Questa ricerca è stata sostenuta dal Dipartimento della Difesa Breast Cancer Research Program con il numero premio (ASH, W81XWH-13-1-0010), NIH CA100324, CA100324 PPG, e il programma di imaging integrato.

Tutte le procedure descritte devono essere eseguite in conformità con le linee guida e regolamenti per l&#39;uso di animali vertebrati, tra cui la preventiva approvazione da parte del Albert Einstein College of Medicine Istituzionale cura degli animali e del Comitato uso. 1. Generazione di fluorescenza Tumori etichettati e macrofagi associati al tumore <ol><li> Generare cellule tumorali fluorescente attraversando il, autoctona, topo geneticamente modificato modello cancro mammario spontaneo in cui la ripetizione lungo terminale virus tumore del mouse mammaria spinge l&#39;antigene polioma mezzo T (MMTV-PyMT) con i topi transgenici con i giornalisti fluorescenti [cioè, una maggiore verde fluorescente proteine ​​(EGFP), una maggiore proteina ciano fluorescente (ECFP) o Dendra2] 8,9. </li><li> Macrofagi etichetta fluorescente negli animali PyMT con fluorescente cellule tumorali attraversando modelli di topo geneticamente con i giornalisti fluorescenti specifiche myeloid- e macrofagi [cioè, MacGreen 15 o topi MacBlue CSF1R -GAL4VP16 / UAS-ECFP 16]. </li><li> In alternativa, generano fluorescente tumori attraverso il trapianto ortotopico di cellule fluorescente PyMT tumorali (singenici), linee di cellule umane di cancro al seno o tumori primari paziente umano derivati ​​(xenotrapianti) 11,17. <ol><li> Implant fluorescente cellule tumorali PyMT in topi singenici con le cellule mieloidi fluorescenti proteina marcato per generare animali con cellule tumorali fluorescenza etichettati e cellule mieloidi 13. </li></ol></li><li> Iniettare 100 ml di 10 mg / kg fluorescente 70 kDa destrano per via endovenosa (iv) la coda vena in grave topi immunodeficienza combinata (SCID) con tumori xenotrapianto di linee cellulari umane o tumori primari del paziente di derivazione a macrofagi etichette fluorescenza 2 ore prima della partenza dell&#39;imaging intravitale. </li></ol> 2. Installazione Microscopio e Imaging Preparazione Nota: Questa procedura descrive il set-upper l&#39;imaging intravitale su un microscopio multiphoton 8. <ol><li> Accendere tutti i componenti del microscopio e laser, tra cui laser a due fotoni e rivelatori. </li><li> Selezionare la casella di riscaldamento a 30 ° C per pre-riscaldare il palco. Questo passaggio è fondamentale per il mantenimento della temperatura fisiologica dell&#39;animale. </li><li> Per l&#39;uso su un posto microscopio invertito la fase di inserimento su misura sul palco microscopio. L&#39;inserto personalizzato è un foglio di 1/8 &quot;in alluminio di spessore lavorato per adattarsi allo spazio inserto palco e con un 1&quot; di diametro foro passante nel centro per l&#39;imaging. <ol><li> Pulire la fase di microscopio e l&#39;inserto palco con il 70% di etanolo e aria secca. </li><li> Mettere un grande goccia d&#39;acqua sulla NA obiettivo 20X, 1,05 microscopio per mantenere il contatto ottico con il vetro di copertura. </li><li> Bicchiere coperchio (# 1.5 spessore) sulla porta di imaging sull&#39;inserto palco microscopio. Fissare in posizione con nastro adesivo di laboratorio. </li><li> Utilizzare un pugno buco per fare un buco due centimetri x 2 cmin un pad in gomma flessibile e posizionare il gommino sul palco microscopio con il foro del pad allineato con il foro dell&#39;inserto fase personalizzato. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Preparazione della vena della coda catetere e reagenti per iniezione durante Imaging <ol><li> Tagliare una lunghezza di 30 cm in polietilene (PE) tubo. </li><li> Utilizzando pinze, spostare l&#39;ago metallico di un ago G 31 avanti e indietro finché non si rompe fuori del raccordo di plastica. </li><li> Utilizzando pinze, inserire l&#39;estremità smussata dell&#39;ago distaccata nel tubo PE. </li><li> Inserire un ago G 31 nell&#39;altra estremità del tubo PE. </li><li> Riempire una siringa da 1 cc con fosfato sterile salina tamponata (PBS) e inserirlo nel ago G 31 e lavare tutta l&#39;aria dal tubo e ago con PBS. PBS è usato per mantenere l&#39;idratazione e osmolarità del sangue 9,18, soluzione salina isotonica tuttavia possono anche essere utilizzati. </li><li> Riempire una siringa da 1 cc con 200 ml di 3 mg / kg 155 kDa destrano-tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) O punti quantici per l&#39;etichettatura vascolare. </li><li> Preparare eventuali altre proteine ​​iniettabili come ad esempio un acido amino 165 isoforma del fattore di crescita vascolare endoteliale A (VEGFA 165) in una siringa da 1 cc e posto sul ghiaccio. Iniettare 0,2 mg / kg VEGFA 165 19 alla concentrazione di 0,05 mg / ml. </li></ol> 4. Inserimento della coda Indwelling Vena catetere <ol><li> Posto l&#39;animale in anestesia utilizzando una camera di induzione con 5% isoflurano con O 2 come gas di trasporto. </li><li> Trasferire il mouse per la piattaforma chirurgica una volta che è completamente anestetizzato e non risponde ad un pizzico dito del piede. </li><li> Linea aperta isoflurano alla piattaforma chirurgica, chiudere la linea anestesia alla camera di induzione e posizionare il cono sopra muso dell&#39;animale. Ridurre il isoflurano dal 5% al ​​2,5%. </li><li> Applicare una pomata oftalmica agli occhi del mouse per prevenire la secchezza durante l&#39;anestesia. </li><li> Scaldare l&#39;animale sotto la lampada di riscaldamentoper altri 2 minuti per aumentare la circolazione nella coda come circolazione rallenta con anestesia profonda. </li><li> Sterilizzare la vena della coda del mouse con il 70% di etanolo. </li><li> Inserire la punta di un ago G 31 dal catetere costruito nella Sezione 3 nella vena caudale laterale dell&#39;animale e spingere l&#39;ago 2-3 mm. </li><li> Tirare indietro sulla siringa per vedere il sangue, garantendo il catetere viene inserito nella vena della coda. </li><li> Utilizzare una lunghezza 1 cm di nastro lab posto sopra l&#39;ago per mantenere l&#39;ago in posizione parallelamente alla vena lungo la lunghezza della coda. </li></ol> 5. Pelle Flap procedura chirurgica per esporre il tumore mammario <ol><li> Con l&#39;animale sulla piattaforma chirurgica tamponare il tumore e la superficie ventrale con il 70% di etanolo. Nota: Come descritto, questa procedura non viene eseguita completamente asettico. Per le sessioni lunghe di imaging in cui l&#39;infezione può diventare un fattore di confusione, si consiglia di utilizzare una corretta tecnica asettica. </li><li> utilizzando steriLe pinze, sollevare la pelle ventrale e con le forbici sterili fanno un&#39;incisione sottocutaneo lungo la linea mediana ventrale di circa 1 cm di lunghezza. Evitare la puntura del peritoneo durante l&#39;incisione. </li><li> Delicatamente tagliare il tessuto connettivo fissare la ghiandola mammaria e tumori lontano dal peritoneo per esporre il tumore mammario. </li><li> Usando forbici e pinze, rimuovere delicatamente e tagliare via la fascia e grasso dalla superficie esposta del tumore mantenendo l&#39;integrità del sistema vascolare del tumore e minimizzando sanguinamento. Questo passaggio è fondamentale nel mantenere l&#39;architettura tumore e vascolarizzazione fornitura del tumore. </li></ol> 6. Preparazione degli animali per la microscopia <ol><li> Trasferire l&#39;animale alla fase di imaging pre-riscaldato con il tumore esposta collocato sul vetrino sull&#39;inserto palcoscenico sul obiettivo microscopio per l&#39;imaging. Fare attenzione a trasferire il catetere vena della coda delicatamente con l&#39;animale in modo da non staccare l&#39;ago. </li><li> ° postoe anestesia naso cono sopra il muso dell&#39;animale per mantenere insieme l&#39;anestesia al 3% isoflurano. </li><li> Posizionare l&#39;animale in modo che il tumore poggia nel foro del gommino ed entra in contatto con il vetro coprioggetto. </li><li> Utilizzare due tamponi in gomma per tenere delicatamente il tumore al suo posto e fissarli al palco microscopio con del nastro laboratorio per ridurre il movimento durante l&#39;acquisizione dell&#39;immagine. </li><li> Riempire la camera dal pad di gomma con PBS per mantenere il tessuto idratato e mantenere il contatto ottico con il vetrino. </li><li> Inizia il monitoraggio dei segni vitali dell&#39;animale con una sonda pulsossimetro. Collegare un sensore clip alla coscia dell&#39;animale. In alternativa un collare che è configurato per adattarsi intorno al collo può essere utilizzato. </li><li> Posizionare la scatola del riscaldamento sopra l&#39;animale per mantenere 30 ° C 20. </li><li> Lentamente ridurre il livello di isoflurano al 0,5-1% per mantenere l&#39;anestesia e mantenere il flusso sanguigno. </li></ol> 7. Acquisizione di immagini e l&#39;iniezione di flent Coloranti e iniettabili Proteine <ol><li> Utilizzando il fuoco del microscopio oculare sulle cellule tumorali fluorescenti sulla superficie del tumore. </li><li> Selezionare un&#39;area di interesse trovando zone con che scorre i vasi sanguigni. La selezione di una zona di interesse con scorre vasi sanguigni è critico per valutare vasi tumorali. </li><li> Una volta che è stata selezionata una regione di interesse passare al microscopio in modalità di imaging multiphoton. </li><li> Impostare i limiti superiore e inferiore di una serie z. Impostare il limite superiore della serie Z utilizzando il regolatore di messa a fuoco per spostare l&#39;obiettivo nella posizione di partenza desiderato e facendo clic sul pulsante di posizione Z &quot;Top&quot;. Determinare il limite superiore della serie Z visualizzando la rete in fibra di collagene sulla superficie del tumore nel canale generazione di seconda armonica (SHG) e osservando quando nessuna cellula ma solo fibre di collagene sono visibili. <ol><li> Impostare il limite inferiore della serie Z spostando l&#39;obiettivo alla profondità di imaging desiderata (typically 50 - 150 micron) e il tasto &quot;basso&quot; cliccando la posizione Z. </li><li> Impostare la dimensione del passo digitando il valore desiderato nel campo dimensione del passo. Determinare dimensione del passo sulla base di considerazioni di risoluzione e tempo di acquisizione (in genere 2 micron viene utilizzato per la ricostruzione 3D ad alta risoluzione e 5 micron altro). </li></ol></li><li> Impostare l&#39;intervallo di time-lapse passando al pannello Time-Lapse e inserendo il lasso di tempo desiderato nel campo Time-Lapse. Per risoluzione temporale ottimale impostare l&#39;intervallo di tempo a 0 sec per l&#39;imaging continuo. Nota: Per lungo time-lapse imaging si consiglia di impostare l&#39;intervallo di tempo di 10 secondi tra le acquisizioni per ricostituire il liquido di immersione obiettivo. </li><li> Una volta che i parametri per l&#39;imaging sono stati determinati, iniettare lentamente 155 kDa destrano-TMR. <ol><li> Rimuovere la siringa con PBS nel catetere coda vena e sostituirlo con la siringa contenente 155 kDa destrano-TMR facendo attenzione a non introdurre bolle nel Line. </li><li> Iniettare lentamente 155 kDa destrano-TMR nel mouse, con un volume massimo di 200 ml, e sostituire la siringa con siringa contenente PBS. PUNTO CRITICO: eseguire l&#39;iniezione lentamente e prendere precauzioni per evitare di ottenere una soluzione al di fuori della vena. </li></ol></li><li> Avviare l&#39;acquisizione del time-lapse imaging Z-stack facendo clic sui pulsanti Time-lapse Z-Stack e per deprimere loro e poi cliccando sul pulsante di registrazione. </li><li> Se altri destrani fluorescenti, vale a dire, isotiocianato 10 kDa destrano-fluoresceina (FITC), o le proteine, cioè, VEGFA 165, sono stati preparati in anticipo, li iniettare dopo l&#39;inizio di acquisizione di immagini per a = 0 min inizio. <ol><li> Rimuovere la siringa con PBS nella vena della coda del catetere e sostituirlo con la siringa contenente 10 kDa destrano-FITC o VEGFA 165 facendo attenzione a non introdurre bolle nella linea. </li><li> Iniettare lentamente iniettabili nel mouse attraverso il catetere vena della codae sostituire la siringa con una siringa contenente PBS. </li></ol></li><li> Ogni 30-45 min, iniettare lentamente 50 ml di PBS o soluzione salina per mantenere l&#39;idratazione dell&#39;animale. </li></ol> 8. L&#39;eutanasia <ol><li> Al termine della acquisizione delle immagini, eutanasia dell&#39;animale. <ol><li> Aumentare la isoflurano al 5%. </li><li> Mantenere l&#39;animale sotto il 5% isoflurano fino al 30 sec dopo che cessa di respirare e rimuovere l&#39;animale dal palco. </li><li> Eseguire dislocazione cervicale per garantire la completa eutanasia. </li></ol></li></ol> Processing 9. Immagine <ol><li> Acquisire le immagini in file TIFF a 16 bit per ogni singolo canale ad ogni tempo e salvare in modo sequenziale. </li><li> Eseguire la separazione di sovrapposizione spettrale (cioè, GFP e PCP), l&#39;eliminazione di deriva xy e la generazione di film da sequenze time-lapse con metodi stabiliti in ImageJ 9. Eseguire ricostruzioni di superficie 3D di immagini ad alta risoluzione 13. </li></ol>

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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo.+cell-cycle+profiling+in+xenograft+tumors+by+quantitative+intravital+microscopy.">In vivo. cell-cycle profiling in xenograft tumors by quantitative intravital microscopy.</a> Nat Methods. 12 (6), 577-585 (2015).</li><li>Kedrin, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+imaging+of+metastatic+behavior+through+a+mammary+imaging+window.">Intravital imaging of metastatic behavior through a mammary imaging window.</a> Nat Methods. 5 (12), 1019-1021 (2008).</li><li>Yano, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial-temporal+FUCCI+imaging+of+each+cell+in+a+tumor+demonstrates+locational+dependence+of+cell+cycle+dynamics+and+chemoresponsiveness.">Spatial-temporal FUCCI imaging of each cell in a tumor demonstrates locational dependence of cell cycle dynamics and chemoresponsiveness.</a> Cell Cycle. 13 (13), 2110-2119 (2014).</li><li>Yang, M., Jiang, P., Hoffman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-body+subcellular+multicolor+imaging+of+tumor-host+interaction+and+drug+response+in+real+time.">Whole-body subcellular multicolor imaging of tumor-host interaction and drug response in real time.</a> Cancer Res. 67 (11), 5195-5200 (2007).</li><li>Manning, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+imaging+reveals+conversion+between+distinct+tumor+vascular+morphologies+and+localized+vascular+response+to+Sunitinib.">Intravital imaging reveals conversion between distinct tumor vascular morphologies and localized vascular response to Sunitinib.</a> Intravital. 2 (1), 24790 (2013).</li><li>Alexander, S., Koehl, G. E., Hirschberg, M., Geissler, E. K., Friedl, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+imaging+of+cancer+growth+and+invasion:+a+modified+skin-fold+chamber+model.">Dynamic imaging of cancer growth and invasion: a modified skin-fold chamber model.</a> Histochem Cell Biol. 130 (6), 1147-1154 (2008).</li><li>Brown, E. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo.+measurement+of+gene+expression,+angiogenesis+and+physiological+function+in+tumors+using+multiphoton+laser+scanning+microscopy.">In vivo. measurement of gene expression, angiogenesis and physiological function in tumors using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy.</a> Nat Med. 7 (7), 864-868 (2001).</li></ol>

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interazioni cellulari che si verificano spontaneamente nel microambiente tumorale possono portare a cambiamenti nella motilità delle cellule tumorali e intravasation. High-Resolution Imaging intravitale del tessuto tumorale dal vivo permette la visualizzazione delle dinamiche pluricellulari che possono essere 10,13,24 altamente transitorio. End-point in vivo o immagini time-lapse acquisiti con i punti di tempo discreto grado di fornire informazioni essenziali sui meccanismi molecolari dei processi n...

Diffusione di cellule tumorali dal tumore mammario primario ha dimostrato di coinvolgere non solo le cellule tumorali, ma ospitare cellule stromali compresi macrofagi e cellule endoteliali. Inoltre, il tumore vascolare è anormale con aumento della permeabilità 1. Così, determinare come le cellule tumorali, macrofagi e cellule endoteliali interagiscono per mediare la permeabilità vascolare e intravasation delle cellule tumorali nel microambiente tumorale primaria è importante per la comprensione delle metastasi. Comprendere la cinetica della permeabilità vascolare, intravasation delle cellule tumorali e il meccanismo di segnalazione alla base delle interazioni multicellulari nel microambiente tumorale in grado di fornire informazioni cruciali per lo sviluppo e la gestione delle terapie anti-cancro. I mezzi primari di studiare tumore permeabilità vascolare in vivo è stata la misura di coloranti extravascolare come Evans blue 2, destrani ad alto peso molecolare (155 kDa)3 e fluoroforo o proteine ​​radiotracciante coniugato (tra cui l&#39;albumina) 4 in punti fissi di tempo dopo l&#39;iniezione del colorante. I progressi nella microscopia, modelli animali e coloranti fluorescenti hanno permesso la visualizzazione dei processi cellulari e permeabilità vascolare di animali vivi attraverso la microscopia intravitale 5. Immagini di animali vivi con l&#39;acquisizione di immagini statiche, o sequenze di breve time-lapse in diversi punti di tempo non permette la completa comprensione di eventi dinamici nel microambiente tumorale 6,7. Infatti, l&#39;acquisizione di immagini statiche nel corso di 24 ore ha dimostrato che tumore vascolarizzazione è a tenuta, tuttavia la dinamica della permeabilità vascolare non è stata osservata 6. Così, lungo l&#39;imaging continuo time-lapse fino a 12 ore cattura la cinetica di eventi dinamici nel microambiente tumorale. Questo protocollo descrive l&#39;uso di prolungato multiphot time-lapsesulla microscopia intravitale per studiare eventi multicellulari dinamici nel microambiente tumorale. Più tipi di cellule del microambiente tumorale sono etichettati con coloranti iniettabili o utilizzando animali transgenici che esprimono proteine ​​fluorescenti. Utilizzando un catetere venoso coda coloranti vascolari o proteine ​​possono essere iniettati dopo l&#39;inizio di imaging per acquisire dati cinetici di eventi multicellulari nel microambiente tumorale. Per l&#39;imaging cellulare dal vivo il tumore mammario è esposta attraverso la preparazione chirurgica di un lembo cutaneo. Le immagini vengono acquisite fino a 12 ore utilizzando un microscopio multiphoton dotato di molteplici tubi fotomoltiplicatori (PMT) rilevatori 8. Utilizzando opportuni filtri, un algoritmo di sottrazione consente 4 rivelatori PMT per acquisire 5 segnali fluorescenti nel microambiente tumorale contemporaneamente 9. Ad alta risoluzione multiphoton intravitale microscopia cattura di imaging singola risoluzione delle cellule di interazioni tumore-stroma nel microambiente tumorale, portando ad una migliore understanding della permeabilità vascolare e del tumore delle cellule intravasation 10-13. In particolare, rivelato altamente localizzati, transitori eventi permeabilità prolungati di imaging intravitale vascolari che si verificano selettivamente nei siti di interazione tra una cellula tumorale, un macrofago e una cellula endoteliale (definito come il microambiente tumorale delle metastasi, TMEM 14) 13. Inoltre, intravasation cellule tumorali si verifica solo in TMEM ed è spazialmente e temporalmente correlata con la permeabilità vascolare 13. risoluzione singola cella della dinamica di questi eventi è stato reso possibile attraverso l&#39;utilizzo di prolungato time-lapse multifotonica microscopio di cellule fluorescente nel microambiente tumorale.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="637">
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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:248px;">155 kDa dextran-tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">T1287</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">reconstitute at 20 mg/mL in 1 X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">70 kDa dextran-Texas Red</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">D-1830</td>
			<td>reconstitute at 10 mg/mL in 1 X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">10 kDa dextran-fluorescein isothyocyanate</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">FD10S</td>
			<td>reconstitute at 20 mg/mL in 1 X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Qdot 705 ITK Amino (PEG) Quantum Dots</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Q21561MP</td>
			<td>Dilute 25 uL in 175 uL of 1 X PBS for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">MMTV-PyMT mice</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:128px;">2374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Csf1r-ECFP mice (Csf1r-Gal4/VP16,UAS-ECFP)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:128px;">26051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Csf1r-EGFP mice</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:128px;">18549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">1 x PBS</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:248px;">Isoethesia (isoflurane)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:128px;">50033</td>
			<td>250 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Oxygen</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">AirTech</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">1 mL syringe, tuberculin slip tip</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:128px;">309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">30G x 1 (0.3 mm X 25 mm) needle</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:128px;">305128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:248px;">Polyethylene micro medical tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Scientific Commodities Inc</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">BB31695-PE/1</td>
			<td>0.28 mm I.D. X 0.64 mm O.D.</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Microscope coverglass</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">2980-225</td>
			<td>thickness 1.5, 22 X 50 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">MouseOx oximeter, software and sensors</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">STARR Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">Laboratory tape</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">159015R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">soft rubber pad</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8514K62</td>
			<td>Ultra-Soft Polyurethane Film, 3/16&#8221; Thick, 12&#34; x 12&#34;, 40 Oo Durometer, Plain Back</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">hard rubber pad</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8568K615</td>
			<td>High-Strength Neoprene Rubber Sheet 1/4&#34; Thick, 12&#34; X 12&#34;, 50A Durometer,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:248px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td>The microscope is a custom built two laser multiphoton microscope based on an Olympus IX-71 stand utilizing a 20x 1.05NA objective lens.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:248px;">7-Punch set</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3429A12</td>
			<td>, 1/4&#34; to 1&#34; Hole Diameter, for Hammer-Driven Hole Punch,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extended time-lapse intravital imaging of real-time multicellular dynamics in the tumor microenvironment

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. Multicellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment can lead to transient events including directional tumor cell motility and vascular permeability. Quantification of tumor vascular permeability has frequently used end-point experiments to measure extravasation of vascular dyes. However, due to the transient nature of multicellular interactions and vascular permeability, the kinetics of these dynamic events cannot be discerned. By labeling cells and vasculature with injectable dyes or fluorescent proteins, high-resolution time-lapse intravital microscopy has allowed the direct, real-time visualization of transient events in the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe a method for using multiphoton microscopy to perform extended intravital imaging in live mice to directly visualize multicellular dynamics in the tumor microenvironment. This method details cellular labeling strategies, the surgical preparation of a mammary skin flap, the administration of injectable dyes or proteins by tail vein catheter and the acquisition of time-lapse images. The time-lapse sequences obtained from this method facilitate the visualization and quantitation of the kinetics of cellular events of motility and vascular permeability in the tumor microenvironment.

Esteso microscopia time-lapse intravitale permette l&#39;imaging singola cella risoluzione dei processi multicellulari nel microambiente tumorale. Da parte delle cellule tumorali fluorescenza etichettatura, i macrofagi, lo spazio vascolare, e visualizzare la rete di fibre di collagene con il secondo segnale di generazione di armoniche, comparti multipli nel microambiente tumorale sono contemporaneamente monitorati durante l&#39;imaging. Le cellule tumorali marcate con proteine ​​fluo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extended Time-lapse Intravital Imaging of Real-time Multicellular Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment at JoVE.com

Extended Time-lapse Intravital Imaging of Real-time Multicellular Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment

Questo protocollo descrive l&#39;uso della microscopia multiphoton effettuare prolungato time-lapse imaging di interazioni multicellulari in tempo reale, in vivo a risoluzione singola cellula.

Esteso Time-lapse Imaging intravitale del Real-time multicellulare Dynamics nel microambiente tumorale

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and ...

extended-time-lapse-intravital-imaging-real-time-multicellular

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

8.0K Views.  Albert Einstein College of Medicine.  Questo protocollo descrive l'uso della microscopia multiphoton effettuare prolungato time-lapse imaging di interazioni multicellulari in tempo reale, in vivo a risoluzione singola cellula. 

Video: Extended Time-lapse Intravital Imaging of Real-time Multicellular Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment

Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology

The prognosis in virtually all solid tumors depends on the presence or absence of lymph node metastases.1-3 Surgical treatment most often combines radical excision of the tumor with a full lymphadenectomy in the drainage area of the tumor. However, removal of lymph nodes is associated with increased morbidity due to infection, wound breakdown and lymphedema.4,5 As an alternative, the sentinel lymph node procedure (SLN) was developed several decades ago to detect the first draining lymph node from the tumor.6 In case of lymphogenic dissemination, the SLN is the first lymph node that is affected (Figure 1). Hence, if the SLN does not contain metastases, downstream lymph nodes will also be free from tumor metastases and need not to be removed. The SLN procedure is part of the treatment for many tumor types, like breast cancer and melanoma, but also for cancer of the vulva and cervix.7 The current standard methodology for SLN-detection is by peritumoral injection of radiocolloid one day prior to surgery, and a colored dye intraoperatively. Disadvantages of the procedure in cervical and vulvar cancer are multiple injections in the genital area, leading to increased psychological distress for the patient, and the use of radioactive colloid.
Multispectral fluorescence imaging is an emerging imaging modality that can be applied intraoperatively without the need for injection of radiocolloid. For intraoperative fluorescence imaging, two components are needed: a fluorescent agent and a quantitative optical system for intraoperative imaging. As a fluorophore we have used indocyanine green (ICG). ICG has been used for many decades to assess cardiac function, cerebral perfusion and liver perfusion.8 It is an inert drug with a safe pharmaco-biological profile. When excited at around 750 nm, it emits light in the near-infrared spectrum around 800 nm. A custom-made multispectral fluorescence imaging camera system was used.9.
The aim of this video article is to demonstrate the detection of the SLN using intraoperative fluorescence imaging in patients with cervical and vulvar cancer. Fluorescence imaging is used in conjunction with the standard procedure, consisting of radiocolloid and a blue dye. In the future, intraoperative fluorescence imaging might replace the current method and is also easily transferable to other indications like breast cancer and melanoma.

Fluorescence imaging is a promising innovative modality for image-guided surgery in surgical oncology. In this video we describe the technical procedure for detection of the sentinel lymph node using fluorescence imaging as showcased in gynecologic oncologicy. A multispectral fluorescence camera system, together with the fluorescent agent indocyanine green, is applied.

Multispettrali in tempo reale immagini a fluorescenza per il rilevamento intraoperatoria del linfonodo sentinella in Oncologia Ginecologica

The prognosis in virtually all solid tumors depends on the presence or absence of lymph node metastases.1-3 Surgical treatment most often combines radical ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

Valutazione della captazione nanoparticelle nei tumori in tempo reale utilizzando intravitale Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

MAME Models for 4D Live-cell Imaging of Tumor: Microenvironment Interactions that Impact Malignant Progression

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in real-time of cell:cell interactions. Our overall goal was to develop models that recapitulate the architecture of preinvasive breast lesions to study their progression to an invasive phenotype. Specifically, we developed models to analyze interactions among pre-malignant breast epithelial cell variants and other cell types of the tumor microenvironment that have been implicated in enhancing or reducing the progression of preinvasive breast epithelial cells to invasive ductal carcinomas. Other cell types studied to date are myoepithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and blood and lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells. In addition to the MAME models, which are designed to recapitulate the cellular interactions within the breast during cancer progression, we have developed comparable models for the progression of prostate cancers. 
Here we illustrate the procedures for establishing the 3D cocultures along with the use of live-cell imaging and a functional proteolysis assay to follow the transition of cocultures of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells and fibroblasts to an invasive phenotype over time, in this case over twenty-three days in culture. The MAME cocultures consist of multiple layers. Fibroblasts are embedded in the bottom layer of type I collagen. On that is placed a layer of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) on which DCIS cells are seeded. A final top layer of 2% rBM is included and replenished with every change of media. To image proteolysis associated with the progression to an invasive phenotype, we use dye-quenched (DQ) fluorescent matrix proteins (DQ-collagen I mixed with the layer of collagen I and DQ-collagen IV mixed with the middle layer of rBM) and observe live cultures using confocal microscopy. Optical sections are captured, processed and reconstructed in 3D with Volocity visualization software. Over the course of 23 days in MAME cocultures, the DCIS cells proliferate and coalesce into large invasive structures. Fibroblasts migrate and become incorporated into these invasive structures. Fluorescent proteolytic fragments of the collagens are found in association with the surface of DCIS structures, intracellularly, and also dispersed throughout the surrounding matrix. Drugs that target proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways or modifications in the cellular composition of the cocultures can reduce the invasiveness, suggesting that MAME models can be used as preclinical screens for novel therapeutic approaches.

We have developed 3D coculture models for live-cell imaging in real-time of interactions among breast tumor cells and other cells in their microenvironment that impact progression to an invasive phenotype. These models can serve as preclinical screens for drugs to target paracrine-induced proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways implicated in invasiveness.

Modelli per MAME 4D Live-Imaging cellule di tumore: Interazioni microambiente che Impact progressione maligna

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in ...

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (IRI) of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, intestinal ischemia as well as following transplant and cardiovascular surgery.1 Reperfusion of previously ischemic tissue, while essential for the prevention of irreversible tissue injury, elicits excessive inflammation of the affected tissue. Adjacent to the production of reactive oxygen species, activation of the complement system and increased microvascular permeability, the activation of leukocytes is one of the principle actors in the pathological cascade of inflammatory tissue damage during reperfusion.2, 3 Leukocyte activation is a multistep process consisting of rolling, firm adhesion and transmigration and is mediated by a complex interaction between adhesion molecules in response to chemoattractants such as complement factors, chemokines, or platelet-activating factor.4
While leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules is predominantly mediated by the interaction of selectins5 with their counter ligands, firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium is selectin-controlled via binding to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) and vascular cellular adhesion molecules (VCAM).6, 7 
Gold standard for the in vivo observation of leukocyte-endothelial interaction is the technique of intravital microscopy, first described in 1968.8
Though various models of IRI (ischemia-reperfusion injury) have been described for various organs, 9-12 only few are suitable for direct visualization of leukocyte recruitment in the microvascular bed on a high level of image quality.8 
We here promote the digital intravital epifluorescence microscopy of the postcapillary venule in the cremasteric microcirculation of the rat 13 as a convenient method to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze leukocyte recruitment for IRI-research in striated muscle tissue and provide a detailed manual for accomplishing the technique. We further illustrate common pitfalls and provide useful tips which should enable the reader to truly appreciate, and safely perform the method.
In a step by step protocol we depict how to get started with respiration controlled anesthesia under sufficient monitoring to keep the animal firmly anesthetized for longer periods of time. We then describe the cremasteric preparation as a thin flat sheet for outstanding optical resolution and provide a protocol for leukocyte imaging in IRI that has been well established in our laboratories.

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury IRI of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

Digital intravital epifluorescence microscopy of postcapillary venules in the cremasteric microcirculation is a convenient method to gain insights into leukocyte-endothelial interaction in vivo in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of striated muscle tissue. We here provide a detailed protocol to safely perform the technique and discuss its applications and limitations.

In tempo reale Imaging digitale di leucociti-endotelio in ischemia-riperfusione (IRI) del muscolo Cremaster Rat

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, ...

Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional co-culture systems are frequently used to explicate tumor-stroma interactions, including their role in drug responses. However, many of the interactions that occur in vivo in the intact microenvironment cannot be completely replicated in these in vitro settings. Thus, direct visualization of these processes in real-time has become an important tool in understanding tumor responses to therapies and identifying the interactions between cancer cells and the stroma that can influence these responses. Here we provide a method for using spinning disk confocal microscopy of live, anesthetized mice to directly observe drug distribution, cancer cell responses and changes in tumor-stroma interactions following administration of systemic therapy in breast cancer models. We describe procedures for labeling different tumor components, treatment of animals for observing therapeutic responses, and the surgical procedure for exposing tumor tissues for imaging up to 40 hours. The results obtained from this protocol are time-lapse movies, in which such processes as drug infiltration, cancer cell death and stromal cell migration can be evaluated using image analysis software.

We describe a method for imaging response to anti-cancer treatment in vivo and at single cell resolution.

Vivo Imaging di risposte droga nel microambiente tumorale in modelli murini di cancro al seno

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging di primaria preneoplastiche cellule epiteliali mammarie Derivato da modelli murini geneticamente modificati di cancro al seno

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an increased risk of vascular morbidity.&#160;Yet, albeit&#160;the mounting clinical evidence, there is a paucity of clear studies of vascular toxicity and therefore the etiology of a heterogeneous group of vascular/cardiovascular disorders remains to be elucidated. Moreover, the mechanism that may underlie vascular toxicity can completely differ from the principles of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, which is related to direct myocyte injury. We have established a real-time, in vivo molecular imaging platform&#160;to evaluate&#160;the potential&#160;acute&#160;vascular toxicity of anti-cancer therapies.
We have set up a platform of in vivo, high-resolution molecular imaging&#160;in mice,&#160;suitable for visualizing vasculature within confined organs and reference blood vessels within the same individuals whereas each individual serve as its own control. Blood vessel walls were impaired after doxorubicin administration, representing a unique mechanism of vascular toxicity that may be the early event in end-organ injury. Herein, the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging is described, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

We herein describe the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Chemioterapia-indotta vascolare Tossicità - in tempo reale<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imaging di Vessel Impairment

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an ...

Confocal Time Lapse Imaging as an Efficient Method for the Cytocompatibility Evaluation of Dental Composites

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The objective of this study was to use 3D CLSM time lapse confocal imaging to assess the in vitro biocompatibility of dental composites. This method provides an accurate and sensitive indication of viable cell rate in contact with dental composite extracts. The ELS extra low shrinkage, a dental composite used for direct restoration, has been taken as example. In vitro assessment was performed on cultured primary human gingival fibroblast cells using Live/Dead staining. Images were obtained with the FV10i confocal biological inverted system and analyzed with the FV10-ASW 3.1 Software. Image analysis showed a very slight cytotoxicity in the presence of the tested composite after 5 hours of time lapse. A slight decrease of cell viability was shown in contact with the tested composite extracts compared to control cells. The findings highlighted the use of 3D CLSM time lapse imaging as a sensitive method to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the biocompatibility behavior of dental composites.

The most studied aspect of the biocompatibility of dental composites is their cytotoxicity 3D CLSM time lapse imaging combined with fluorescent signal quantification allows sensitive evaluation of the cell fate over time. Utilizing this method could be an efficient tool to assess the cytocompatibility of dental composites.

Confocale Time lapse imaging come un metodo efficiente per la valutazione citocompatibilità di compositi dentali

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The ...

Real-time X-ray Imaging of Lung Fluid Volumes in Neonatal Mouse Lung

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting and sustaining this phenotype is critically important in normal alveolar growth and gas exchange throughout life. Several in vitro studies have characterized the role of key regulatory proteins, signaling molecules, and steroid hormones that can influence the rate of lung fluid clearance. However, in vivo examinations must be performed to evaluate whether these regulatory factors play important physiological roles in regulating perinatal lung liquid absorption. As such, the utilization of real time X-ray imaging to determine perinatal lung fluid clearance, or pulmonary edema, represents a technological advancement in the field. Herein, we explain and illustrate an approach to assess the rate of alveolar lung fluid clearance and alveolar flooding in C57BL/6 mice at post natal day 10 using X-ray imaging and analysis. Successful implementation of this protocol requires prior approval from institutional animal care and use committees (IACUC), an in vivo small animal X-ray imaging system, and compatible molecular imaging software.

We present a protocol to assess the rate of alveolar fluid clearance or pulmonary edema in neonatal mouse lung using X-ray imaging technology.

In tempo reale a raggi X Imaging del polmone volumi di fluido in neonatale topo polmone

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

Valutazione del polmone metastasi in mouse mammarie tumorali modelle da Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...