Name: cortex-, hippocampus-, thalamus-, hypothalamus-, lateral septal nucleus- and striatum-specific in utero electroporation in the c57bl/6 mouse
Uploaded: 2016-01-18T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse at JoVE.com

Technical supported by Melanie Pfeifer and Nikolai Schmarowski (Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center Mainz).

Etica Dichiarazione: Il trattamento dei topi e le procedure sperimentali sono state condotte in conformità agli orientamenti europei, nazionali e istituzionali per la cura degli animali. 1. In Utero Elettroporazione Nota: In utero elettroporazione è stato eseguito come precedentemente pubblicato 12,14. Pertanto, il metodo è descritto brevemente nel seguito (figura 1). <ol><li> Preparativi <ol><li> Preparare veloce verde soluzione priva di endotossine color avanzato trasfezione qualità plasmide (contenente 1,5 pCAGGS) come descritto in precedenza 12. </li><li> Tirare e macinare (35 ° angolo) capillari di vetro borosilicato (0,8-0,9 diametro) per preparazioni iniettabili. </li><li> Sterilizzare gli strumenti. </li></ol></li><li> Chirurgia <ol><li> Somministrare analgesici (carprofen, 4 mg / kg di peso corporeo, sc, 24 ore) deposito di almeno 30 minuti prima di iniziare l&#39;intervento chirurgico. </li><li> Mantenere la lunghezza dellaanestesia ad un massimo di 35-45 min (Fase III - fase dell&#39;anestesia chirurgici secondo Guedel 15 - massima 25-30 min). </li><li> Anestetizzare topi cronometrati in gravidanza con isoflurano (induzione in una camera a 2,8%, la chirurgia tramite maschera: 2,5%). Confermare l&#39;anestesia da non responsività ai piedi-pizzico. </li><li> Applicare pomata occhio per prevenire la secchezza oculare durante l&#39;anestesia. </li><li> Sterilizzare l&#39;area chirurgica con 7,5% di soluzione Providone-iodio e coprire il mouse con garza sterile (umido con una soluzione allo 0,9% di alcool benzilico soluzione fisiologica), con solo l&#39;area chirurgica esposta. </li><li> Tagliare aprire la cavità addominale con un bisturi (incisione cutanea: 1,5-2 cm, incisione muscolo: 1-1,5 cm). </li><li> Preservare la cavità addominale aperta da secchi da inumidire con soluzione salina riscaldata alcool benzilico allo 0,9% o altra soluzione isotonica sterile, come indicato dal personale veterinario o del comitato. </li><li> Estrarre attentamente corna uterine (con pinze ad anello, non toccare l&#39;utero con le ditaS). </li></ol></li><li> L&#39;iniezione di DNA ed elettroporazione. Nota: I dettagli esatti per il targeting regioni specifiche sono indicati nella sezione 2. <ol><li> Iniettare lentamente la soluzione di DNA colorato nel ventricolo come indicato nella figura 1 e la sezione 2 tramite i capillari borosilicato preparati. </li><li> Applicare la tensione appropriata per il corrispondente stadio embrionale (ad es., 36-38 V per E14) tramite elettrodi specializzati forcipe tipo platino (ciclo intervallo di lunghezza 50 msec, intervallo di pausa 950 msec). Pulse le palette elettroporazione durante l&#39;applicazione della tensione per minimizzare i danni della parete uterina. </li></ol></li><li> Messaggio elettroporazione / assistenza post-operatoria <ol><li> Ricollocare accuratamente le corna uterine nella cavità addominale. </li><li> Suturare il muscolo e l&#39;incisione cutanea separatamente. </li><li> Lasciate che il resto del mouse su un dispositivo di supporto per il recupero termico. </li><li> Sorvegliare il mouse durante il recupero (comportamento, alimentazione econsumo di acqua), 4 ore, 24 ore e 48 ore dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico. Se necessario, applicare analgesici supplementari (carprofen, 4 mg / kg di peso corporeo, 24 ore deposito) per altri 2 giorni. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Trasfezione di aree cerebrali specifiche Nota: La posizione del polo positivo è mostrato come l&#39;angolo tra la linea centrale verticale attraverso il ventricolo riempito con la soluzione di DNA (ventricolo destro o terzo) e la posizione del polo positivo. Durante il riempimento del ventricolo sinistro le posizioni sono speculare. In Figura 4 sono mostrate le posizioni primordiale dell&#39;orecchio, che forniscono importanti punti di riferimento. <ol><li> Trasfezione di aree corticali (Figura 2A, Tabella 1). <ol><li> Eseguire un intervento chirurgico come descritto nella sezione 1.2. Per l&#39;elettroporazione in utero di aree corticali utilizzare embrioni E14. </li><li> Iniettare 1,5-2 microlitri DNA-soluzione contenente 4 mg di DNA nel ventricolo laterale destroattraverso il capillare borosilicato preparati. <ol><li> Posizionare accuratamente l&#39;embrione utilizzando una pinza ad anello in modo che non ci sono vasi visibili sopra il sito di puntura. </li><li> Iniettare lentamente il DNA-soluzione circa 0,75 mm coronale dalla sutura lambdoidal e 0,5 mm lateralmente dalla sutura sagittale (Figura 3). Assicurarsi che la profondità di inserimento è di 1,2 mm (E14, misurata dalla parete uterina). Verificare la presenza di una colorazione blu-verde con una demarcazione tagliente. </li></ol></li><li> Applicare tensione tramite gli elettrodi di platino forcipe tipo specializzati (ciclo intervallo di lunghezza 50 msec, tempo di pausa 950 msec). <ol><li> Utilizzare un elettrodo pala 3 o 5 mm. </li><li> Utilizzare una tensione compresa 36-38 V. </li><li> Posizionare il centro degli elettrodi solo anteriori dei primordi dell&#39;orecchio. </li><li> Per trasfettare gli angoli uso corteccia retrosplenial 330-0 °, per trasfettare la corteccia motoria 0-40 °, per trasfettare la corteccia somatosensoriale 40-95 °, per trasfettarela corteccia piriforme 95-110 ° (Figura 2A). </li></ol></li><li> Eseguire elettroporazione / assistenza post-operatoria dopo come descritto nel paragrafo 1.4. Sacrifica i topi e analizzare gli embrioni 4 giorni dopo l&#39;elettroporazione (E18), come descritto nella sezione 3. </li></ol></li><li> Transfection dell&#39;ippocampo (Figura 2B, Tabella 1). <ol><li> Eseguire un intervento chirurgico come descritto nella sezione 1.2. Per l&#39;elettroporazione in utero di formazione dell&#39;ippocampo utilizzare embrioni E15. </li><li> Iniettare 2 microlitri DNA-soluzione contenente 4 mg di DNA nel ventricolo laterale destro attraverso il capillare borosilicato preparati. </li><li> Applicare tensione tramite gli elettrodi di platino forcipe tipo specializzati (ciclo intervallo di lunghezza 50 msec, tempo di pausa 950 msec). <ol><li> Utilizzare un elettrodo pala 3 o 5 mm. </li><li> Utilizzare una tensione compresa 38-40. </li><li> Posizionare il centro del polo negativo appena anteriore del primordio orecchio e il centro of il polo positivo al centro della primordium orecchio. </li><li> Per trasfettare giro dentato utilizzano angoli 190-210 °, per trasfettare il Ammonis cornu (CA) 3 210-230 °, per trasfettare il CA2 230-250 °, per trasfettare il CA1 250-275 ° (Figura 2B). </li></ol></li><li> Eseguire elettroporazione / assistenza post-operatoria dopo come descritto nel paragrafo 1.4. Eseguire l&#39;analisi dopo la formazione dell&#39;ippocampo completa (dopo la nascita, p21), come descritto nella sezione 3. </li></ol></li><li> Transfection del laterali nucleo settale e striato (Figura 2C, tabella 1) Nota: Gli angoli si sovrappongono con quelli transfecting l&#39;ippocampo. Per trasfettare efficacemente il nucleo settale laterale e striato senza indesiderate ippocampo transfezione fasi precedenti embrionali (E12) devono essere utilizzati. <ol><li> Eseguire un intervento chirurgico come descritto nella sezione 1.2. Per l&#39;elettroporazione in utero del nucleo settale laterale e striatum utilizzare embrioni E12. </li><li> Iniettare 1 ml di DNA-soluzione contenente 4 mg di DNA nel ventricolo laterale destro attraverso il capillare borosilicato preparati. </li><li> Applicare tensione tramite gli elettrodi di platino forcipe tipo specializzati (ciclo intervallo di lunghezza 50 msec, tempo di pausa 950 msec). <ol><li> Utilizzare un elettrodo 0,5 mm. </li><li> Utilizzare 33 V. </li><li> Posizionare il centro degli elettrodi a livello dei primordi dell&#39;orecchio. </li><li> Per trasfettare le uso angoli del setto nucleo laterali 100-170 °, per trasfettare striato 170-240 ° (Figura 2C). </li></ol></li><li> Eseguire elettroporazione / assistenza post-operatoria dopo come descritto nel paragrafo 1.4. Sacrifica i topi e analizzare gli embrioni 6 giorni dopo l&#39;elettroporazione (E18), come descritto nella sezione 3. </li></ol></li><li> Trasfezione del talamo e ipotalamo (Figura 2D, Tabella 1) <ol><li> Eseguire un intervento chirurgico come descritto nella sezione 1.2. Per l&#39;in utero elettroporazione delle talamo e ipotalamo uso E12-E13 embrioni. </li><li> Iniettare 1-1.5-DNA microlitri soluzione contenente 4 mg DNA nel ventricolo laterale (sinistro o destro) attraverso il capillare borosilicato preparati. Attendere 2-3 minuti, fino a quando la soluzione viene diffuso nel terzo ventricolo. In alternativa iniettare direttamente nel terzo ventricolo. Nota: Questo migliora la specificità, ma potrebbe causare un tasso di sopravvivenza ridotta (alto rischio di danni). </li><li> Applicare tensione tramite gli elettrodi di platino forcipe tipo specializzati (ciclo intervallo di lunghezza 50 msec, tempo di pausa 950 msec). <ol><li> Utilizzare un elettrodo 0,5 o 3 mm. </li><li> Utilizzare una tensione compresa 33-35 V. </li><li> Posizionare il centro degli elettrodi appena posteriore i primordi dell&#39;orecchio. </li><li> Per trasfettare gli angoli uso talamo 25-40 °, per trasfettare l&#39;ipotalamo 90-180 ° (Figura 2D). </li></ol></li><li> Eseguire posta elettroporazione / assistenza post-operatoria come described nella sezione 1.4. Sacrifica i topi e analizzare gli embrioni 6 giorni dopo l&#39;elettroporazione (E18), come descritto nella sezione 3. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Fissazione perfusione <ol><li> Preparativi <ol><li> Warm 4% paraformaldeide (PFA) a 37 ° C. </li><li> Riempire una siringa da 50 ml con PBS (4 ° C) e una seconda siringa con riscaldato PFA. Evitare le bolle. </li><li> Collegare le siringhe a un rubinetto a tre vie. Collegare il terzo fine di un set di infusione alato (farfalla). </li><li> Lavare il set di infusione alato con PBS. </li></ol></li><li> Perfusione <ol><li> Profondamente anestetizzare topi (gravidanza o postnatale trasfettate) con l&#39;applicazione sottocutanea di ketamina cloridrato (60 mg / kg) e xilazina (7,5 mg / kg). </li><li> Confermare la fase chirurgica tolleranza refrattarietà ai piedi-pizzico. </li><li> Aprire la cavità addominale appena sotto la gabbia toracica. </li><li> Tagliare con cautela la membrana. </li><li> Aprire con cautela la gabbia toracica mediante un taglio sull&#39;esito ach fino alla clavicola. </li><li> Inserire la punta della farfalla nella camera del cuore sinistro (partendo dalla punta del cuore). </li><li> Tagliare l&#39;appendice atriale sinistra. </li><li> Lentamente profumato il mouse con PBS (circa 10 ml). </li><li> Accendere il rubinetto a tre vie. </li><li> Profumato il mouse con 5-10 ml 4% PFA. </li><li> Decapitare il mouse utilizzando le forbici e sezionare il cervello a partire dalla forame magno. Eseguire la dissezione come precedentemente pubblicato 16. </li><li> Postfixate il cervello per 2 giorni a 4% PFA. Mantenere il cervello a 4 ° C al buio. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. immunoistochimica <ol><li> Genera 70 sezioni micron (ad esempio, con un vibratome). </li><li> Opzionale: incrementare la fluorescenza con l&#39;anticorpo colorazione. <ol><li> Bloccare le sezioni per 1 ora a RT (0,1-0,2% Triton X-100, siero di capra normale 5%) </li><li> Incubare O / N con l&#39;anticorpo appropriata (anti-GFP, 1: 1.000) </li><li> Lavare 3-5 Volte con tampone fosfato 0,1 M. </li><li> Incubare 3-5 ore con l&#39;appropriato anticorpo secondario fluorescenza coniugato (Alexa Fluor 488 coniugato anti-coniglio IgG, 1: 1.000). </li><li> Opzionale: Controcolorare con 4-6-diaminodino-2-fenilindolo (DAPI, 0,2 g / ml in tampone fosfato 0,1 M) per 1 min. </li><li> Analizzare fluorescenza con un microscopio a fluorescenza appropriata. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

This protocol describes in detail how to transfect the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus of C75BL/6 mice. With all the provided information this is the first protocol, which supplies all necessary information to easily recreate transfections of these cerebral regions in the C57BL/6 mouse. Previous publications are mostly focused only on a few specific r...

Dalla prima descrizione nel 2001 da tre gruppi indipendenti 1-3 i n utero elettroporazione è diventato uno strumento standard ampiamente utilizzato per analizzare l&#39;espressione genica nel sistema nervoso centrale dei roditori. Rispetto alla generazione di topi knockout, che è, nonostante le tecniche di continuo miglioramento, ancora di tempo e denaro che consumano, i ricorsi in utero elettroporazione a causa della sua semplicità. Così, in utero elettroporazione consente GAIN- veloce ed efficiente e la perdita di funzione studi 4. Per trasfettare le regioni cerebrali, la soluzione contenente il plasmide carica negativa viene iniettato in un ventricolo. Durante l&#39;impulso elettrico, il DNA carico negativamente migra verso il polo positivo e quindi la regione trasfettate è selezionabile semplicemente modificando la posizione del polo positivo. E &#39;stato spesso dimostrato che numerose regioni del sistema nervoso centrale possono essere targeted 3,5-8. Ad esempio, recenti studi dimostrano trasfezioni specifiche del ippocampo, la corteccia piriforme o striato 9-11. Tuttavia, le informazioni sulle posizioni appropriate sono spesso solo poco standardizzato e non sono sempre facili da trasferire a diversi ceppi di topi. Trasfezione di alcune fasi embrionali è tutt&#39;altro che banale. Molti fattori influenzano devono essere presi in considerazione quando si sceglie il set-up per specifici elettroporazione in utero. In primo luogo, per trasfettare in modo ottimale i rispettivi stadi embrionali, è necessaria la conoscenza delle tensioni del caso. Tensioni elevate riducono il tasso di sopravvivenza, mentre basse tensioni riducono l&#39;efficienza di trasfezione 2,3,12. Anche le dimensioni del paddle dell&#39;elettrodo gioca un ruolo fondamentale, perché l&#39;uso di piastre di elettrodi che sono troppo grandi risultati a ridotta specificità o possono causare la morte per affetto del ritmo cardiaco 4,12,13. La applicatatensione e la dimensione e la posizione della pala dell&#39;elettrodo sono le caratteristiche più importanti da considerare, ma ci sono anche altri fattori che influenzano il risultato della elettroporazione, come la quantità applicata di DNA-soluzione. Abbiamo sviluppato un protocollo dettagliato che consente trasfezione veloce ed efficiente di varie regioni cerebrali del C57BL / 6 del mouse 12. In questo protocollo informazioni dettagliate sulle tensioni da utilizzare e la dimensione del paddle dell&#39;elettrodo per una maggiore specificità è disponibile. Inoltre, informazioni riguardanti il ​​ventricolo da riempire con raccomandazioni per la quantità di soluzione plasmide e la posizione dell&#39;elettrodo è fornito. L&#39;indicazione delle informazioni dettagliate sulla posizione in una cartina e l&#39;ulteriore visualizzazione di queste posizioni permette specifico semplice ed efficiente in utero elettroporazione della corteccia retrosplenial, la corteccia motoria, la corteccia somatosensoriale, la corteccia piriforme, tegli cornu Ammonis 1-3, il giro dentato, lo striato, il nucleo settale laterali, il talamo e l&#39;ipotalamo.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td><td>QIAGEN</td><td>12362</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast Green</td><td>Roth</td><td>0301.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pCAGGS</td><td>Addgene</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>borosilicate glass capillaries (0.8-0.9 mm diameter)</td><td>Wold Precision Instrument Inc.</td><td>1B100F-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane (Forene)</td><td>Abbott</td><td>PZN 4831850</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carprofen (Rimadyl)</td><td>Pfizer GmbH</td><td>approval number: 400684.00.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>eye ointment (Bepanthen Augen und Nasensalbe)</td><td>Bayer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PZN 01578681</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.9% benzyl alcohol 0.9% saline solution</td><td>Pharmacy&lt;br/&gt; of the University Medical Center Mainz</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>gauze (ES-Kompressen)</td><td>Hartmann</td><td>407835</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sterile 5-0 Perma-Hand Silk Suture</td><td>Ethicon Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson</td><td>K890H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ring forceps 1/ 1.5 mm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11101-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ring forceps 4.8/ 6 mm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11106-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ring forceps 2.2/ 3 mm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11103-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adson Forceps-Serrated Straight 12 cm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>1106-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IrisScissors-Delicate Straight-Sharp/Blunt 10 cm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14028-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mayo-Stille Scissors-Straight 15 cm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14012-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 Forceps-Inox</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Castroviejo NeedleHolder-with Lock-Tungsten Carbide 14 cm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>12565-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Elektroporator CUY21 SC&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nepa Gene Co.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FST 250 Hot Bead Sterilizer</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>18000-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microgrinder EG-44</td><td>Narishige</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P-97 Micropette Puller</td><td>Sutter Instrument Company</td><td>P-97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum electrodes 650P 0.5 mm</td><td>Nepagene</td><td>CUY650P0.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum electrodes 650P 3 mm</td><td>Nepagene</td><td>CUY650P3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum electrodes 650P 5 mm</td><td>Nepagene</td><td>CUY650P5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platinum electrodes 650P 10 mm</td><td>Nepagene</td><td>CUY650P10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anesthesia system</td><td>Rothacher-Medical GmbH</td><td>CV-30511-3 Vapor 19.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating plate</td><td>Rothacher-Medical GmbH</td><td>HP-1M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature Controller 220V AC</td><td>Rothacher-Medical GmbH</td><td>TCAT-2LV</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

cortex-, hippocampus-, thalamus-, hypothalamus-, lateral septal nucleus- and striatum-specific in utero electroporation in the c57bl/6 mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

La figura 2 mostra esempi di specifica in utero elettroporazione delle regioni in via di sviluppo nella corteccia retrosplenial, la corteccia motoria, la corteccia somatosensoriale, la corteccia piriforme, il cornu Ammonis 1-3, il giro dentato, lo striato, il nucleo settale laterali , il talamo e l&#39;ipotalamo. I risultati delle trasfezioni sono confrontate con l&#39;angolazione consigliata (Figura 2). Per una migliore visualizzazione degli angoli in vivo la posizion...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse at JoVE.com

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

Cortex, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, laterale del setto Nucleus- e Striatum specifici<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elettroporazione in C57BL / 6 del mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

cortex-hippocampus-thalamus-hypothalamus-lateral-septal-nucleus

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

27.9K Views.  University Medical Center, JGU Mainz. This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

Video: Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E15 Mouse Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol we outline the experimental methodology for preparing mice for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E13-E16 mice, however, it is most commonly performed at E15, as shown in this video. 

In Utero iniezione intraventricolare e Elettroporazione di E15 embrioni di topo

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

Gene consegna efficiente in più territori SNC utilizzo In Utero Elettroporazione

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Neuroscienze

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

Mouse in Utero elettroporazione: controllato Transefection Gene spazio-temporale

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

Ampliamento della embrionali e cellule staminali neurali adulte per<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elettroporazione o Viral iniezione stereotassica

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

In elettroporazione in vivo ed ex utero per l&#39;espressione genica in cellule gangliari della retina del mouse

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

La manipolazione genetica del topo sviluppo dell&#39;ipotalamo attraverso<em&gt; In utero</em&gt; Elettroporazione

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression of genes of interest to specific neuronal subtypes has proven remarkably challenging due to the relative scarcity of specific promoter elements. GABAergic interneurons constitute a neuronal population with extensive genetic and morphological diversity. Indeed, more than 11 different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons have been characterized in the mouse cortex1. Here we present an adapted protocol for selective targeting of GABAergic populations. We achieved subtype selective targeting of GABAergic interneurons by using the enhancer element of the homeobox transcription factors Dlx5 and Dlx6, homologues of the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene2,3, to drive the expression of specific genes through in utero electroporation.

This procedure shows how to target interneurons in the developing mouse forebrain by means of in utero electroporation. This technique was particularly efficient to achieve selective gene expression in interneuron subtypes destined to the superficial layers of the cortex.

Sottotipo-selettivo elettroporazione della corticale interneuroni

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression ...

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, their distinct dendritic morphologies, their specific patterns of axonal connectivity, and their selective firing responses. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for these aspects of differentiation during development are still poorly understood.
Here, we describe combined protocols for labeling and characterizing the structural connectivity and excitability of cortical neurons. Modification of the in utero electroporation (IUE) protocol allows the labeling of a sparse population of neurons. This, in turn, enables the identification and tracking of the dendrites and axons of individual neurons, the precise characterization of the laminar location of axonal projections, and morphometric analysis. IUE can also be used to investigate changes in the excitability of wild-type (WT) or genetically modified neurons by combining it with whole-cell recording from acute slices of electroporated brains. These two techniques contribute to a better understanding of the coupling of structural and functional connectivity and of the molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal diversity during development. These developmental processes have important implications on axonal wiring, the functional diversity of neurons, and the biology of cognitive disorders.

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

This manuscript provides protocols that use in utero electroporation (IUE) to describe the structural connectivity of neurons at the single-cell level and the excitability of fluorescently labeled neurons. Histology is used to characterize dendritic and axonal projections. Whole-cell recording in acute slices is used to investigate excitability.

Elettroporazione in utero approcci per studiare l&#39;eccitabilità neuronale sottopopolazioni e connettività single-cell

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, ...

Double In Utero Electroporation to Target Temporally and Spatially Separated Cell Populations

In utero electroporation is an in vivo DNA transfer technique extensively used to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying mammalian corticogenesis. This procedure takes advantage of the brain ventricles to allow the introduction of DNA of interest and uses a pair of electrodes to direct the entrance of the genetic material into the cells lining the ventricle, the neural stem cells. This method allows researchers to label the desired cells and/or manipulate the expression of genes of interest in those cells. It has multiple applications, including assays targeting neuronal migration, lineage tracing, and axonal pathfinding. An important feature of this method is its temporal and regional control, allowing circumvention of potential problems related with embryonic lethality or the lack of specific CRE driver mice. Another relevant aspect of this technique is that it helps to considerably reduce the economic and temporal limitations that involve the generation of new mouse lines, which become particularly important in the study of interactions between cell types that originate in distant areas of the brain at different developmental ages. Here we describe a double electroporation strategy that enables targeting of cell populations that are spatially and temporally separated. With this approach we can label different subtypes of cells in different locations with selected fluorescent proteins to visualize them, and/or we can manipulate genes of interest expressed by these different cells at the appropriate times. This strategy enhances the potential of in utero electroporation and provides a powerful tool to study the behavior of temporally and spatially separated cell populations that migrate to establish close contacts, as well as long-range interactions through axonal projections, reducing temporal and economic costs.

Double in utero electroporation allows targeting cell populations that are spatially and temporally separated. This technique is useful to visualize interactions between those cell populations using fluorescent proteins in normal conditions but also after functional experiments to perturb genes of interest.

Doppia elettroporazione in utero per colpire le popolazioni di cellule temporali e separate spazialmente

In utero electroporation is an in vivo DNA transfer technique extensively used to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying mammalian ...

Murine In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation is an important technique for studying the molecular mechanisms that guide the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and maturation of cells during neural development. Electroporation enables the rapid and targeted delivery of material into cells by utilizing electrical pulses to create transient pores in cell membranes. Although electroporation has traditionally been used in in vitro studies, scientific advancements have now broadened its utilization to intact organs, such as those found in mouse embryos developing in utero. This video will introduce the key principles behind in utero electroporation in addition to reviewing the basic surgical techniques required to access developing embryos within a pregnant rodent. Details of the injection and electroporation steps are provided along with important considerations for directing gene delivery to specific brain regions. Finally, neurobiological applications of in utero electroporation are presented, such as investigating how specific genes contribute to neural development and how connections form between developing neurons.

Murine In Utero Electroporation

Elettroporazione Murina In Utero

In utero electroporation is an important technique for studying the molecular mechanisms that guide the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and ...

Cortex, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, laterale del setto Nucleus- e Striatum specifici

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In Utero iniezione intraventricolare e Elettroporazione di E15 embrioni di topo

Gene consegna efficiente in più territori SNC utilizzo In Utero Elettroporazione

Mouse in Utero elettroporazione: controllato Transefection Gene spazio-temporale

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