This work was supported by STW (12864, C.C.W.G.B) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Rubicon Grant 825.12.016, T.M.H.E).

I passi descritti nella sezione seguente sono in linea con e accettate dal comitato etico medico del Radboud University Medical Center di Nijmegen, Paesi Bassi. A nostra conoscenza, 3 diversi sistemi commerciali di pillole di temperatura ingeribili sono attualmente disponibili per i ricercatori. Il manuale utente delle pillole di temperatura ingeribili è nuovo di specifica (Tabella di materiali specifici), ma tutti i sistemi sono adatti per misurazioni durante l&#39;esercizio e in condizioni di riposo. 1. Criteri di esclusione, nel soggetto Instruction <ol><li> Chiedi soggetti in forma scritta o verbale per i criteri di esclusione per l&#39;utilizzo della pillola temperatura telemetrico: 1) peso corporeo inferiore a 36,5 kg, 2) malattie gastro-intestinale ostruttiva, 3) la storia di chirurgia gastrointestinale, 4) un dispositivo medico impiantato, e 5 ) una risonanza magnetica scansione pianificata durante il periodo sperimentale. </li><li> Annotare il numero di serie e la calibrazione della pillola temperatura. </li&gt; <li> Istruire i soggetti come utilizzare la pillola di temperatura (vedi capitolo 2). </li><li> Dare la pillola per il soggetto insieme a un manuale di istruzioni breve, che contiene le informazioni riportate nella sezione 2. Se i soggetti ricevono la pillola temperatura ben prima di questo esperimento, ricordare al soggetto il giorno precedente l&#39;esperimento di ingerire la pillola temperatura. </li></ol> 2. Istruzioni temperatura pillola <ol><li> Istruire il soggetto di ingerire la pillola temperatura almeno 6 ore prima dell&#39;esperimento, per evitare qualsiasi interazione con l&#39;assunzione di liquidi. Seguire i passi successivi per ingerire correttamente la pillola temperatura. </li><li> Istruire il soggetto di rimuovere la striscia magnetica dalla pillola, per attivare la batteria e abilitare misurazione. </li><li> Istruire il soggetto di ingerire la pillola temperatura preferibilmente con un bicchiere d&#39;acqua per migliorare la pillola ingestione. </li><li> Chiedere al soggetto di restituzione del materiale pillola incarto per il gruppo di ricerca, in modo che possano check numeri di serie e calibrazione prima dell&#39;inizio dell&#39;esperimento. </li><li> Istruire il soggetto che la pillola temperatura lasciare il corpo attraverso il suo modo naturale (feci) e può essere lavata attraverso il gabinetto. </li></ol> 3. Sperimentale Protocollo I: Modalità sezionale trasversale Nota: Nel modo in sezione trasversale, è possibile misurare fino a 99 soggetti contemporaneamente. <ol><li> Regolare il registratore alle impostazioni desiderate per la misurazione della sezione trasversale prima della misurazione. <ol><li> Accendere il registratore, collegare il registratore con il computer con un cavo di trasferimento e premere il pulsante &#39;F2-PC Link&#39; per permettere al registratore di connettersi con il computer. </li><li> Aprire il software Tc sul computer, che può essere utilizzata per definire le impostazioni corrette. Nota: Il software è fornito dalla società con l&#39;ordine della pillola di temperatura e registratore. </li><li> Per regolare le impostazioni, fare clic su &#39;ProgramR17; nella schermata principale del software, e successivamente utilizzare il pulsante &#39;collegamento PC aperto&#39; di stabilire una connessione con il registratore e selezionare le impostazioni corrette. <ol><li> Selezionare la modalità di misurazione della sezione trasversale selezionando &#39;modalità Sport ON&#39;. </li><li> Selezionare la scala di misura della temperatura corretta (Celsius o Fahrenheit). Utilizzare il &#39;Scrivi Config registratore a&#39; pulsante per copiare le impostazioni al registratore. </li><li> Aggiungere il numero di serie e la taratura di tutti i singoli soggetti al registratore esterno, che consente la possibilità di cambiare utente durante l&#39;esperimento. Premere il pulsante &#39;sensore / Codice a barre Display&#39; nel software e aggiungere tutti i numeri di serie e di taratura. Spingere i &#39;Write Sensori registratore a&#39; pulsante per copiare i dati al registratore. </li><li> Controllare la batteria del registratore prima della misura, per evitare una batteria scarica durante la misurazione ei dati pertanto mancanti. Nota: Normalmente, una batteStato ry di 75% è sufficiente misurare per&gt; 10 ore. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Una volta che tutti i preparativi sono stati completati e le impostazioni predefinite vengono controllate, avviare l&#39;esperimento. Per fare ciò, tornare alla schermata principale del registratore e utilizzare il pulsante &#39;F2-Sport&#39; per iniziare l&#39;acquisizione dati. </li><li> Quando appare Player XX sullo schermo, premere il pulsante &#39;Leggi&#39; per misurare Tgi. Usare di nuovo il tasto &#39;Leggi&#39; per una misura in più di TGI. </li><li> Per cambiare utente, premere sul numero corretto sul registratore e poi misurare la Tc premendo il tasto &#39;Leggi&#39;. </li><li> Arrestare la raccolta dei dati premendo il pulsante &#39;Stop&#39;. </li><li> Quando la misurazione è terminata, spegnere il registratore in modo corretto per evitare perdite di dati. Per farlo, usa il tasto &#39;Invio&#39; e &#39;Exit&#39; diventa visibile sullo schermo di casa. Premere il pulsante &#39;F1-Exit&#39; e giro di rec spettacoli registratore &#39;ordine &#39;. Successivamente, utilizzare l&#39;interruttore di alimentazione per spegnere il registratore. </li><li> Export e memorizzare i dati grezzi dal registratore esterno a un computer (vedere la sezione 5; gestione dei dati). </li></ol> 4. Sperimentale Protocollo II: Modalità continua Nota: La modalità continua consente di misurare e salvare continuamente la Tgi di un soggetto individuale su un intervallo predefinito di tempo costante, ad esempio ogni 20 sec. Nella sezione successiva, la sequenza di fase utilizzata per eseguire questo tipo di misura è descritto. <ol><li> Regolare il registratore per le impostazioni corrette per la modalità di misurazione continua prima della misurazione (vedere la sezione 3, punti 3.1.1-3.1.3). </li><li> Selezionare la modalità di misurazione continua selezionando &#39;modalità Sport OFF&#39;. </li><li> Selezionare una frequenza di misura regolando la &#39;Read Intervallo&#39; a destra intervallo di tempo costante (hh: mm: ss), con un intervallo minimo di campionamento di 10 sec. </li><li> Selezionare il correct scala di misura della temperatura (Celsius o Fahrenheit). Utilizzare il &#39;Scrivi Config registratore a&#39; pulsante per copiare le impostazioni al registratore. </li><li> Controllare la batteria del registratore prima della misura, per evitare una batteria scarica durante la misurazione ei dati pertanto mancanti. Nota: Normalmente, uno stato di batteria 75% è sufficiente per effettuare una misura 24 hr. </li><li> Una volta che tutti i preparativi sono stati completati e le impostazioni predefinite vengono controllate, avviare l&#39;esperimento. Inizia l&#39;acquisizione dei dati premendo il pulsante &#39;Esegui&#39; sulla schermata principale del registratore. </li><li> Successivamente, collegare il registratore in un marsupio vicino alla zona addominale del soggetto (massimo 30-40 cm tra la zona addominale e il registratore) per evitare errori di misura. Nota: Dopo l&#39;inizio dell&#39;esperimento, ogni intervallo di tempo predefinito viene presa una misura di Tc. Con il tasto &#39;Leggi&#39; possibile aggiungere punti di campionamento in più. </li><li> Arrestare il Tc misurazione premendo il pulsante &#39;Stop&#39;. </li><li> Utilizzare il tasto &#39;F1-Exit&#39; per ottenere il messaggio &#39;spegnere&#39; unità &#39;e poi usare l&#39;interruttore di alimentazione per spegnere il registratore. </li><li> Export e memorizzare i dati grezzi dal registratore esterno a un computer (vedere la sezione 5; estrazione dei dati). </li></ol> 5. Estrazione dei dati <ol><li> Collegare il registratore al computer per completare l&#39;esportazione di dati (sezione 3, punto 3.1.1). </li><li> Apri il programma e fare clic sul pulsante &#39;Download&#39; nella schermata principale del software. </li><li> Immettere un nome file e premere il pulsante &#39;OK&#39;. Nota: I dati saranno ora salvati come file .cvt, che può essere aperta utilizzando il software di foglio di calcolo. </li><li> Aprire il file di dati e verificare visivamente i dati raccolti per i dati mancanti e valori anomali. Nota: Una grande diminuzione o aumento del Tgi (≤1 ° C) in un breve intervallo di tempo (± 1 min) è molto realistico e può essere causato da un disturBance del segnale radio. Come risultato, il punto dati realistico può essere rimosso per ulteriori analisi. </li><li> Interpolare i valori mancanti calcolando la media del valore valido precedente e successivo. Nota: interpolazione dei dati è possibile con un massimo di tre valori mancanti in una riga. </li></ol>

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No conflicts of interest declared.

La pillola temperatura telemetrica ingestible ha la capacità di fornire una misura continua, valido e non invasiva del Tgi. Inoltre, un vantaggio della pillola temperatura è il fatto che una volta ingeriti, i soggetti sono a conoscenza della presenza della pillola nel corpo o che le misurazioni vengono effettuate. Pertanto, questo metodo è di facile applicazione in condizioni di riposo, nonché durante l&#39;esercizio, un peso minimo per i partecipanti di studio, e può quindi essere usato in campo e in laboratorio. ...

L&#39;ossidazione di substrati durante contrazioni muscolari, necessario per eseguire esercizio e l&#39;attività fisica, soprattutto impatti nostro sistema di termoregolazione come solo il 20% viene utilizzato per potenza muscolare 1, mentre la maggior parte dell&#39;energia viene rilasciata sotto forma di calore (80%) 2,3. Di conseguenza, l&#39;elevata produzione di calore metabolico durante l&#39;attività fisica ed esercizio supera tipicamente la capacità di dissipazione del calore 4,5, con un conseguente aumento della temperatura corporea (Tc). Pertanto, Tc supera il set point ipotalamico, che è definito come ipertermia 6, e può anche portare ad un attenuato 5,7,8 prestazioni esercizio e / o lo sviluppo di disturbi legati al calore 4,6. Per questo motivo è importante misurare con precisione Tc durante l&#39;esercizio prolungato e in particolare in condizioni ambientali gravose. La letteratura descrive che un metodo ideale per misurare Tc dovrebbe: 1) essere di facile applicazionelicable, 2) non essere di parte dalle condizioni ambientali, 3) hanno una risoluzione temporale per monitorare tempestivamente all&#39;andamento Tc, e 4) la capacità di rilevare piccole variazioni (Δ0.1 ° C) in temperatura corporea 9,10. Una panoramica dei diversi metodi per misurare il Tc è stato dato dalla International Organization of Standardization (ISO 9886) 11. Si afferma che la temperatura esofagea a livello dell&#39;atrio sinistro fornisce il più vicino accordo con la temperatura del sangue centrale, mentre questa misura è in grado di rilevare rapidamente modifiche (minore) della temperatura 12. Anche se le misure di temperatura esofagea sono generalmente accettati come gold standard per registrare Tc, la sua natura invasiva limita l&#39;uso pratico di questo metodo. Misure alternative per monitorare Tc affidamento sulle registrazioni di temperatura della membrana esterna timpanica, bocca, o del retto 12. Questi siti di misura non sono ottimali per misurare la Tc, dato il loro carattere invasivo, methodologdifficoltà di iCal e / o il potenziale pregiudizio per le condizioni ambientali 9,12-14 (Tabella 1). Ciò evidenzia la necessità di esplorare strategie alternative per il monitoraggio (cambiamenti) Tc. Studi precedenti hanno descritto l&#39;uso di una pillola temperatura telemetrico ingestible come metodo di facile applicazione, affidabile e valida per misurare la TGI, che è una stima rappresentativa di Tc 9,15. Un altro importante vantaggio della pillola temperatura è l&#39;idoneità in situazioni sul campo, che è di grande importanza poiché elevazioni esercizio indotte Tc sono generalmente più alti nel campo rispetto in laboratorio 16. Attualmente, la pillola temperatura è in grado di misurare la Tgi ogni 10 sec con una precisione di ± 0,1 ° C, il che rende questa tecnica molto adatto a misurare la Tgi durante un evento di esercizio o una partita importante. Inoltre, in uno studio di Stevens et al 17. È dimostrato chela pillola temperatura telemetrica può anche essere usato per monitorare la temperatura intragastrica. La pillola temperatura ingestible viene descritta la prima volta nel 1961 18, e ulteriormente sviluppato presso l&#39;Johns Hopkins University (Baltimora, USA) in collaborazione con il Laboratorio di Fisica Applicata della NASA. Il risultato è una capsula da 20 x 10 mm con un sistema di telemetria, micro batteria e un sensore di temperatura cristallo di quarzo. Il sensore di cristallo vibra ad una frequenza relativa alla temperatura della sostanza circostante. Questo segnale radio temperatura viene trasmesso attraverso il corpo, che può essere misurata con un registratore esterno (Figura 1). Ogni pillola temperatura ha un numero di serie e di calibrazione, che può essere utilizzato dal registratore per convertire il segnale radio e misurare il corrispondente Tgi. Una piccola striscia magnetica è applicata all&#39;esterno della pillola temperatura, che disattiva la batteria. Quando questa striscia magnetica viene rimosso, la pillola è activato immediatamente e inizia misura Tc (Figura 2). Casa e colleghi, 19 impiegati sei diverse tecniche (gastrointestinale, rettali, fonetico, temporali, assiali e fronte) per misurare Tc, con la temperatura rettale impostare come valore di riferimento. Essi hanno dimostrato che la misurazione gastrointestinale del Tc con la pillola temperatura è l&#39;unica tecnica che mostra buon accordo con il riferimento Tc. Altri hanno studiato la relazione tra Tgi e la temperatura rettale e hanno mostrato una piccola ma significativa distorsione che vanno da 0,07 ° C a 0.20 ° C 9,15,20,21. Anche se la direzione e la grandezza della distorsione differiva tra gli studi, i Bland e Altman 95% dei limiti di accordo erano ± 0,4 ° C, che è accettabile 9,22. Inoltre, in una recensione da Byrne et al. 9 TGI viene confrontata con la temperatura rettale e esofagea (gold standard) come misura per la Tc. Essi dimostrano che il Tgi misurata con il tepillola mperature è una misura valida per Tc basato sul buon accordo tra temperatura intestinale e dell&#39;esofago. Inoltre, i 95% limiti Bland e Altman di accordo si sono limitati a ± 0,4 ° C 22, mentre è stata trovata alcuna distorsione significativa tra le due misure 9,20,21. Questi risultati suggeriscono che il Tgi è una misura valida per Tc. Un altro aspetto importante di una buona tecnica di misura Tc / Tgi è una risoluzione temporale per monitorare tempestivamente all&#39;andamento Tc. Studi precedenti hanno dimostrato che la Tgi misurata con la pillola temperatura risponde più lentamente sulle variazioni Tc rispetto alla misura esofageo 15,20,23, che può essere spiegato causa della bassa capacità termica dell&#39;esofago e la vicinanza al cuore 10 . Nella misura di temperatura esofagea, il termistore è posto a livello dell&#39;atrio sinistro 10. A questo livello, l&#39;arteria polmonare e l&#39;esofago sono in contattoe isotermica 24, che stimola un tempo di risposta veloce su variazioni di temperatura della misurazione esofagea. Al contrario, l&#39;intestino e del retto sono meno perfuso rispetto all&#39;esofago, causando un ritardo nella misura variazioni di temperatura in queste sedi anatomiche. Tuttavia, la pillola temperatura telemetrica ingestible ha una precisione di ± 0,1 ° C ed è in grado di misurare Tgi ogni 10 sec. Un precedente studio ha riportato che la temperatura corporea può aumentare a un massimo di 1 ° C ogni 5 minuti se il calore non viene rimosso durante l&#39;esercizio 25. Pertanto, la risoluzione temporale della pillola temperatura è adatta per misurare le variazioni Tgi durante l&#39;esercizio. Sulla base di questi risultati, si può concludere che la pillola temperatura è una tecnica affidabile e valido per misurare Tgi. Nonostante l&#39;uso della pillola temperatura telemetrico in un gran numero di studi, una descrizione chiara su come utilizzare la temperatura pillola è mancante. Pertanto, tha scopo di questo studio è quello di fornire una descrizione dettagliata del protocollo di misura utilizzando una pillola temperatura telemetrica ingeribile. In secondo luogo, l&#39;applicazione della pillola temperatura telemetrica in due protocolli di studio differenti sono descritti, in cui sono utilizzati un disegno trasversale (misurazione ogni 5 km con un registratore diverso) e un protocollo che registra in continuo Tgi in individui.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CorTemp data recorder</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-data-recorder/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cortemp ingestible telemetric temperature pill</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>HT150002</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-sensor-2/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CorTrack II software (Data processing for a PC only)</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortrack-ii-data-graphing-software/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill to assess gastrointestinal temperature during exercise

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of heat-related disorders. Therefore, accurate measurement of Tc during exercise is of great importance, especially in athletes who have to perform in challenging ambient conditions. In the current literature a number of methods have been described to measure the Tc (esophageal, external tympanic membrane, mouth or rectum). However, these methods are suboptimal to measure Tc during exercise since they are invasive, have a slow response or are influenced by environmental conditions. Studies described the use of an ingestible telemetric temperature pill as a reliable and valid method to assess gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), which is a representative measurement of Tc. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the measurement of Tgi using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill. This study addresses important methodological factors that must be taken into account for an accurate measurement. It is recommended to read the instructions carefully in order to ensure that the ingestible telemetric temperature pill is a reliable method to assess Tgi at rest and during exercise.

Risultati rappresentativi del nostro lavoro precedente dimostrano i metodi sono presentati nella sezione successiva, in cui sono indicati un esempio di una sezione trasversale (Figura 3A) e una misura continua (Figura 3B). La misura della sezione trasversale di TGI Un esempio di dati da una misurazione in sezione trasversale è illustrata nella Figura 3A. Dopo aver ottenuto basale Tgi, i soggetti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise at JoVE.com

Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings.

L&#39;utilizzo di un ingestible telemetrico Temperatura pillola per valutare Gastrointestinale temperatura durante l&#39;allenamento

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of ...

using-an-ingestible-telemetric-temperature-pill-to-assess

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Unit 1

Vital Signs: Temperature

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10.3K Views.  Radboud University Medical Center. This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings. 

Video: Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education

Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement methodology for assessing student learning outcomes at either the course or program level. The development and application of assessment rubrics provides an unequivocal measurement methodology to ensure a quality learning experience by providing a foundation for improvement based on qualitative and quantitatively measurable, aggregate course and program outcomes.  Learning outcomes are the embodiment of the total learning experience and should incorporate assessment of both qualitative and quantitative program outcomes. The assessment of qualitative measures represents a challenge for educators in any level of a learning program. Nursing provides a unique challenge and opportunity as it is the application of science through the art of caring. Quantification of desired student learning outcomes may be enhanced through the development of assessment rubrics designed to measure quantitative and qualitative aspects of the nursing education and learning process. They provide a mechanism for uniform assessment by nursing faculty of concepts and constructs that are otherwise difficult to describe and measure. A protocol is presented and applied to a doctoral nursing education program with recommendations for application and transformation of the assessment rubric to other education programs. Through application of these specially designed rubrics, all aspects of an education program can be adequately assessed to provide information for program assessment that facilitates the closure of the gap between desired and actual student learning outcomes for any desired educational competency.

The structure and process for measuring student learning outcomes through customizable assessment rubrics is discussed and applied to a doctoral nursing education program.

Utilizzando Esito Imparare Misure per valutare Istruzione Dottorato Infermieristica

Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement ...

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Medicina

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

Utilizzando quantitativa real-time PCR per la determinazione cellulare attecchimento dei donatori in un modello murino competitivo trapianto di midollo osseo

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Using Continuous Data Tracking Technology to Study Exercise Adherence in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important component in the management of respiratory diseases. The effectiveness of PR is dependent upon adherence to exercise training recommendations. The study of exercise adherence is thus a key step towards the optimization of PR programs. To date, mostly indirect measures, such as rates of participation, completion, and attendance, have been used to determine adherence to PR. The purpose of the present protocol is to describe how continuous data tracking technology can be used to measure adherence to a prescribed aerobic training intensity on a second-by-second basis.
In our investigations, adherence has been defined as the percent time spent within a specified target heart rate range. As such, using a combination of hardware and software, heart rate is measured, tracked, and recorded during cycling second-by-second for each participant, for each exercise session. Using statistical software, the data is subsequently extracted and analyzed. The same protocol can be applied to determine adherence to other measures of exercise intensity, such as time spent at a specified wattage, level, or speed on the cycle ergometer. Furthermore, the hardware and software is also available to measure adherence to other modes of training, such as the treadmill, elliptical, stepper, and arm ergometer. The present protocol, therefore, has a vast applicability to directly measure adherence to aerobic exercise.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is widely recognized in the management of respiratory diseases. A key component to successful pulmonary rehabilitation is adherence to the recommended exercise training. The purpose of the present protocol is to describe how continuous data tracking technology can be used to precisely measure adherence to a prescribed aerobic training intensity.

Utilizzando tecnologia di monitoraggio continuo dei dati per studiare Esercizio aderenza in Riabilitazione Polmonare

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important component in the management of respiratory diseases. The effectiveness of PR is dependent upon adherence to ...

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying tissue compartments, restricting the transport of smaller molecules across the epithelium and almost completely prohibiting epithelial macromolecular transport. This selectivity is determined by the mucous gel layer, which limits the transport of lipophilic molecules and both the apical receptors and tight junctional protein complexes of the epithelium. In vitro cell culture models of the epithelium are convenient, but as a model, they lack the complexity of interactions between the microbiota, mucous-gel, epithelium and immune system. On the other hand, in vivo assessment of intestinal absorption or permeability may be performed, but these assays measure overall gastrointestinal absorption, with no indication of site specificity. Ex vivo permeability assays using &#34;intestinal sacs&#34; are a rapid and sensitive method of measuring either overall intestinal integrity or comparative transport of a specific molecule, with the added advantage of intestinal site specificity. Here we describe the preparation of intestinal sacs for permeability studies and the calculation of the apparent permeability (Papp) of a molecule across the intestinal barrier. This technique may be used as a method of assessing drug absorption, or to examine regional epithelial barrier dysfunction in animal models of gastrointestinal disease.

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

This protocol describes the use of excised intestinal tissue preparations or "intestinal sacs" as an ex vivo model of intestinal barrier function. This model may be used to assess integrity of both the epithelial barrier and the mucous gel layer at specific intestinal sites in animal models of digestive disease.

Ex Vivo intestinale Sacs per valutare mucosa Permeabilità in modelli di malattia gastrointestinale

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying ...

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased oxygen demand; otherwise, a diffusion limitation may occur. The increase in DLCO with exercise is due to increased capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm). Vc and Dm increase secondary to the recruitment and distension of pulmonary capillaries, increasing the surface area for gas exchange and decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance, thereby attenuating the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. At the same time, the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) during exercise may contribute to gas exchange impairment and/or prevent large increases in pulmonary artery pressure.
We describe two techniques to evaluate pulmonary diffusion and circulation at rest and during exercise. The first technique uses multiple-fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) DLCO breath holds to determine Vc and Dm at rest and during exercise. Additionally, echocardiography with intravenous agitated saline contrast is used to assess IPAVAs recruitment.
Representative data showed that the DLCO, Vc, and Dm increased with exercise intensity. Echocardiographic data showed no IPAVA recruitment at rest, while contrast bubbles were seen in the left ventricle with exercise, suggesting exercise-induced IPAVA recruitment.
The evaluation of pulmonary capillary blood volume, membrane diffusing capacity, and IPAVA recruitment using echocardiographic methods is useful to characterize the ability of the lung vasculature to adapt to the stress of exercise in health as well as in diseased groups, such as those with pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

To assess the pulmonary diffusion and vasculature responses to exercise, we describe the multiple-inspired oxygen diffusion capacity technique to determine capillary blood volume and membrane diffusing capacity, as well as agitated saline contrast echocardiography to assess the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses.

La valutazione di polmonare capillare sanguigno Volume, Diffusione di membrana, e intrapolmonare artero-anastomosi durante l&#39;allenamento

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased ...

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often performed for neuroprotection after ischemic insult (e.g. hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, or other hypoxic injury). Cooling from febrile states treats fever and reduces the negative effects of hyperthermia on injured neurons. Patients are warmed in the operating room to prevent inadvertent perioperative hypothermia, which is known to cause increased blood loss, wound infections, and myocardial injury, while also prolonging recovery time. There are many reported approaches for temperature management, including improvised methods that repurpose standard supplies (e.g., ice, chilled saline, fans, blankets) but more sophisticated technologies designed for temperature management are typically more successful in delivering an optimized protocol. Over the last decade, advanced technologies have developed around two heat transfer methods: surface devices (water blankets, forced-air warmers) or intravascular devices (sterile catheters requiring vascular placement). Recently, a novel device became available that is placed in the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, that provides efficient heat transfer through the patient&#39;s core. The device connects to existing heat exchange units to allow automatic patient temperature management via a servo mechanism, using patient temperature from standard temperature sensors (rectal, Foley, or other core temperature sensors) as the input variable. This approach eliminates vascular placement complications (deep venous thrombosis, central line associated bloodstream infection), reduces obstruction to patient access, and causes less shivering when compared to surface approaches. Published data have also shown a high degree of accuracy and maintenance of target temperature using the esophageal approach to temperature management. Therefore, the purpose of this method is to provide a low-risk alternative method for controlling patient temperature in critical care settings.

This study presents a novel method to provide efficient patient temperature control for cooling or warming patients. A single use, triple lumen device is placed into the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, and connects to existing heat exchange units to perform automatic patient temperature management.

Trasferimento di calore esofageo per controllo temperatura del paziente e gestione della temperatura mirata

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often ...

An Optimized Evans Blue Protocol to Assess Vascular Leak in the Mouse

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ultimately lead to new knowledge concerning the causes of or new ways to inhibit or treat plasma extravasation. It is important that researchers have the proper tools, including the best methods available, for studying plasma extravasation. In this article, we describe a protocol, using the Evans blue dye method, for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice. This protocol is intentionally simple, to as great a degree as possible, but provides high quality data. Evans blue dye has been chosen primarily because it is easy for the average laboratory to use. We have used this protocol to provide evidence and support for the hypothesis that the enzyme neprilysin may protect the vasculature against plasma extravasation. However, this protocol may be experimentally used and easily adapted for use in other strains of mice or in other species, in many different organs or tissues, for studies which may involve other factors that are important in understanding, preventing, or treating plasma extravasation. This protocol has been extensively optimized and modified from existing protocols, and combines reliability, ease of use, economy, and general availability of materials and equipment, making this protocol superior for the average laboratory to use in quantifying plasma extravasation from organs.

In this article, an economical, optimized, and simple protocol is described which uses the Evans blue dye method for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice that can be adapted for use in other strains, species, and other organs or tissues.

Blu di un Evans ottimizzato protocollo per valutare la perdita vascolare nel topo

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

Lo svolgimento di prova per misurare le risposte fisiologiche e biologiche all'esercizio acuto negli esseri umani di esercizio submassimale e massima resistenza

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

Fornire biofeedback visivo utilizzando gli ultrasuoni in modalità luminosità durante uno swing da golf

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

Funzione muscolare ottenuta con ultrasuoni in modalità movimento ed elettromiografia di superficie durante l'esercizio di resistenza al core

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...