This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

Il protocollo descritto di seguito per indurre CTA verso colture legnose segue le linee guida per la cura degli animali della &quot;Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona&quot; (Bellaterra, Spagna) ed è approvato dal Comitato Etico di animali e la sperimentazione umana per pecore e capre (CEEAH, fa riferimento a 770 e 998, rispettivamente). 1. Preparazione di LiCl Dose <ol><li> Fare un 25% w / v (peso / volume) soluzione LiCl in acqua distillata. In alternativa, utilizzare l&#39;acqua del rubinetto pulita. Il LiCl è estremamente igroscopico, pertanto è necessario fare attenzione quando si maneggia la sostanza chimica in polvere. <ol><li> Pesare 250 g di LiCl e sciogliere in acqua distillata (soluzione concentrata LiCl). Poiché la reazione è esotermica, attendere che la soluzione è tornato a temperatura ambiente prima di continuare. Versare la soluzione in un pallone tarato e aggiungere acqua distillata per portare a 1000 ml. </li></ol></li><li> Calcolare il volume di soluzione per ogni animale (singoladose). <ol><li> Pesare gli animali per ottenere il loro peso corporeo (BW) e calcolare la mL di LiCl necessaria per ogni animale seguente equazione 1. La dose raccomandata per la persistenza a lungo termine è 225 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo negli ovini 10 e 200 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo nelle capre 17. Tuttavia, altre dosi utilizzate per il pascolo sono riportati in Tabella 1. (Kg di peso corporeo x dose di LiCl in g / kg di peso corporeo) / concentrazione LiCl in g / L = Volume di LiCl (L) [Eq. 1] Per esempio: Sheep = 60 kg di peso corporeo; Dose = 225 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo; concentrazione della soluzione LiCl = 250 g / L (60 kg x 0,225 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0,054 L = 54 mL Capra = 35 kg di peso corporeo; Dose = 200 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo; concentrazione della soluzione LiCl = 250 g / L (35 kg x 0.200 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0,028 L = 28 mL </li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> Dose LiCl </td><td> Mazorra et al. (2006) 19 </td&gt; <td> Burritt et al. (2013) 35 </td></tr><tr><td> Basso </td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td> medio </td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td> alto </td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 1:. Intervallo di dosaggio LiCl Gamma di dosi LiCl (mg / kg di peso corporeo, BW) utilizzato da diversi autori per indurre alimentare l&#39;avversione. 2. Selezione e strutture degli animali <ol><li> Scegli adulti, gli animali non gravide e secche, che non sono mai in precedenza mangiato il feed di destinazione. </li><li> Non provocare il CTA di più di 20 animali, allo stesso tempo, per controllare meglio il loro comportamento. Inizialmente, inducono solo CTA di 5 animali. </li><li> Allocare gli animali in un luogo in cui l&#39;assunzione di mangime bersaglio può essere registrato individualmente. Nutrire gli animali una volta al giorno con una dieta basale che copre tutte le loro esigenze nutrizionali e fornire libero accesso all&#39;acqua e ad un miblocco nerale. Assicurare un adeguato apporto di sale per prevenire gli effetti tossici LiCl, dal momento che le cellule del corpo possono utilizzare Li Na, invece di 9. </li><li> Se le strutture sono nuovi per gli animali, dare loro uno settimane di tempo di adattamento per acquisire familiarità con l&#39;ambiente e la dieta basale. </li></ol> 3. L&#39;avversione induzione <ol><li> Rimuovere la dieta basale la sera prima (giorno -1) e offrono il bersaglio di alimentazione ad libitum per garantire che gli animali mangiano l&#39;alimentazione bersaglio avidamente il Giorno 12. </li><li> Il giorno successivo (giorno 0), togliere le Orts di mattina e di offrire 200 g di mangime di destinazione per ogni animale durante 30 min. Pesare i Orts da allora in poi. </li><li> Se gli animali consumano più di 20-30 g, amministrare il volume corrispondente calcolato di LiCl (ml calcolata 1.2) con una pistola inzuppando appena è praticamente possibile, senza aspettare più di 1 ora dopo il consumo. Se gli animali consumano meno di 20-30 g, ripetere la procedura il giorno seguente. due al loro comportamento alimentare neophobic innato, animali potrebbe avere bisogno di più di 1 giorno per iniziare a consumare il feed bersaglio 10,17,25-27. </li><li> Dopo la somministrazione LiCl, aspettare 2 ore prima di offrire la dieta basale. </li><li> Dal giorno 1 a 3, non offrono gli animali feed di destinazione e controllare periodicamente per rilevare ogni possibile segno di malattia grave, la registrazione di alimentazione quotidiana e l&#39;assunzione di acqua (in peso o in una check-list), la frequenza respiratoria e il comportamento degli animali. Potevano presentare testa abbassata e le orecchie, l&#39;inattività, diarrea, aumento della frequenza respiratoria e una diminuzione di acqua e l&#39;assunzione di dieta durante i giorni successivi alla somministrazione LiCl 9-11,20,25. </li></ol> 4. Avversione convalida <ol><li> Nei giorni 4, 5, 6 e 7 dopo la somministrazione LiCl, ripetere il punto 3.2. </li><li> Se gli animali consumano &lt;10 g (o &lt;4 punture) del mangime destinazione, considerare la soglia CTA established.The tra zero (nessun consumo) e 10 g potrebbe dipendere dalla circostanzal&#39;impianto di destinazione (tossico o meno). </li><li> Se un animale consuma&gt; 10 g, somministrare una nuova dose LiCl e ripetere il punto 4.1. Se l&#39;animale persiste nel consumare pianta destinazione dopo la seconda dose, eliminare dal gruppo CTA. La facilitazione sociale (ad esempio, la madre, i fratelli e compagni vicini) possono modificare il comportamento CTA nel bestiame. Gli animali che sono stati evitati per un impianto di destinazione facilmente occupare di nuovo quando si nutrono con gli animali non scongiurato 28. </li></ol> Gestione 5. Pascolo Nota: La dose di LiCl usato per indurre CTA è completamente eliminata in pochi giorni, soprattutto da urine. <ol><li> Anche se Li è ampiamente diffuso sulla crosta terrestre, in modo da evitare ogni possibile contaminazione nella coltura biologica, aspettare 9-11 giorni prima di passare gli animali al (tempo di gioco stabilito con Li farmacocinetico) delle colture 11. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la copertura del suolo raccolto è abbondante e gradevole per tutta lapascolo periodo per evitare che gli animali da campionando il feed di destinazione. Graze animali trattati separatamente da non trattato. </li><li> Permettere agli animali di pascolare un terreno delimitato di tutta la superficie per ottenere un controllo uniforme l&#39;altezza dell&#39;erba. Delimitare la trama utilizzando recinzioni elettriche o metallici portatili o utilizzando un pastore a pascolare gli animali tra le linee specifiche per le coltivazioni. </li><li> Evitare di pascolo una trama, eliminando gli animali prima che la copertura del terreno diventa scarso (altezza dell&#39;erba 5 cm) 29. </li></ol> 6. Ristabilire il CTA <ol><li> Ogni anno, prima di consentire agli animali di tornare a pascolare il raccolto, ripetere il passaggio 4. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Il CTA è facilmente stabilito nei piccoli ruminanti, se l&#39;alimentazione di destinazione è una pianta che l&#39;animale non ha mai mangiato prima e non contiene una sostanza nutriente insostituibile. Gli animali hanno un associazione post-ingestive positivo con un feed non tossico, a meno contatto precedente rende difficile cambiare la loro percezione di quel particolare mangime 7,33. L&#39;avversione condizione di gusto è prodotto perché LiCl stimola il sistema emetico produrre malessere o disagio gas...

L&#39;uso di copertura del terreno tra le linee di colture legnose mitiga l&#39;erosione del suolo e il degrado e aumenta l&#39;acqua, carbonio organico e l&#39;azoto ritenzione 1-3. Inoltre, copertura del terreno mantiene e aumenta la biodiversità, sostenendo l&#39;equilibrio tra parassiti delle colture e dei loro predatori naturali. Gli agricoltori tendono a eliminare le erbe infestanti mediante l&#39;applicazione di prodotti chimici per l&#39;agricoltura o utilizzando una macchina mietitrice; riducendo in tal modo la concorrenza di nutrienti tra le colture e la copertura verde. Un modo efficace per controllare la copertura del terreno potrebbe essere l&#39;uso di piccoli ruminanti al pascolo. Un ulteriore vantaggio dal pascolo degli animali è il miglioramento della salute del suolo e della fertilità. Tuttavia, gli agricoltori sono riluttanti ad attuare questa pratica a causa di piccoli ruminanti danneggiare le colture dal consumo di foglie giovani e germogli. Per evitare potenziali danni ai raccolti è utile per indurre avversione al gusto condizionato (CTA) nella pecore o capre all&#39;interno del gregge o dell&#39;allevamento. Il CTA è facilmente stabilito per new alimenta, a causa del comportamento innato alimentazione neophobia 4,5 dei piccoli ruminanti, e perché i feed familiari sono positivamente associati con un &quot;appreso di sicurezza&quot; stato che è più difficile da cambiare o manipolare 6. Gli animali imparano a respingere un feed specifico (stimolo condizionato) a causa del suo effetto post-ingestive negativo (stimolo incondizionato). Per indurre CTA verso piante appetibili e non tossico, cloruro di litio (LiCl; agente induttore) viene somministrata dopo che l&#39;animale consuma l&#39;impianto di destinazione. Mentre ci sono altri agenti induttori (ad es apomorfina, ciclosphosphamide, tiabendazolo), LiCl ha mostrato il più forte e più persistente CTA a causa del suo effetto sul sistema emetico dalla stimolazione della zona chemoreceptor trigger zone e disturbi gastrointestinali 7,8 con segni lievi di genere disagio. Litio (Li) è assorbito dal tratto gastrointestinale superiore e distribuito nello spazio acqua corporea totale 9. Gli animali can hanno un periodo di recupero più breve due giorni 7,10,11. La LiCl può essere somministrato mescolandolo con il cibo 12,13, in una capsula di gelatina 13,14 o in un soluzione somministrata oralmente una pistola inzuppando 15-17. Anche se la soluzione LiCl è caustico, senza lesioni in bocca o nell&#39;esofago è stato descritto. LiCl è utilizzato nella gamma da 100 a 400 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo (BW), con risultati migliori (più persistente CTA) con dosi superiori 16,18. Tuttavia, considerando i noti effetti di dosaggio verso specie e razze diverse, l&#39;effetto letale in alcuni casi partono da 400 mg LiCl / kg di peso corporeo. Il dosaggio raccomandato per un efficace a lungo termine CTA inizia a 200 mg / kg di peso corporeo per le capre e 225 mg / kg di peso corporeo per le pecore 10,17,19. Li usato a questi dosaggi viene escreto entro i primi 4 giorni dopo la somministrazione, principalmente attraverso le urine (92 ± 4%), seguita da feci (6,5 ± 1,3%) e latte (2,8 ± 0,4%) 11. la completatempo di attesa stimato per una singola dose di LiCl nel plasma è di 9 e 11 giorni per ovini e caprini, rispettivamente. A causa della minima Li escrezione nel latte, CTA non può essere naturalmente stabilito nella suzione off-molla 11,20. A lungo termine CTA persistenza negli ovini stato segnalato nel corso di un&#39;intera stagione di pascolo (3-4 mesi), quando una fonte alternativa di foraggio era disponibile 14,21, viene ristabilito per un&#39;avversione quasi completa con una singola dose LiCl al prossimo pascolo stagione (9 mesi dopo) 14. Inoltre, CTA persistenze di 2 e 3 anni sono stati segnalati nelle vacche in condizioni di pascolo, senza la necessità di dosi di rinforzo, quando il feed bersaglio è una pianta tossica, ma gradevole al palato 22,23. L&#39;opzione di considerare un feed alternativa è critica per l&#39;animale a mantenere il CTA contro una pianta non tossico. Ogni volta che l&#39;animale consuma più di 10 g della pianta evitata senza conseguente di gastrointestinalescomfort, il CTA sarebbe compromessa 24.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lithium Chloride PRS</td><td>Panreac</td><td>141392.1209</td><td>Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td></tr><tr><td>Labelvage drencher 
&lt;p&gt;
70 mL
&lt;/p&gt;</td><td>Labelvage</td><td>240040</td><td>Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

I risultati descritti di seguito sono stati ottenuti da diversi studi in CTA verso colture legnose nei piccoli ruminanti condotti presso l&#39;Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona e forniscono prove per stabilire il protocollo proposto. Dosi di 175 e 200 mg LiCl / kg BW in capre e 200 e 225 mg LiCl / kg BW negli ovini sono stati usati con successo per indurre CTA contro le colture legnose con una singola somministrazione, ad ecc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Come creare Condizionata Avversione gusto per il pascolo terra Coperchi in Woody Colture con piccoli ruminanti

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K Views.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

Video: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

L&#39;uso di un sistema automatizzato (GreenFeed) per monitorare enterica metano e anidride carbonica Emissioni dei ruminanti

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Ricerca

Ambiente

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

Un metodo per Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Roditore Durante Fasi discreti di apprendimento

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Comportamento

Choice and No-Choice Assays for Testing the Resistance of A. thaliana to Chewing Insects

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which include many crops such as cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts etc. Rearing of the insects takes place on cabbage plants in the greenhouse. At least two cages are needed for the rearing of Pieris rapae. One for the larvae and the other to contain the adults, the butterflies. In order to investigate the role of plant hormones and toxic plant chemicals in resistance to this insect pest, we demonstrate two experiments. First, determination of the role of jasmonic acid (JA - a plant hormone often indicated in resistance to insects) in resistance to the chewing insect Pieris rapae. Caterpillar growth can be compared on wild-type and mutant plants impaired in production of JA. This experiment is considered "No Choice", because larvae are forced to subsist on a single plant which synthesizes or is deficient in JA. Second, we demonstrate an experiment that investigates the role of glucosinolates, which are used as oviposition (egg-laying) signals. Here, we use WT and mutant Arabidopsis impaired in glucosinolate production in a "Choice" experiment in which female butterflies are allowed to choose to lay their eggs on plants of either genotype. This video demonstrates the experimental setup for both assays as well as representative results.

Plant resistance to chewing insect herbivores can be tested in several ways. Here, we demonstrate how to set-up a choice and a no-choice experiment with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to identify resistance against the pest species Pieris rapae.

I dosaggi scelta e No-scelta per il test della resistenza di Arabidopsis thaliana per Insetti da masticare

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which ...

Biologia

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving. Here, we describe a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol for measuring the incubation of craving in rats. In this protocol, a CPP paradigm mainly employing somatosensory cues is used to establish a long-term reward memory of morphine. A three-chamber CPP box that differs in the texture of the chamber floor is constructed. First, the animals are tested for their baseline preference to the two side chambers for three consecutive days. Then, they are injected intraperitoneally with morphine/saline and put into their non-preferred/preferred chamber for 45 min. After 6 days of conditioning, their preference to the side chambers is tested for 15 min at different time points after the last conditioning session. With this paradigm, the reward memory of morphine could last for at least 18 days. To test whether the above-mentioned protocol can model increased craving, the number of entrances into the two side chambers are counted during the abstinence period. The results show that the entrances increased, suggesting that the CPP paradigm could mimic the incubation of craving. Future studies can employ this model to study neural mechanisms underlying long-term memory and incubation of craving.

Here, a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol is described to measure incubation of craving in rats.

Un protocollo di Conditioned Place Preference per l'incubazione di Craving nei ratti di misura

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

Ground-level Unmanned Aerial System Imagery Coupled with Spatially Balanced Sampling and Route Optimization to Monitor Rangeland Vegetation

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for maintaining global ecosystem services. Monitoring vegetation in these ecosystems is required to assess rangeland health, to gauge habitat suitability for wildlife and domestic livestock, to combat invasive weeds, and to elucidate temporal environmental changes. Although rangeland ecosystems cover vast areas, traditional monitoring techniques are often time-consuming and cost-inefficient, subject to high observer bias, and often lack adequate spatial information. Image-based vegetation monitoring is faster, produces permanent records (i.e., images), may result in reduced observer bias, and inherently includes adequate spatial information. Spatially balanced sampling designs are beneficial in monitoring natural resources. A protocol is presented for implementing a spatially balanced sampling design known as balanced acceptance sampling (BAS), with imagery acquired from ground-level cameras and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). A route optimization algorithm is used in addition to solve the &#8216;travelling salesperson problem&#8217; (TSP) to increase time and cost efficiency. While UAS images can be acquired 2&#8211;3x faster than handheld images, both types of images are similar to each other in terms of accuracy and precision. Lastly, the pros and cons of each method are discussed and examples of potential applications for these methods in other ecosystems are provided.

The protocol presented in this paper utilizes route optimization, balanced acceptance sampling, and ground-level and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) imagery to efficiently monitor vegetation in rangeland ecosystems. Results from images obtained from ground-level and UAS methods are compared.

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for ...

Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the outside world. As such, the intestine plays a pivotal role in immunosurveillance and protection from enteric pathogens. Investigating intestinal physiology and immunology commonly employs 'intestinal loops' as an experimental model. The majority of these loop models are non-recovery surgical procedures that study short-term (&lt;24 hr) changes in the intestine (1-3). We previously created a recovery intestinal loop model to specifically measure long-term (&lt;6 mo) immunological changes in the intestine of sheep following exposure to vaccines, adjuvants, and viruses (4). This procedure localized treatments to a specific 'loop', allowing us to sample this area of the intestine. A significant drawback of this method is the single window of opportunity to administer treatments (i.e. at the time of surgery). Furthermore, samples of both the intestinal mucosa and luminal contents can only be taken at the termination of the project. Other salient limitations of the above model are that the surgical manipulation and requisite post-operative measures (e.g. administration of antibiotics and analgesics) can directly affect the treatment itself and/or alter immune function, thereby confounding results. Therefore, we modified our intestinal loop model by inserting long-term catheters into the loops. Sheep recover fully from the procedure, and are unaffected by the exteriorized catheters. Notably, the establishment of catheters in loops allows us to introduce multiple treatments over an extended interval, following recovery from surgery and clearance of drugs administered during surgery and the post-operative period.

We describe a novel surgical method for catheterizing 'intestinal loops' within the ileum of sheep. Once animals have recovered from surgery and have cleared antibiotics and analgesics, multiple treatments can be deposited directly in loops via the catheters.

Cateterismo delle anse intestinali nei ruminanti

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the ...

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

L'uso di test di paura tradizionali per valutare diversi circuiti emotivi nel bestiame

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is avoided when the herbivore is able to select other plants2. Antibiosis is the degree to which the plant affects the fitness of the herbivore feeding on it1.Tolerance is the degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore, without compromising the herbivore's growth and reproduction1. The durability of herbivore resistance in an agricultural setting depends to a great extent on the resistance mechanism favored during crop breeding efforts3.
We demonstrate a no-choice experiment designed to estimate the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp. Several species of African grasses of the genus Brachiaria are valuable forage and pasture plants in the Neotropics, but they can be severely challenged by several native species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)4.To assess their resistance to spittlebugs, plants are vegetatively-propagated by stem cuttings and allowed to grow for approximately one month, allowing the growth of superficial roots on which spittlebugs can feed. At that point, each test plant is individually challenged with six spittlebug eggs near hatching. Infestations are allowed to progress for one month before evaluating plant damage and insect survival. Scoring plant damage provides an estimate of tolerance while scoring insect survival provides an estimate of antibiosis. This protocol has facilitated our plant breeding objective to enhance spittlebug resistance in commercial brachiariagrases5.

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

This video explains mechanisms of host plant resistance to herbivory and demonstrates a no-choice test that estimates the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp.

Caratterizzano Erbivoro meccanismi di resistenza: Spittlebugs su Brachiaria Spp. come esempio

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

UN<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Analisi di Aversione di rame basata sullo stato nutrizionale

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

Neuroscienze

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native host. Milk collection from animals allows scientists the opportunity to study many aspects of reproduction including vertical transmission, passive immunity, mammary gland biology, and lactation. Obtaining adequate volumes of milk for these studies is a challenging task, especially from small animal models. Here we illustrate an inexpensive and facile method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer that does not require specialized equipment or extensive training. This particular method requires two researchers: one to express the milk and to stabilize the animal, and one to collect the milk in an appropriate container from either a Muntjac or mouse model. The mouse model also requires the use of a P-200 pipetman and corresponding pipette tips. While this method is low cost and relatively easy to perform, researchers should be advised that anesthetizing the animal is required for optimal milk collection.

Milk collection from animal models facilitates various research avenues: understanding passive immunity, identifying pathogens responsible for vertical transmission and, through the use of transgenic mice, even commercial production of proteins found in human breast milk. Here we illustrate a simple method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer.

Metodi Latte di raccolta per topi e Reeves &#39;Muntjac

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native ...

Come creare Condizionata Avversione gusto per il pascolo terra Coperchi in Woody Colture con piccoli ruminanti

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L'uso di un sistema automatizzato (GreenFeed) per monitorare enterica metano e anidride carbonica Emissioni dei ruminanti