Technical supported by Melanie Pfeifer and Nikolai Schmarowski (Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center Mainz).

윤리 선언문 : 마우스 및 실험 절차의 처리는 동물 보호에 대한 유럽 국가 및 기관의 지침에 따라 실시 하였다. 1.에서 자궁 Electroporation에 참고 : 이전에 (12, 14)을 발표 한 자궁 전기에서 수행되었다. 따라서, 상기 방법은 이하의 (도 1)에 간단히 설명 만한다. <ol><li> 준비 <ol><li> 이전 12 설명 된대로 (1,5는 pCAGGS를 포함) 빠른 그린 컬러 독소없는 고급 형질 급 플라스미드 솔루션을 준비합니다. </li><li> 주사를위한 (35 ° 각도) 붕규산 유리 모세관 (0.8-0.9 직경)를 당겨 갈기. </li><li> 악기를 소독. </li></ol></li><li> 외과 <ol><li> 수술을 시작하기 전에 진통제 (카프로 펜, 4 ㎎ / ㎏ 체중, SC, 24 시간 저장소) 적어도 30 분을 관리합니다. </li><li> 의 길이를 유지(- 수술 마취의 단계 Guedel 15에 따라 - 단계 III가 최대 25 ~ 30 분) 35 ~ 45 분의 최대 마취. </li><li> (: 마스크를 통해 2.8 %, 수술 : 2.5 % 유도 챔버) 이소 플루 란과 시간이 초과 임신 쥐를 마취. 발가락 핀치에 응답하지 않는 문제로 마취를 확인합니다. </li><li> 마취 동안 눈 건조를 방지하기 위해 눈 연고를 적용합니다. </li><li> 7.5 % 프로 비돈 - 요오드 용액으로 수술 영역을 소독 노출 만 수술 영역 (0.9 % 벤질 알코올 식염수와 습기) 멸균 거즈와 마우스를 커버한다. </li><li> (: 1.5 cm, 근육 절개 : 1.5 cm의 피부 절개) 메스로 복강을 열고 잘라. </li><li> 수의학 직원 또는위원회의 지시에 따라 예열 0.9 % 벤질 알코올 식염수 또는 다른 멸균 등​​장 성 용액과 가습에 의해 건조에서 열린 복강을 보존합니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 손가락으로 자궁을 만지지 마십시오, 링 집게 사용하여 자궁 뿔 (추출에스). </li></ol></li><li> DNA와 전기 사출. 참고 : 특정 지역을 대상으로하는 정확한 세부 사항은 섹션 2에 표시됩니다. <ol><li> 준비된 붕규산 모세 혈관을 통해 그림 1과 2 절에 표시된대로 천천히 뇌실에 색깔의 DNA 용액을 주입. </li><li> 해당 배아 단계에 해당하는 전압을 적용 (예. E14를위한, 36 ~ 38 V) 전문 집게 형 백금 전극 (간격주기 길이 50 밀리 초, 간격 일시 정지 950 밀리 초)를 통해. 질 벽의 손상을 최소화하기 위해 전압의인가시 전기 충격기 펄스. </li></ol></li><li> 포스트 전기 / 수술 후 관리 <ol><li> 조심스럽게 복강에서 자궁 뿔을 교체합니다. </li><li> 근육과 별도로 피부 절개 봉합. </li><li> 복구를위한 열 지원 장치에 마우스 나머지를 보자. </li><li> 복구 중에 마우스 (행동, 공급을 감독하고물 소비), 4 시간, 24 시간 및 수술 후 48 시간. 필요한 경우, 추가로 2 일간 추가 진통제 (카프로 펜, 4 ㎎ / ㎏ 체중, 24 시간 저장소)에 적용됩니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 특정 뇌 영역 2. 형질 주 : 양극의 위치는 DNA 용액 (오른쪽 또는 제 3 뇌실)와 양극의 위치를​​ 가득 뇌실 통해 수직 중심선 사이의 각도로 표시된다. 좌심실을 채울 때 위치는 거울 반전. 도 4에 이어 원시의 위치는 중요한 기준점을 제공하는 나타낸다. <ol><li> 피질 영역의 형질 감염 (도 2A, 표 1). <ol><li> 1.2 절에 설명 된대로 수술을 수행합니다. 대뇌 피질의 영역에서 자궁 전기의 경우 E14 배아를 사용합니다. </li><li> 우측 뇌실 4 μg의 DNA를 함유하는 DNA-용액 1.5 μL를 주입준비된 붕규산 모세 혈관을 통해. <ol><li> 신중 천자 부위 위에 보이는 혈관이 없도록 링 집게를 이용하여 태아의 위치. </li><li> 천천히 lambdoidal 봉합에서 약 0.75 mm의 관상면과 시상 봉합 (그림 3)에서 0.5 mm 측면의 DNA 용액을 주입. 삽입 깊이는 1.2 mm (자궁 벽에서 측정 E14가) 있는지 확인하십시오. 날카로운 경계와 파란색 - 녹색 색소를 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 전문 집게 형 백금 전극을 통해 전압 (간격주기 길이 50​​ 밀리 초, 간격 일시 정지 950 밀리 초)를 적용합니다. <ol><li> 3 5mm 전극 패들을 사용합니다. </li><li> 36 ~ 38 V.에 이르기까지 전압을 사용하여 </li><li> 전극 귀 primordia의 바로 앞쪽의 중심을 놓습니다. </li><li> , 운동 피질 0-40 °를 형질 형질, 체성 감각 피질 40-95 °를 형질, 330-0 °에서 retrosplenial 피질의 사용 각도를 형질배 모양의 피질 95-110 ° (그림 2A). </li></ol></li><li> 1.4 절에 설명 된대로 포스트 전기 / 수술 후 관리를 수행합니다. 쥐를 희생과 3 장에 기술 된 바와 같이 전기 (E18) 후 배아 4 일 분석 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 해마 (도 2B, 표 1)의 형질 전환. <ol><li> 1.2 절에 설명 된대로 수술을 수행합니다. 해마 형성의 자궁에 전기를 들어 E15 배아를 사용합니다. </li><li> 준비된 붕규산 모세 혈관을 통해 오른쪽 측면 뇌실에서 4 μg의 DNA를 포함하는 DNA-솔루션 μL 2를 주입. </li><li> 전문 집게 형 백금 전극을 통해 전압 (간격주기 길이 50​​ 밀리 초, 간격 일시 정지 950 밀리 초)를 적용합니다. <ol><li> 3 5mm 전극 패들을 사용합니다. </li><li> 38-40 범위의 전압을 사용합니다. </li><li> 음극 귀 primordium의 바로 앞쪽의 중심과 중심 (O)를 배치했다귀 primordium의 중간에서 양극 F. </li><li> 치아 이랑은 CA1 250-275 ° (그림 2B)를 형질, CA2 230-250 °를 형질, cornu의 ammonis (CA) 3 210-230 °를 형질, 190-210 °에서 각도를 사용하여 형질합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 1.4 절에 설명 된대로 포스트 전기 / 수술 후 관리를 수행합니다. 3 장에 설명 된대로 (출생, P21 후) 완전한 해마 형성 한 후 분석을 수행합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 횡 중격 핵 선조체의 형질 감염 및 (도 2C, 표 1) 참고 : 각도는 해마를 형질에 대한 그와 중첩된다. 효과적으로 측 중격 핵 원치 않는 해마 형질 전환 이전 배아 단계 (E12)없이 선조체를 형질하는 데 사용되어야한다. <ol><li> 1.2 절에 설명 된대로 수술을 수행합니다. 횡 중격 핵과 striat의에서 자궁 전기 용음 E12 배아를 사용합니다. </li><li> 준비된 붕규산 모세 혈관을 통해 오른쪽 측면 뇌실에서 4 μg의 DNA를 포함하는 DNA-솔루션 μL (1)을 주입. </li><li> 전문 집게 형 백금 전극을 통해 전압 (간격주기 길이 50​​ 밀리 초, 간격 일시 정지 950 밀리 초)를 적용합니다. <ol><li> 0.5 mm의 전극을 사용합니다. </li><li> 33 (V)를 사용하여 </li><li> 이어 primordia의 수준에서 전극의 중심을 배치. </li><li> 선조체 170-240 ° (그림 2C)를 형질, 100-170 °에서 횡 중격 핵의 사용 각도를 형질합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 1.4 절에 설명 된대로 포스트 전기 / 수술 후 관리를 수행합니다. 쥐를 희생과 3 장에 기술 된 바와 같이 전기 (E18) 후 배아 6 일 분석 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 시상과 시상 하부의 형질 (그림 2D, 표 1) <ol><li> 1.2 절에 설명 된대로 수술을 수행합니다. U에 들어시상과 시상 하부 사용 E12-E13 배아의 테로의 전기. </li><li> 준비된 붕규산 모세 혈관을 통해 뇌실 (왼쪽 또는 오른쪽) 4 μg의 DNA를 포함하는 1.5 μL의 DNA 용액을 주입한다. 이 솔루션은 제 3 뇌실에 확산 될 때까지 2 ~ 3 분 동안 기다립니다. 다른 방법으로 직접 제 3 뇌실에 주입. 참고 :이 특이성을 강화하지만 감소 생존율 (손상의 위험이 높은)가 발생할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 전문 집게 형 백금 전극을 통해 전압 (간격주기 길이 50​​ 밀리 초, 간격 일시 정지 950 밀리 초)를 적용합니다. <ol><li> 0.5 3mm 전극을 사용합니다. </li><li> 33-35 V.에 이르기까지 전압을 사용하여 </li><li> 바로 귀 primordia 후부 전극의 중심을 놓습니다. </li><li> 시상 하부 90-180 ° (그림 2D)를 형질, 25 ~ 40 °에서 시상 사용 각도를 형질합니다. </li></ol></li><li> DES로 포스트 전기 / 수술 후 관리를 수행1.4 절에 cribed. 쥐를 희생과 3 장에 기술 된 바와 같이 전기 (E18) 후 배아 6 일 분석 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 관류 고정 <ol><li> 준비 <ol><li> 따뜻한 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드 (PFA)로 37 ° C. </li><li> PBS로 50 ML의 주사기 (4 ° C) 및 예열 PFA와 두 번째 주사기를 입력합니다. 거품을 피하십시오. </li><li> 세 방향 꼭지에 주사기를 연결합니다. 날개 달린 주입 세트 (나비)에 세 번째 끝을 연결합니다. </li><li> PBS로 날개 달린 주입 세트를 플래시합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 관류 <ol><li> 깊이 피하 케타민 염산염의 응용 프로그램 (60 ㎎ / ㎏)과 자일 라진 (7.5 ㎎ / ㎏)와 (임신 또는 출생 후의 형질) 마우스를 마취. </li><li> 발가락 핀치에 응답하지 않는 문제로 수술 허용 단계를 확인합니다. </li><li> 바로 흉곽 아래 복강을 엽니 다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 다이어프램을 잘라. </li><li> 조심스럽게 전자에 컷을 통해 흉곽을 열고쇄골까지 ACH 사이트. </li><li> (심장의 정점에서 시작) 왼쪽 심장 챔버로 나비의 끝을 삽입합니다. </li><li> 좌심방을 잘라. </li><li> PBS 천천히 (약 10ml)로 마우스를 관류. </li><li> 삼방 코크 스위치. </li><li> 5 ~ 10 ml의 4 % PFA와 마우스를 관류. </li><li> 가위를 사용하여 마우스를 목을 벨과 난원 매그넘에서 시작 뇌를 해부하다. 이전에 (16)이 발표 한 절개를 수행합니다. </li><li> 4 % PFA 2 일 동안 뇌를 Postfixate. 어둠 속에서 4 ° C에서 머리를 유지합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 면역 조직 화학 <ol><li> (vibratome와 예) 70 μm의 섹션을 생성합니다. </li><li> 옵션 : 항체 염색 형광을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. <ol><li> RT에서 1 시간 동안 차단 부 (0.1-0.2 % 트리톤 X-100, 5 % 정상 염소 혈청) </li><li> 적절한 항체 (1,000 방지 GFP, 1)로 O / N을 품어 </li><li> 워시 30.1 M 인산 완충와 -5 번. </li><li> 적절한 형광 - 복합 이차 항체 (1,000 알렉사 플 루어 488 복합 항 - 토끼 IgG를, 1)과 3-5 시간을 품어. </li><li> 선택적 : 1 분간 (0.1 M 인산 완충액 DAPI, 0.2 g / ㎖) 4-6-diaminodino -2- 페닐 인돌로 Counterstain과. </li><li> 적절한 형광 현미경으로 형광을 분석 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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D., Ikenaka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+evidence+that+ventral+forebrain+cells+migrate+to+the+cortex+and+contribute+to+the+generation+of+cortical+myelinating+oligodendrocytes.">Direct evidence that ventral forebrain cells migrate to the cortex and contribute to the generation of cortical myelinating oligodendrocytes.</a> Dev Biol. 291 (1), 123-131 (2006).</li><li>Baumgart, J., Grebe, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C57BL/6-specific+conditions+for+efficient+in+utero+electroporation+of+the+central+nervous+system.">C57BL/6-specific conditions for efficient in utero electroporation of the central nervous system.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 240, 116-124 (2015).</li><li>Saito, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+electroporation+in+the+embryonic+mouse+central+nervous+system.">In vivo electroporation in the embryonic mouse central nervous system.</a> Nat Protc. 1 (3), 1552-1558 (2006).</li><li>Matsui, A., Yoshida, A. C., Kubota, M., Ogawa, M., Shimogori, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+in+utero+electroporation:+controlled+spatiotemporal+gene+transfection.">Mouse in utero electroporation: controlled spatiotemporal gene transfection.</a> JoVE. (54), (2011).</li><li>Guedel, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inhalation anesthesia: a fundamental guide. , (1937).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+Animal+Perfusion+Fixation+for+Rodents.">Whole Animal Perfusion Fixation for Rodents.</a> JoVE. (65), e3564 (2012).</li><li>Mizutani, K., Saito, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progenitors+resume+generating+neurons+after+temporary+inhibition+of+neurogenesis+by+Notch+activation+in+the+mammalian+cerebral+cortex.">Progenitors resume generating neurons after temporary inhibition of neurogenesis by Notch activation in the mammalian cerebral cortex.</a> Development. 132 (6), 1295-1304 (2005).</li><li>Tabata, H., Nakajima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Labeling+embryonic+mouse+central+nervous+system+cells+by+in+utero+electroporation.">Labeling embryonic mouse central nervous system cells by in utero electroporation.</a> Dev, Growth &amp; Differ. 50 (6), 507-511 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

This protocol describes in detail how to transfect the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus of C75BL/6 mice. With all the provided information this is the first protocol, which supplies all necessary information to easily recreate transfections of these cerebral regions in the C57BL/6 mouse. Previous publications are mostly focused only on a few specific r...

3 개의 독립적 인 그룹 1-3에 의해 2001 년 처음 소개 이후 N 자궁 일렉트로는 설치류 중추 신경계에서의 유전자 발현을 분석하기 위해 널리 사용되는 표준 도구가되었다. 지속적으로 개선 기술, 아직 시간과 돈 단순하기 때문에, 자궁 내 전기 호소 소비에도 불구하고,이다 녹아웃 마우스의 세대에 비해. 따라서, 자궁 내 전기는 신속하고 효율적인 이득이 손실-의 기능 연구 (4)를 할 수 있습니다. 뇌 영역 트랜, 음으로 하전 된 플라스미드를 함유하는 용액이 뇌실 내로 주입된다. 전기 펄스 동안, 음으로 하전 된 DNA는 양극으로 이동한다 따라서 형질 영역은 양극의 위치를​​ 변경하여 간단하게 선택할 수있다. 그것은 자주 중추 신경계의 다양한 영역 (TA)이 될 수 있음을 보여왔다3,5-8를 rgeted. 예를 들어, 최근의 연구는 해마, 배 모양의 피질이나 줄무늬 9-11의 특정 형질을 보여줍니다. 그러나, 해당 위치에 대한 정보는 거의 종종 표준화되지 않고, 항상 상이한 마우스 균주로 전송할 쉽지 않다. 특정 배아 단계의 형질 사소한는 거리가 멀다. 자궁의 전기의 특정을위한 셋업을 선택할 때 많은 영향을 미치는 요인을 고려해야합니다. 먼저, 각각의 최적 배아 단계 형질, 적절한 전압에 대한 지식이 필요하다. 낮은 전압이 형질 전환 효율을 감소 2,3,12 반면 고전압은 생존율을 감소시킨다. 또한 전극 패의 크기가 중요한 역할을 감소 특이성에 너무 큰 결과 또는 인해 심장 리듬 4,12,13의 애정에 사망에이를 수 있습니다 전극 충격기를 사용하기 때문이다. 적용전압의 크기와 전극 패들의 위치가 고려하는 가장 중요한 특징이지만, DNA-용액의 도포량 같이 전기의 결과에 영향을 미치는 또 다른 요인들도있다. 우리는 C57BL / 6 마우스 12 다양한 뇌 영역의 빠르고 효율적인 형질 있도록 상세한 프로토콜을 개발했다. 이 프로토콜에서 전압에 대한 자세한 정보는 사용되는 향상된 특이성 전극 패들의 크기가 제공된다. 또한, 심실 대한 정보 플라스미드 용액의 양 전극의 위치에 대한 권장 사항이 공급과 함께 충전된다. 지도와 이러한 위치의 더 시각화의 자세한 위치 정보의 표시는 retrosplenial 피질, 운동 피질, 체성 감각 피질, 배 모양의 피질, T의 자궁의 전기에서 간단 구체적이고 효율적으로 할 수 있습니다그는 ammonis 1-3, 치아 이랑 (dentate gyrus), 선조체, 측 중격 핵, 시상과 시상 하부 cornu.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="898">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">QIAGEN</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">12362</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fast Green</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>0301.1</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pCAGGS</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">borosilicate glass capillaries (0.8-0.9 mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Wold Precision Instrument Inc.</td>
			<td>1B100F-4</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane (Forene)</td>
			<td>Abbott</td>
			<td>PZN 4831850</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Carprofen (Rimadyl)</td>
			<td>Pfizer GmbH</td>
			<td>approval number: 400684.00.00</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">eye ointment (Bepanthen Augen und Nasensalbe)</td>
			<td>Bayer&#160;</td>
			<td>PZN 01578681</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">0.9% benzyl alcohol 0.9% saline solution</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Pharmacy 
			of the University Medical Center Mainz</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">gauze (ES-Kompressen)</td>
			<td>Hartmann</td>
			<td>407835</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sterile 5-0 Perma-Hand Silk Suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td>K890H</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ring forceps 1/ 1.5 mm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11101-09</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ring forceps 4.8/ 6 mm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11106-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ring forceps 2.2/ 3 mm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11103-09</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adson Forceps-Serrated Straight 12 cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>1106-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IrisScissors-Delicate Straight-Sharp/Blunt 10 cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14028-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mayo-Stille Scissors-Straight 15 cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14012-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont #5 Forceps-Inox</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Castroviejo NeedleHolder-with Lock-Tungsten Carbide 14 cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12565-14</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Nepa Gene Co.</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18000-45</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microgrinder EG-44</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">P-97 Micropette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Company</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Platinum electrodes 650P 0.5 mm</td>
			<td>Nepagene</td>
			<td>CUY650P0.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Platinum electrodes 650P 3 mm</td>
			<td>Nepagene</td>
			<td>CUY650P3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Platinum electrodes 650P 5 mm</td>
			<td>Nepagene</td>
			<td>CUY650P5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Platinum electrodes 650P 10 mm</td>
			<td>Nepagene</td>
			<td>CUY650P10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anesthesia system</td>
			<td>Rothacher-Medical GmbH</td>
			<td>CV-30511-3 Vapor 19.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heating plate</td>
			<td>Rothacher-Medical GmbH</td>
			<td>HP-1M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature Controller 220V AC</td>
			<td>Rothacher-Medical GmbH</td>
			<td>TCAT-2LV</td>
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</table>

cortex-, hippocampus-, thalamus-, hypothalamus-, lateral septal nucleus- and striatum-specific in utero electroporation in the c57bl/6 mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

그림 2, retrosplenial 피질로 개발 지역의 자궁 전기의 특정에 대한 예를 보여줍니다, 운동 피질, 체성 감각 피질, 배 모양의 피질, cornu가 1-3 ammonis, 치아 이랑 (dentate gyrus), 선조체, 횡 중격 핵 , 시상과 시상 하부. 형질 감염의 결과는 권장 각도 (도 2) 다음에 나타낸다. 생체 내에서 각의 더 나은 시각화를위한 전극 (0.5 mm)의 위치도 (양막 낭 그림 5, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse at JoVE.com

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

코어 텍스, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, 횡 중격 Nucleus-과 줄무늬 별<em&gt; 자궁 내</em&gt; C57BL / 6 마​​우스에서 Electroporation에

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

cortex-hippocampus-thalamus-hypothalamus-lateral-septal-nucleus

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

27.8K 조회수.  University Medical Center, JGU Mainz. This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

비디오: Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

마우스 망막 신경절 세포 Transfection로 생체내에 Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

연구

신경과학

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

사용하여 여러 개의 CNS 준주로 효율적인 유전자 전달 Utero에서 Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

마우스 Utero에 Electroporation : 통제 Spatiotemporal 진 Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

사용하는 마우스 대뇌 피질과 해마의 시각화 및 Dendrites와 쪽이의 유전자 조작<em&gt; utero에서</em&gt; Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the use of IUE for investigating behavior or neuropathology in the adult brain has been limited by insufficient methods for monitoring of IUE transfection success by non-invasive techniques in postnatal animals. 
 For the present study, E16 rats were used for IUE. After intraventricular injection of the nucleic acids into the embryos, positioning of the tweezer electrodes was critical for targeting either the developing cortex or the hippocampus. 
 Ventricular co-injection and electroporation of a luciferase gene allowed monitoring of the transfected cells postnatally after intraperitoneal luciferin injection in the anesthetized live P7 pup by in vivo bioluminescence, using an IVIS Spectrum device with 3D quantification software. 
 Area definition by bioluminescence could clearly differentiate between cortical and hippocampal electroporations and detect a signal longitudinally over time up to 5 weeks after birth. This imaging technique allowed us to select pups with a sufficient number of transfected cells assumed necessary for triggering biological effects and, subsequently, to perform behavioral investigations at 3 month of age. As an example, this study demonstrates that IUE with the human full length DISC1 gene into the rat cortex led to amphetamine hypersensitivity. Co-transfected GFP could be detected in neurons by post mortem fluorescence microscopy in cryosections indicating gene expression present at &ge;6 months after birth.
 We conclude that postnatal bioluminescence imaging allows evaluating the success of transient transfections with IUE in rats. Investigations on the influence of topical gene manipulations during neurodevelopment on the adult brain and its connectivity are greatly facilitated. For many scientific questions, this technique can supplement or even replace the use of transgenic rats and provide a novel technology for behavioral neuroscience.

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

Genes can be manipulated during development of the cortex or the hippocampus of the rat via in utero electroporation (IUE) at E16, to enable fast and targeted modifications in neuronal connectivity for later studies of behavior or neuropathology in adult animals. Postnatal in vivo imaging for control of IUE success is performed by bioluminescence of activating co-transfected luciferase.

몸에 붙이기 형질 전환 쥐의 발생에 의해<em&gt; 자궁 내</em&gt; 일렉트로 및<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 생물 발광 상영

 In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

마우스의 유전자 조작을 통해 시상 하부 개발<em&gt; 자궁 내</em&gt; 일렉트로

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, their distinct dendritic morphologies, their specific patterns of axonal connectivity, and their selective firing responses. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for these aspects of differentiation during development are still poorly understood.
Here, we describe combined protocols for labeling and characterizing the structural connectivity and excitability of cortical neurons. Modification of the in utero electroporation (IUE) protocol allows the labeling of a sparse population of neurons. This, in turn, enables the identification and tracking of the dendrites and axons of individual neurons, the precise characterization of the laminar location of axonal projections, and morphometric analysis. IUE can also be used to investigate changes in the excitability of wild-type (WT) or genetically modified neurons by combining it with whole-cell recording from acute slices of electroporated brains. These two techniques contribute to a better understanding of the coupling of structural and functional connectivity and of the molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal diversity during development. These developmental processes have important implications on axonal wiring, the functional diversity of neurons, and the biology of cognitive disorders.

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

This manuscript provides protocols that use in utero electroporation (IUE) to describe the structural connectivity of neurons at the single-cell level and the excitability of fluorescently labeled neurons. Histology is used to characterize dendritic and axonal projections. Whole-cell recording in acute slices is used to investigate excitability.

자궁 내 일렉트로는 신경 세포의 부분 집단의 흥분 및 단일 세포의 연결을 연구에 접근

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, ...

A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-appreciated experimental model of autoimmune peripheral demyelinating diseases. EAN disease is induced by immunizing mice with neurogenic peptides to direct an inflammatory attack toward components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Recent advances have enabled the induction of EAN in the relatively resistant C57BL/6 mouse line using myelin protein zero (P0)106-125 or P0180-199 peptides delivered in adjuvant combined with the injection of pertussis toxin. The ability to induce EAN in the C57BL/6 strain allows for the use of the numerous genetic tools that exist on this mouse background, and thus allows the sophisticated study of disease pathogenesis and interrogation of the mechanistic action of novel therapeutics in combination with transgenic approaches. In this study, we demonstrate a simple approach to successfully induce EAN using the P0180-199 peptide in C57BL/6 mice. We also outline a protocol for the assessment of functional deficits that occur in this model, accompanied by an array of neuropathological features. Thus, this model is a powerful experimental model to study the pathogenesis of human peripheral demyelinating neuropathies, and to determine the efficacy of potential therapies that aim to promote myelin repair and protect against nerve damage in autoimmune neuritis.

This report outlines a simple approach to successfully induce experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) using the myelin protein zero (P0)180-199 peptide in combination with Freund&#39;s complete adjuvant and pertussis toxin. We present a sophisticated paradigm capable of accurately assessing the extent of functional deficits and neuropathology that occur in this EAN.

기능과 Neuropathological 평가 대 한 C57BL/6 쥐에 실험 자가 면역 신경 염을 유발 하는 간단한 방법

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-appreciated experimental model of autoimmune peripheral demyelinating diseases. EAN disease is induced by ...

Inducing Cre-lox Recombination in Mouse Cerebral Cortex Through In Utero Electroporation

Cell-autonomous neuronal functions of genes can be revealed by causing loss or gain of function of a gene in a small and sparse population of neurons. To do so requires generating a mosaic in which neurons with loss or gain of function of a gene are surrounded by genetically unperturbed tissue. Here, we combine the Cre-lox recombination system with in utero electroporation in order to generate mosaic brain tissue that can be used to study the cell-autonomous function of genes in neurons. DNA constructs (available through repositories), coding for a fluorescent label and Cre recombinase, are introduced into developing cortical neurons containing genes flanked with loxP sites in the brains of mouse embryos using in utero electroporation. Additionally, we describe various adaptations to the in utero electroporation method that increase survivability and reproducibility. This method also involves establishing a titer for Cre-mediated recombination in a sparse or dense population of neurons. Histological preparations of labeled brain tissue do not require (but can be adapted to) immunohistochemistry. The constructs used guarantee that fluorescently labeled neurons carry the gene for Cre recombinase. Histological preparations allow morphological analysis of neurons through confocal imaging of dendritic and axonal arbors and dendritic spines. Because loss or gain of function is achieved in sparse mosaic tissue, this method permits the study of cell-autonomous necessity and sufficiency of gene products in vivo.

Inducing Cre-lox Recombination in Mouse Cerebral Cortex Through In Utero Electroporation

Cell-autonomous functions of genes in the brain can be studied by inducing loss or gain of function in sparse populations of cells. Here, we describe in utero electroporation to deliver Cre recombinase into sparse populations of developing cortical neurons with floxed genes to cause loss of function in vivo.

Cre lox 재결합 Electroporation Utero에 통해 마우스 대뇌 피 질에서 유도

Cell-autonomous neuronal functions of genes can be revealed by causing loss or gain of function of a gene in a small and sparse population of neurons. To ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of hearing. Improvement of the implant technology is needed if CI users are to perceive music and perform in more natural environments, such as hearing out a voice with competing talkers, reflections, and other sounds. Such improvement requires experimental animals to better understand the mechanisms of electric stimulation in the cochlea and its responses in the whole auditory system. The mouse is an increasingly attractive model due to the many genetic models available. However, the limited use of this species as a CI model is mainly due to the difficulty of implanting small electrode arrays. More details about the surgical procedure are therefore of great interest to expand the use of mice in CI research.
In this report, we describe in detail the protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. We demonstrate the functional efficacy of this procedure with electrically-evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) and show examples of facial nerve stimulation. Finally, we also discuss the importance of including a deafening procedure when using a normally hearing animal. This mouse model provides a powerful opportunity to study genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that would be of relevance for CI users.

Animal models of cochlear implants can advance knowledge of the technological bases of treating permanent sensorineural hearing loss with electrical stimulation. This study presents a surgical protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in mice as well as the functional assessment with auditory brainstem response.

인공 와우 수술 및 C57BL/6 마우스에 전기 evoked 청각 Brainstem 응답 기록

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...