of+Mitochondria+And+Submicroscopic+Particulate+Material.">Cytochemical Studies Of Mammalian Tissues I . Isolation Of Intact Mitochondria From Rat Liver Some Biochemical Properties Of Mitochondria And Submicroscopic Particulate Material.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 172, 619-635 (1948).</li><li>Frezza, C., Cipolat, S., Scorrano, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organelle+isolation:+functional+mitochondria+from+mouse+liver,+muscle+and+cultured+fibroblasts.">Organelle isolation: functional mitochondria from mouse liver, muscle and cultured fibroblasts.</a> Nature protocols. 2 (2), 287-295 (2007).</li><li>Corcelli, A., Saponetti, M. 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Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

Le fasi più critiche di questo protocollo sono: 1) l&#39;allevamento abbastanza mosche nello spazio abbondante. E &#39;molto importante non sovrappopolare gabbie demografia con più di 150 mosche ciascuna; 2) cambiare il cibo delle gabbie frequentemente per evitare la concorrenza cibo e stress nutrizionale; e 3) il mantenimento di tutti i campioni a 4 ° C per garantire l&#39;integrità durante l&#39;isolamento della frazione mitocondriale. Si raccomanda inoltre di raffreddare il buffer di isolamento, il tampone di lav...

L&#39;obiettivo di questa procedura è quello di sviluppare le frazioni mitocondriali arricchito che producono sufficienti metaboliti mitocondriali per metabolomica studi che utilizzano Drosophila melanogaster. Nella nostra esperienza, la metabolomica analisi che utilizzano interi metodi di estrazione cellulari sono in grado di rilevare i cambiamenti sottili metaboliti mitocondriali in Drosophila. Tuttavia, frazionamento mitocondriale prima dell&#39;analisi metabolomica aumenta la sensibilità per identificare spostamenti metaboliti mitocondriali. I mitocondri sono organelli cellulari responsabili della fornitura del 90% dell&#39;energia che le cellule hanno bisogno per la normale funzione 1. Negli ultimi anni è stato riconosciuto che i mitocondri hanno un ruolo molto più dinamico in funzione cellulare e organismal che soltanto la produzione di adenosina trifosfato (ATP), e sono ora riconosciuti come hub per la regolazione del metabolismo omeostasi 2,3. I mitocondri sono il risultato di un processo in cui endosimbiontica dislignaggi microbiche stinti fuse ~ 1,5 miliardi di anni fa 4. Come si sono evoluti in veri mitocondri organelli, i geni della endosimbionte sono stati incorporati nel genoma nucleare emergente. Negli animali oggi, circa 1.500 proteine ​​mitocondriali sono codificate dal nucleo, mentre 37 geni rimangono nel mtDNA, 13 dei quali codificano proteine ​​mitocondriali che sono subunità dei complessi enzimatici della fosforilazione ossidativa 5. Coordinamento tra mitocondri e compartimenti nucleari è necessaria per mantenere una corretta funzione mitocondriale. Utilizzando i metodi descritti qui siamo stati in grado di rilevare i cambiamenti metabolici mitocondriali in Drosophila che derivano dalla manipolazione del coordinamento tra genomi mitocondriali e nucleari. Abbiamo utilizzato un ceppo di Drosophila in cui mtDNA dalle specie sorelle D. simulans è stato posto su un singolo D. melanogaster sfondo nucleare 6. Questo mitonuclear &#39;interrotto&#39;il genotipo è stato confrontato con il &#39;nativo&#39;, o co-evoluti genotipo mitonuclear di D. melanogaster portando lo stesso genoma nucleare con la sua nativa D. melanogaster mtDNA. Il D. melanogaster e D. simulans mtDNA differiscono di ~ 100 amminoacidi e&gt; 500 sostituzioni sinonime che influenzano mitonuclear 7,8 comunicazione. Abbiamo generato estratti mosca integrali e estratti arricchiti mitocondriali per studiare cambiamenti metabolici in risposta allo stress farmacologico. Qui mostriamo che quando si utilizza mitocondriali arricchito frazioni rileviamo cambiamenti pronunciati in metaboliti mitocondriali tra i nativi, genotipo co-evoluta portando la D. mtDNA melanogaster e il genotipo perturbato che trasportano D. simulans mtDNA. Al contrario, le modifiche dei metaboliti tra questi due genotipi sono sottili utilizzando normali metodi che utilizzano estratto intero volo. Pertanto, questo metodo ha fornito un percorso per capire come mtDNA mediare i cambiamenti mitocondriali inrisposta ai farmaci diversi.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2% tegosept -methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>AAA14289</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>792799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M4125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1254&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>38057&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>5470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris HCL&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>RES3098T-B7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1551139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 pads to anesthetize flies</td>
			<td>Tritech Research</td>
			<td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 liter cage&#160;</td>
			<td>Web Restaurant Store</td>
			<td>999RD32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 liter cage lid&#160;</td>
			<td>Web Restaurant Store</td>
			<td>999LRD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a glass-teflon dounce homogenizer&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9661231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rapamycin&#160;</td>
			<td>LC Laboratories&#160;</td>
			<td>R-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-porin</td>
			<td>MitoSciences</td>
			<td>MSA03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-alpha tubulin</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>12G10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce&#8482; BCA Protein Assay Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 pad</td>
			<td>Tritech Research, Inc</td>
			<td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>filter flask</td>
			<td>enasco</td>
			<td>SB08184M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rubber stopper</td>
			<td>enasco</td>
			<td>S08512M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of mitochondrial enriched fractions for metabolic analysis in drosophila

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often compromise the lives of those who suffer from these complex diseases. Detecting mitochondrial metabolic changes is vital to the understanding of mitochondrial disorders and mitochondrial responses to pharmacological agents. Although mitochondrial metabolism is at the core of metabolic regulation, the detection of subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism may be hindered by the overrepresentation of other cytosolic metabolites obtained using whole organism or whole tissue extractions. 
Here we describe an isolation method that detected pronounced mitochondrial metabolic changes in Drosophila that were distinct between whole-fly and mitochondrial enriched preparations. To illustrate the sensitivity of this method, we used a set of Drosophila harboring genetically diverse mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) and exposed them to the drug rapamycin. Using this method we showed that rapamycin modifies mitochondrial metabolism in a mitochondrial-genotype-dependent manner. However, these changes are much more distinct in metabolomics studies when metabolites were extracted from mitochondrial enriched fractions. In contrast, whole tissue extracts only detected metabolic changes mediated by the drug rapamycin independently of mtDNAs.

Utilizzando il protocollo spiegato in precedenza, abbiamo effettuato l&#39;analisi metabolomica sulle frazioni arricchito mitocondriali ed estratti di animali interi per testare l&#39;effetto del farmaco rapamicina sul mtDNA divergenti 7. Abbiamo consegnato 200 mM di rapamicina sciogliendo il farmaco nel cibo mosca. Le mosche sono stati esposti a rapamicina per 10 giorni. I metaboliti da estratti interi fly e da estratti mitocondriali sono stati ottenuti usando la spettro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila at JoVE.com

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster.

Preparazione di mitocondriali arricchiti frazioni per l&#39;analisi metabolica in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often ...

preparation-mitochondrial-enriched-fractions-for-metabolic-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

9.5K Views.  Adelphi University. Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster. 

Video: Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders. In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle membrane is a critical disease determinant. To date, numerous neuromuscular conditions display degenerating muscle fibers with abnormal membrane integrity; this is most commonly observed in muscular dystrophies. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) is a vital, cell permeable dye that is rapidly taken into degenerating, damaged, or apoptotic cells; in contrast, it is not taken up by cells with an intact membrane. EBD injection is commonly employed to ascertain muscle integrity in mouse models of neuromuscular diseases. However, such EBD experiments require muscle dissection and/or sectioning prior to analysis. In contrast, EBD uptake in zebrafish is visualized in live, intact preparations. Here, we demonstrate a simple and straightforward methodology for performing EBD injections and analysis in live zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrate a co-injection strategy to increase efficacy of EBD analysis. Overall, this video article provides an outline to perform EBD injection and characterization in zebrafish models of neuromuscular disease.

In this study, we describe a straightforward method to perform Evans Blue Dye (EBD) analysis on zebrafish larvae. This technique is a powerful tool for the characterization of skeletal muscle integrity and delineation of zebrafish models of muscular dystrophy, and is a valuable method for the development of novel therapeutics.

Analisi delle larve Zebrafish muscolo scheletrico Integrità con Blu di Evans Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

Medium-scale Preparation of Drosophila Embryo Extracts for Proteomic Experiments

Analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has become an indispensable approach to study biological processes and mechanisms, such as cell signaling, organism development, and disease. It is often desirable to obtain PPI information using in vivo material, to gain the most natural and unbiased view of the interaction networks. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent platform to study PPIs in vivo, and lends itself to straightforward approaches to isolating material for biochemical experiments. In particular, fruit fly embryos represent a convenient type of tissue to study PPIs, due to the ease of collecting animals at this developmental stage and the fact that the majority of proteins are expressed in embryogenesis, thus providing a relevant environment to reveal most PPIs. Here we present a protocol for collection of Drosophila embryos at medium scale (0.5-1 g), which is an ideal amount for a wide range of proteomic applications, including analysis of PPIs by affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS). We describe our designs for 1 L and 5 L cages for embryo collections that can be easily and inexpensively set up in any laboratory. We also provide a general protocol for embryo collection and protein extraction to generate lysates that can be directly used in downstream applications such as AP-MS. Our goal is to provide an accessible means for all researchers to carry out the analyses of PPIs in vivo.

Medium-scale Preparation of Drosophila Embryo Extracts for Proteomic Experiments

The goal of this protocol is to provide a straightforward and inexpensive approach to collecting Drosophila embryos at medium scale (0.5-1 g) and preparing protein extracts that can be used in downstream proteomic applications, such as affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS).

Preparazione su media scala di<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Estratti di embrioni per esperimenti proteomici

Analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has become an indispensable approach to study biological processes and mechanisms, such as cell signaling, ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Dissezione e macchiatura immunofluorescente del corpo di fungo e del fotoricettore neuroni nel cervello adulto Drosophila melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and behavioral evolution. Drosophila olfactory tissues house the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that detect volatile chemical cues in addition to hydro- and thermo-sensory neurons. In this protocol, we describe the dissection of developing peripheral olfactory tissue of the adult Drosophila species. We first describe how to stage and age Drosophila larvae, followed by the dissection of the antennal disc from early pupal stages, followed by the dissection of the antennae from mid-pupal stages and adults. We also show methods where preparations can be utilized in molecular techniques, such as the RNA extraction for qRT-PCR, RNAseq, or immunohistochemistry. These methods can also be applied to other Drosophila species after species-specific pupal development times are determined, and respective stages are calculated for appropriate aging.

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

Here, we present a protocol to stage and dissect developing olfactory tissue from Drosophila species. The dissected tissue can later be used for molecular analyses, such as quantitative RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) or RNA sequencing (RNAseq), as well as in vivo analyses such as immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

Preparare lo sviluppo di tessuto periferico olfattivo per molecolare e l'analisi di Immunohistochemical in Drosophila

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and ...

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based Metabolomics

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal metabolism. By combining the vast array of Drosophila genetic tools with the ability to survey large swaths of intermediary metabolism, a metabolomics approach can reveal complex interactions between diet, genotype, life-history events, and environmental cues. In addition, metabolomics studies can discover novel enzymatic mechanisms and uncover previously unknown connections between seemingly disparate metabolic pathways. In order to facilitate more widespread use of this technology among the Drosophila community, here we provide a detailed protocol that describes how to prepare Drosophila larval samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic analysis. Our protocol includes descriptions of larval sample collection, metabolite extraction, chemical derivatization, and GC-MS analysis. Successful completion of this protocol will allow users to measure the relative abundance of small polar metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, and organic acids involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycles.

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics

This protocol describes how to prepare Drosophila larvae for GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis.

Preparazione di campioni larvale della drosofila per spettrometria della cromatografia-massa del Gas (GC-MS)-base di metabolomica

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal ...

Dissection of the Drosophila Pupal Retina for Immunohistochemistry, Western Analysis, and RNA Isolation

The Drosophila pupal retina provides an excellent model system for the study of morphogenetic processes during development. In this paper, we present a reliable protocol for the dissection of the delicate Drosophila pupal retina. Our surgical approach utilizes readily-available microdissection tools to open pupae and precisely extract eye-brain complexes. These can be fixed, subjected to immunohistochemistry, and retinas then mounted onto microscope slides and imaged if the goal is to detect cellular or subcellular structures. Alternatively, unfixed retinas can be isolated from brain tissue, lysed in appropriate buffers and utilized for protein gel electrophoresis or mRNA extraction (to assess protein or gene expression, respectively). Significant practice and patience may be required to master the microdissection protocol described, but once mastered, the protocol enables relatively quick isolation of mainly undamaged retinas.

Dissection of the Drosophila Pupal Retina for Immunohistochemistry, Western Analysis, and RNA Isolation

This paper presents a surgical method for dissecting Drosophila pupal retinas along with protocols for the processing of tissue for immunohistochemistry, western analysis, and RNA-extraction.&#160;

Dissezione della drosofila Pupal Retina per immunoistochimica, analisi occidentale e isolamento del RNA

The Drosophila pupal retina provides an excellent model system for the study of morphogenetic processes during development. In this paper, we present a ...

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Coordinated muscle contractions are a form of rhythmic behavior seen early during development in Drosophila embryos. Neuronal sensory feedback circuits are required to control this behavior. Failure to produce the rhythmic pattern of contractions can be indicative of neurological abnormalities. We previously found that defects in protein O-mannosylation, a posttranslational protein modification, affect the axon morphology of sensory neurons and result in abnormal coordinated muscle contractions in embryos. Here, we present a relatively simple method for recording and analyzing the pattern of peristaltic muscle contractions by live imaging of late stage embryos up to the point of hatching, which we used to characterize the muscle contraction phenotype of protein O-mannosyltransferase mutants. Data obtained from these recordings can be used to analyze muscle contraction waves, including frequency, direction of propagation and relative amplitude of muscle contractions at different body segments. We have also examined body posture and taken advantage of a fluorescent marker expressed specifically in muscles to accurately determine the position of the embryo midline. A similar approach can also be utilized to study various other behaviors during development, such as embryo rolling and hatching.

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Here, we present a method to record embryonic muscle contractions in Drosophila embryos in a non-invasive and detail-oriented manner.

Live Imaging e analisi delle contrazioni muscolari nell'embrione di Drosophila

Coordinated muscle contractions are a form of rhythmic behavior seen early during development in Drosophila embryos. Neuronal sensory feedback circuits ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the number of novel cell lines is expected to increase. The DGRC aims to familiarize researchers with using Drosophila cell lines as an experimental tool to complement and drive their research agenda. Procedures for working with a variety of Drosophila cell lines with distinct characteristics are provided, including protocols for thawing, culturing, and cryopreserving cell lines. Importantly, this publication demonstrates the best practices required to work with Drosophila cell lines to minimize the risk of contaminations from adventitious microorganisms or from other cell lines. Researchers who become familiar with these procedures will be able to delve into the many applications that use Drosophila cultured cells including biochemistry, cell biology and functional genomics.

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Drosophila cell lines are important reagents for both fundamental and biomedical research. This article provides protocols for thawing, subculturing, and the cryopreservation of commonly used Drosophila cell lines to assist researchers in incorporating the use of these reagents in their research.

Scongelamento, coltura e Cryopreserving linee di cellule di Drosophila

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Preparation of Drosophila Larval and Pupal Testes for Analysis of Cell Division in Live, Intact Tissue

Experimental analysis of cells dividing in living, intact tissues and organs is essential to our understanding of how cell division integrates with development, tissue homeostasis, and disease processes. Drosophila spermatocytes undergoing meiosis are ideal for this analysis because (1) whole Drosophila testes containing spermatocytes are relatively easy to prepare for microscopy, (2) the spermatocytes&#8217; large size makes them well suited for high resolution imaging, and (3) powerful Drosophila genetic tools can be integrated with in vivo analysis. Here, we present a readily accessible protocol for the preparation of whole testes from Drosophila third instar larvae and early pupae. We describe how to identify meiotic spermatocytes in prepared whole testes and how to image them live by time-lapse microscopy. Protocols for fixation and immunostaining whole testes are also provided. The use of larval testes has several advantages over available protocols that use adult testes for spermatocyte analysis. Most importantly, larval testes are smaller and less crowded with cells than adult testes, and this greatly facilitates high resolution imaging of spermatocytes. To demonstrate these advantages and the applications of the protocols, we present results showing the redistribution of the endoplasmic reticulum with respect to spindle microtubules during cell division in a single spermatocyte imaged by time-lapse confocal microscopy. The protocols can be combined with expression of any number of fluorescently tagged proteins or organelle markers, as well as gene mutations and other genetic tools, making this approach especially powerful for analysis of cell division mechanisms in the physiological context of whole tissues and organs.

Preparation of Drosophila Larval and Pupal Testes for Analysis of Cell Division in Live, Intact Tissue

The goal of this protocol is to analyze cell division in intact tissue by live and fixed cell microscopy using Drosophila meiotic spermatocytes. The protocol demonstrates how to isolate whole, intact testes from Drosophila larvae and early pupae, and how to process and mount them for microscopy.

Preparazione dei test di Drosophila Larval e Pupal per l'analisi della divisione cellulare in live, tessuto intatto

Experimental analysis of cells dividing in living, intact tissues and organs is essential to our understanding of how cell division integrates with ...

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) may be used to rescue endangered species, but two distinct populations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exist within the reconstructed embryo: one within the recipient ooplasm and one within the donor somatic cell. This mitochondrial heteroplasmy can lead to developmental issues in the embryo and the fetus. Handmade cloning protocols include oocyte bisection, which can be used to decrease the mtDNA copy number, reducing the degree of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in a reconstructed embryo. Centrifugation of denuded, mature bovine oocytes produced a visible mitochondria-dense fraction at one pole of the oocyte. Oocytes&#39; zonae pellucidae were removed by exposure to a pronase solution. Bisection was performed using a microblade to remove the visible mitochondria fraction. qPCR was used to quantify the mtDNA present in DNA samples extracted from whole oocytes and bisected ooplasts, providing a comparison of mtDNA copy numbers before and after bisection. Copy numbers were calculated using cycle threshold values, a standard curve&#39;s regression line formula, and a ratio that included the respective sizes of mtDNA PCR products and genomic PCR products. One bovine oocyte had an average mtDNA copy number (&#177; standard deviation) of 137,904 &#177; 94,768 (n = 38). One mitochondria-depleted ooplast had an average mtDNA copy number of 8,442 &#177; 13,806 (n = 33). Average mtDNA copies present in a mitochondria-rich ooplast were 79,390 &#177; 58,526 mtDNA copies (n = 28). The differences between these calculated averages indicate that the centrifugation and subsequent bisection can significantly decrease the mtDNA copy numbers present in the mitochondria-depleted ooplast when compared to the original oocyte (P &#60; 0.0001, determined by one-way ANOVA). The reduction in mtDNA should decrease the degree of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in a reconstructed embryo, possibly fostering standard embryonic and fetal development. Supplementation with mitochondrial extract from the somatic donor cell may also be essential to achieve successful embryonic development.

Here, we present a protocol to significantly reduce the mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in a bovine oocyte (P &lt; 0.0001). This method utilizes centrifugation and bisection to substantially reduce oocyte mitochondria and may allow for an increased chance of development in the reconstructed interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos.

Uso della bisezione per ridurre il DNA mitocondriale nell'ovocita bovino

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) may be used to rescue endangered species, but two distinct populations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ...