Ringraziamo Gary Laevsky per le discussioni utili su microscopia. Questo lavoro è stato finanziato dal NIH concede R01GM061107 e R01GM067758 di ERG

Nota: La procedura per la rimozione muscolare (Figura 1) è una modifica di metodi precedentemente descritti per la preparazione di filetti larvale. Le fasi che precedono e seguono la rimozione del muscolo sono descritti brevemente e si rinvia al precedente lavoro 10, 11 per una descrizione più dettagliata. 1. Dissect Larva a Saline freddo <ol><li> Preparare una diluizione di lavoro di freddo HL3.1 salina 15 o Ca 2+ freddo -free HL3.1 salina 11 (Tabella 1). Posizionare la larva in un elastomero siliconico piatto con sufficiente soluzione salina fredda per coprire il fondo del piatto. NOTA: Si veda la discussione per quanto riguarda la scelta di soluzione salina. </li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 1x HL3.1 salina (pH 7,2) </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM HEPES </td></tr><tr><td> 70 mM NaCl </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> 5 mM KCl </td></tr><tr><td> 1,5 mm CaCl 2 (omettere per Ca 2+ salina-free) </td></tr><tr><td> 4 mM MgCl 2 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 mM NaHCO 3 </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM trealosio </td></tr><tr><td> 115 mm di saccarosio </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td> Filtro sterilizzare e conservare a 4 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> imita Composizione insetti emolinfa: Nota </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 1. Composizione del freddo Saline. <ol start="2"><li> Posizionare la larva con il lato ventrale. La superficie ventrale della larva può essere identificato dalle cinture dentical addominali e dal lato dorsale dai tubi tracheali larvali primarie in esecuzione da anteriore a posteriore. Allungare la larva in direzione antero-posteriore e il pin la testa e la coda a unelastomero di silicone dissezione piatto con perni di insetti. Utilizzare forbici dissezione fini per tagliare lungo la linea mediana ventrale, cominciando ad un&#39;estremità e procedendo verso l&#39;altro. NOTA: Questo orientamento conserva il cluster dorsale comunemente studiate di DA neuroni. </li><li> Dopo la larva è tagliato aperto, appuntare i quattro angoli al piatto dissezione come se l&#39;apertura di un libro. Utilizzare pinze per afferrare e rimuovere gli organi interni, tra cui il sistema nervoso centrale, intestino, e la trachea. Regolare i perni di insetti in modo che il filetto è tesa, ma non al massimo allungato. NOTA: I muscoli sono ancorati alla parete del corpo ai confini dei singoli settori. Sebbene muscoli coprono la maggior parte della parete del corpo, sono assenti in una stretta regione vicino alla linea mediana dorsale. </li></ol> Rimozione 2. muscolare <ol><li> Individuare la linea mediana dorsale della larva, dove il tessuto muscolare è assente. Posizionare una singola pinza polo tale da poter essere inserito sotto il tessuto muscolare nella piatta orientamento possibile. </li><li> A partire dalinea mediana dorsale, vicino al confine anteriore del segmento, far scorrere con attenzione la pinza polo tra il muscolo e dell&#39;epidermide, avendo cura di minimizzare il contatto tra le pinze e dell&#39;epidermide. </li><li> Estrarre la pinza verso l&#39;alto per rompere l&#39;attacco del muscolo alla parete del corpo in un punto di ancoraggio. Ripetere questo processo per il restante emi-segmento (s) di interesse. NOTA: Questo protocollo ottimizza preservazione posteriore di ciascun campo dendrite da neurone. Per preservare la parte anteriore del campo dendrite, è preferibile inserire il polo pinza alla estremità posteriore di ciascun segmento. </li><li> Riadattare perni insetti tale che il filetto larvale è massimamente stirato in tutte le direzioni. </li><li> Fissare il filetto mentre è ancora bloccato al piatto dissezione con freddo, preparati al momento formaldeide 4% in PBS per 25 min. </li><li> Lavare 5 volte in PBS. </li><li> Utilizzare pinze per estrarre delicatamente via il tessuto muscolare dai punti di ancoraggio restanti, avendo cura di ridurre al minimo contact con l&#39;epidermide. </li><li> Sblocca e rimuovere il filetto dal piatto dissezione in una provetta da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga. Eseguire tutte le successive di lavaggio, il blocco, e passi immunofluorescenza, come descritto in precedenza 11. </li></ol> 3. Montare il larvale Filetto <ol><li> Prima rimuovere la testa e la coda con le forbici dissezione sottili al fine di rendere il campione più piatta possibile. Montare il filetto su un vetrino in antifade di montaggio con la superficie interna del raccordo di fronte al vetrino. </li><li> Posizionare un vetrino da microscopio sul vetrino e premere delicatamente per disperdere la soluzione di montaggio. Capovolgere il vetrino da microscopio sopra e sigillare il vetrino sul vetrino utilizzando smalto. Diapositive possono essere conservati a -20 ° C per almeno un mese. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Branching+out:+mechanisms+of+dendritic+arborization.">Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 11 (5), 316-328 (2010).</li><li>Corty, M. M., Matthews, B. J., Grueber, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecules+and+mechanisms+of+dendrite+development+in+Drosophila.">Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila.</a> Development. 136 (7), 1049-1061 (2009).</li><li>Parrish, J. Z., Emoto, K., Kim, M. D., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+that+regulate+establishment,+maintenance,+and+remodeling+of+dendritic+fields.">Mechanisms that regulate establishment, maintenance, and remodeling of dendritic fields.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 30, 399-423 (2007).</li><li>Kim, M. E., Shrestha, B. R., Blazeski, R., Mason, C. A., Grueber, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+establish+dendrite-substrate+relationships+that+promote+dendritic+self-avoidance+and+patterning+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">Integrins establish dendrite-substrate relationships that promote dendritic self-avoidance and patterning in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 73 (1), 79-91 (2012).</li><li>Han, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+regulate+repulsion-mediated+dendritic+patterning+of+Drosophila+sensory+neurons+by+restricting+dendrites+in+a+2D+space.">Integrins regulate repulsion-mediated dendritic patterning of Drosophila sensory neurons by restricting dendrites in a 2D space.</a> Neuron. 73 (1), 64-78 (2012).</li><li>Parrish, J. Z., Xu, P., Kim, C. C., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+bantam+functions+in+epithelial+cells+to+regulate+scaling+growth+of+dendrite+arbors+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">The microRNA bantam functions in epithelial cells to regulate scaling growth of dendrite arbors in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 63 (6), 788-802 (2009).</li><li>Jiang, N., Soba, P., Parker, E., Kim, C. C., Parrish, J. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microRNA+bantam+regulates+a+developmental+transition+in+epithelial+cells+that+restricts+sensory+dendrite+growth.">The microRNA bantam regulates a developmental transition in epithelial cells that restricts sensory dendrite growth.</a> Development. 141 (13), 2657-2668 (2014).</li><li>Meltzer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermis-derived+Semaphorin+promotes+dendrite+self-avoidance+by+regulating+dendrite-substrate+adhesion+in+Drosophila+sensory+neurons.">Epidermis-derived Semaphorin promotes dendrite self-avoidance by regulating dendrite-substrate adhesion in Drosophila sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 89 (4), 741-755 (2016).</li><li>Han, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+cells+are+the+primary+phagocytes+in+the+fragmentation+and+clearance+of+degenerating+dendrites+in+Drosophila.">Epidermal cells are the primary phagocytes in the fragmentation and clearance of degenerating dendrites in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 81 (3), 544-560 (2014).</li><li>Brent, J. R., Werner, K. M., McCabe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+larval+NMJ+dissection.">Drosophila larval NMJ dissection.</a> J Vis Exp. (24), (2009).</li><li>Karim, M. R., Moore, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+analysis+of+Drosophila+larval+peripheral+sensory+neuron+dendrites+and+axons+using+genetic+mosaics.">Morphological analysis of Drosophila larval peripheral sensory neuron dendrites and axons using genetic mosaics.</a> J Vis Exp. (57), e3111 (2011).</li><li>Gustafsson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surpassing+the+lateral+resolution+limit+by+a+factor+of+two+using+structured+illumination+microscopy.">Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured illumination microscopy.</a> J Microscopy. 198 (2), 82-87 (2000).</li><li>Ashdown, G. W., Cope, A., Wiseman, P. W., Owen, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+flow+quantified+beyond+the+diffraction+limit+by+spatiotemporal+image+correlation+of+structured+illumination+microscopy+data.">Molecular flow quantified beyond the diffraction limit by spatiotemporal image correlation of structured illumination microscopy data.</a> Biophys J. 107 (9), L21-L23 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, W., Yan, Z., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sound+response+mediated+by+the+TRP+channels+NOMPC,+NANCHUNG,+and+INACTIVE+in+chordotonal+organs+of+Drosophila+larvae.">Sound response mediated by the TRP channels NOMPC, NANCHUNG, and INACTIVE in chordotonal organs of Drosophila larvae.</a> PNAS. 10 (33), 13612-13617 (2013).</li><li>Feng, Y., Ueda, A., Wu, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+minimal+hemolymph-like+solution,+HL3.1,+for+physiological+recordings+at+the+neuromuscular+junctions+of+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila+larvae.">A modified minimal hemolymph-like solution, HL3.1, for physiological recordings at the neuromuscular junctions of normal and mutant Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurogenet. 18 (2), 377-402 (2004).</li><li>Babcock, D. T., Landry, C., Galko, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine+signaling+mediates+UV-induced+nociceptive+sensitization+in+Drosophila+larvae.">Cytokine signaling mediates UV-induced nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila larvae.</a> Curr Biol. 19 (10), 799-806 (2009).</li></ol>

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Qui un protocollo è descritto per la rimozione manuale del tessuto muscolare da Drosophila filetti larvale. Questo protocollo modifica precedentemente descritto tecniche di dissezione larvali 10,11. Dopo la larva è sezionato in un piatto elastomero siliconico, la linea mediana dorsale si trova. Una singola pinza polo, nella sua più piatto possibile orientamento, è attentamente inserito tra il tessuto muscolare e l&#39;epidermide, vicino alla linea mediana dorsale. Le pinze sono delicatamente tira...

Larvali arborizzazione dendritica (DA) neuroni Drosophila forniscono un modello valido per lo studio dello sviluppo neuronale a causa della loro riconducibilità alla manipolazione genetica e la facilità con cui possono essere esposte. Questi neuroni sensoriali sono state fondamentali per l&#39;identificazione di numerosi sentieri che controllano dendrite morfogenesi 1-3. Quattro classi di Da neuroni (classe I - IV) innervare l&#39;epidermide larvali. Questi neuroni si trovano tra la membrana basale e l&#39;epidermide, con i loro dendriti formazione di matrici sostanzialmente bidimensionali 4,5. Dei quattro classi, la classe IV DA neuroni hanno le pergole più altamente ramificata e, come i neuroni sensoriali di altri animali, l&#39;elaborazione di questi pergole richiede fattori intrinseci come pure spunti da tessuti vicini, in particolare l&#39;epidermide, per il loro sviluppo 6-9 . Gli studi per determinare come tale neuronale e infatti extra-neuronaleors controllare beneficio morfogenesi dei dendriti dalla capacità di rilevare l&#39;espressione della proteina in situ mediante immunofluorescenza. La cuticola esterno della larva è impenetrabile agli anticorpi, ma questo impedimento è facilmente superabile dalla preparazione di filetti larvale attraverso metodi dissezione consolidati 10,11. Tuttavia, il tessuto muscolare parete del corpo che si trova appena interno alla membrana basale presenta varie sfide verso visualizzazione DA neuroni e cellule epidermiche. Innanzitutto, il tessuto muscolare, quali linee maggior parte della parete del corpo, oscura notevolmente segnali fluorescenti provenienti da tessuto neuronale o epidermico. Questo riduce notevolmente il rapporto segnale-rumore nel campione. Secondo, molte proteine ​​rilevanti possono essere espressi nel tessuto muscolare e nei neuroni o dell&#39;epidermide. Questo segnale di fluorescenza muscolare derivato probabilmente ancora rilevamento oscura di un segnale di fluorescenza dal neurone o epidermide. Infine, i progressi nelle tecnologie di microscopia nol&#39;imaging permesso w di campioni con risoluzione sub-diffrazione e può essere particolarmente utile nel discernere la localizzazione delle proteine che vengono espresse in neuroni e cellule epidermiche circostanti 12,13. Tuttavia, l&#39;imaging via super-risoluzione benefici microscopia da un forte rapporto segnale-rumore e la vicinanza del campione al vetrino. Oltre a ridurre il rapporto segnale rumore, la parete del corpo larvali distanze muscolari DA neuroni dal vetrino, limitando così la risoluzione dell&#39;immagine migliorata che può essere ottenuto con metodi di microscopia super-risoluzione. Oltre le sfide per l&#39;analisi di immunofluorescenza, tessuto muscolare presenta una barriera alla registrazione elettrofisiologica da neuroni sensoriali nella parete del corpo larvale. La sua rimozione beneficia pertanto manipolazione neurofisiologica dei neuroni sensoriali 14. Qui un metodo per la rimozione manuale di Drosophila tessuto muscolare larvale è descritto. Abbiamo dimostrato che il nostro protocollo permits immagini immunofluorescenza di proteine ​​che sono altrimenti oscurata da tessuto muscolare, migliora il rapporto segnale-rumore per la visualizzazione di classe IV DA neuroni, e consente l&#39;utilizzo della microscopia super-risoluzione per discriminare meglio relazioni spaziali di proteine ​​e strutture cellulari in DA neuroni e l&#39;epidermide.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dumont #5 tweezers</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>72701-D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro Scissors, 8 cm, straight, 5 mm blades, 0.1 mm tips</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>14003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>3097358-1004</td><td>for dissecting plates</td></tr><tr><td>Austerlitz insect pins, 0.1 mm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>26002-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fostec 8375 light source</td><td>Artisan Technology Group</td><td>62792-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Stemi 2000</td><td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectashield antifade mounting medium</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-1000</td><td>for confocal microscopy</td></tr><tr><td>Prolong Diamond antifade mountant</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P36970</td><td>for structured illumination microscopy</td></tr><tr><td>Micro cover glass, 22 x 22 mm, No. 1.5</td><td>VWR</td><td>48366-227</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Superfrost Plus microscope slides, 25 x 75 x 1.0 mm</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>12-550-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-Coracle antibody</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>C615.16</td><td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-Discs large antibody</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>4F3</td><td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit anti-dsRed antibody</td><td>Clontech</td><td>632496</td><td>dilute 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-rabbit antibody, Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>A-11011</td><td>dilute 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>A-11001</td><td>dilute 1:500</td></tr></tbody></table>

removal of drosophila muscle tissue from larval fillets for immunofluorescence analysis of sensory neurons and epidermal cells

Larvali arborizzazione dendritica (DA) neuroni Drosophila sono un modello popolare per lo studio dei meccanismi di morfogenesi neuronale. Da neuroni sviluppano in comunicazione con le cellule epidermiche che innervano e quindi le loro prestazioni di analisi da in situ visualizzazione di entrambe le proteine neuronally e epidermally espresse mediante immunofluorescenza. I metodi tradizionali di preparazione di filetti larvale per esperimenti di immunofluorescenza lasciano intatto il tessuto muscolare che copre la maggior parte della parete del corpo, che presenta diverse sfide per l&#39;imaging neuronale e epidermiche proteine. Qui si descrive un metodo per la rimozione di tessuto muscolare dalla Drosophila filetti larvale. Questo protocollo permette l&#39;imaging di proteine ​​che sono altrimenti oscurata da tessuto muscolare, migliora il rapporto segnale rumore, e facilita l&#39;utilizzo della microscopia super-risoluzione per studiare da sviluppo neurone.

Dimostriamo l&#39;utilità della procedura di rimozione del muscolo per migliorare rapporto segnale-rumore in esperimenti di immunofluorescenza di co-visualizzare le proteine ​​di derivazione settate Coracle (Cora) e dischi-grandi dimensioni (DLG) insieme con classe IV DA neuroni marcati con il marcatore di membrana CD4- tdTomato. Cora è stato utilizzato in precedenza per identificare tratti dove DA dendriti dei neuroni sono racchiusi da cellule epidermi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells at JoVE.com

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Studi di morfogenesi neuronale utilizzando Drosophila larvale arborizzazione dendritiche (bis) i neuroni beneficiano di visualizzazione situ delle proteine neuronali e epidermiche mediante immunofluorescenza. Descriviamo una procedura che migliora l&#39;analisi di immunofluorescenza di DA neuroni e cellule epidermiche circostanti, rimuovendo il tessuto muscolare dalla parete del corpo larvale.

Rimozione di<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Tessuto muscolare da larvali Filetti per l&#39;analisi di immunofluorescenza dei neuroni sensoriali e cellule epidermiche

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

removal-drosophila-muscle-tissue-from-larval-fillets-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

8.9K Views.  Princeton University.  Studi di morfogenesi neuronale utilizzando Drosophila larvale arborizzazione dendritiche (bis) i neuroni beneficiano di visualizzazione situ delle proteine neuronali e epidermiche mediante immunofluorescenza. Descriviamo una procedura che migliora l'analisi di immunofluorescenza di DA neuroni e cellule epidermiche circostanti, rimuovendo il tessuto muscolare dalla parete del corpo larvale. 

Video: Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The Drosophila larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila is well known for the ease of powerful genetic manipulations and the larval nervous system has proven particularly useful in studying not only normal function but also perturbations that accompany some neurological disease (Lloyd and Taylor, 2010). Many key synaptic molecules found in Drosophila are also found in mammals and like most CNS excitatory synapses in mammals, the Drosophila NMJ is glutamatergic and demonstrates activity-dependent remodeling (Kohet al. , 2000). Additionally, Drosophila neurons can be individually identified because their innervation patterns are stereotyped and repetitive making it possible to study identified synaptic terminals, such as those between motor neurons and the body-wall muscle fibers that they innervate (Keshishian and Kim, 2004). The existence of evolutionarily conserved synapse components along with the ease of genetic and physical manipulation make the Drosophila model ideal for investigating the mechanisms underlying synaptic function (Budnik, 1996).
The active zones at synaptic terminals are of particular interest because these are the sites of neurotransmitter release. NC82 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the Drosophila protein Bruchpilot (Brp), a CAST1/ERC family member that is an important component of the active zone (Waghet al. , 2006). Brp was shown to directly shape the active zone T-bar and is responsible for effectively clustering Ca2+ channels beneath the T-bar density (Fouquetet al. , 2009). Mutants of Brp have reduced Ca2+ channel density, depressed evoked vesicle release, and altered short-term plasticity (Kittelet al. , 2006). Alterations to active zones have been observed in Drosophila disease models. For example, immunofluorescence using the NC82 antibody showed that the active zone density was decreased in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (Ratnaparkhiet al. , 2008; Zweieret al. , 2009). Thus, evaluation of active zones, or other synaptic proteins, in Drosophila larvae models of disease may provide a valuable initial clue to the presence of a synaptic defect.
Preparing whole-mount dissected Drosophila larvae for immunofluorescence analysis of the NMJ requires some skill, but can be accomplished by most scientists with a little practice. Presented is a method that provides for multiple larvae to be dissected and immunostained in the same dissection dish, limiting environmental differences between each genotype and providing sufficient animals for confidence in reproducibility and statistical analysis.

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila melanogaster is an important model system for studying normal synaptic function as well as perturbations to synaptic function found in certain neurological diseases. We present a protocol for dissection of the Drosophila larval motor system and immunostaining for active zone proteins within the NMJ.

Dissezione e immagini di zone attive nel Drosophila Giunzione neuromuscolare

The Drosophila  larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila  is well known for ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

Analisi morfologica del Drosophila Larvale dendriti sensoriali e periferico Neuron assoni utilizzo Mosaici genetici

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Drosophila flight muscle is a powerful model to study diverse processes such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, metabolism, and mechanobiology, which all influence muscle development and myofibrillogenesis. Omics data, such as those generated by mass spectrometry or deep sequencing, can provide important mechanistic insights into these biological processes. For such approaches, it is beneficial to analyze tissue-specific samples to increase both selectivity and specificity of the omics fingerprints. Here we present a protocol for dissection of fluorescent-labeled flight muscle from live pupae to generate highly enriched muscle samples for omics applications. We first describe how to dissect flight muscles at early pupal stages (&#60;48 h after puparium formation [APF]), when the muscles are discernable by green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeling. We then describe how to dissect muscles from late pupae (&#62;48 h APF) or adults, when muscles are distinguishable under a dissecting microscope. The accompanying video protocol will make these technically demanding dissections more widely accessible to the muscle and Drosophila research communities. For RNA applications, we assay the quantity and quality of RNA that can be isolated at different time points and with different approaches. We further show that Bruno1 (Bru1) is necessary for a temporal shift in myosin heavy chain (Mhc) splicing, demonstrating that dissected muscles can be used for mRNA-Seq, mass spectrometry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) applications. This dissection protocol will help promote tissue-specific omics analyses and can be generally applied to study multiple biological aspects of myogenesis.

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Drosophila flight muscle is a powerful model to study transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, metabolism, and mechanobiology. We present a protocol for dissection of fluorescent-labeled flight muscle from live pupae to generate highly enriched samples ideal for proteomics and deep-sequencing. These samples can offer important mechanistic insights into diverse aspects of muscle development.

Dissezione dei muscoli di volo di Drosophila melanogaster per gli approcci Omics

Drosophila flight muscle is a powerful model to study diverse processes such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, metabolism, and ...

Genetica

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 35 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. In order to access the NMJ for study, it is necessary to carefully dissect each larva. In this article we demonstrate how to properly dissect Drosophila larvae for study of the NMJ by removing all internal organs while leaving the body wall intact. This technique is suitable to prepare larvae for imaging, immunohistochemistry, or electrophysiology.

This protocol demonstrates how to dissect Drosophila larvae in preparation for immunohistochemistry and/or imaging of the neuromuscular junction.

Drosophila larvali NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

Biologia

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 31 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. Immunohistochemistry can be used to clearly image the components of the NMJ. In this article, we demonstrate how to use antibody staining to visualize the Drosophila larval NMJ.

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

This protocol demonstrates how to perform immunohistochemistry on dissected Drosophila larva.

Drosophila larvali NMJ Immunoistochimica

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

Sezioni incluse in paraffina e surgelati di Drosophila Adulti Muscoli

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

Visualizzazione delle reti di microtubuli nelle giunzioni neuromuscolari e nelle cellule muscolari di Drosophila

Using Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cells to Visualize Microtubule Network

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, such as microtubule-associated protein Tau to neurodegenerative diseases, microtubule severing protein Spastin and Katanin 60 cause hereditary spastic paraplegia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, respectively. Detection of microtubule networks in neurons is advantageous for elucidating the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. However, the small size of neurons and the dense arrangement of axonal microtubule bundles make visualizing the microtubule networks challenging. In this study, we describe a method for dissection of the larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, as well as immunostaining of &#945;-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein Futsch to visualize microtubule networks in Drosophila melanogaster. The neuromuscular junction permits us to observe both pre-and post-synaptic microtubules, and the large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. Here, by mutating and overexpressing Katanin 60 in Drosophila melanogaster,&#160;and then examining the microtubule networks in the neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, we&#160;accurately reveal the regulatory role of Katanin 60 in neurodevelopment. Therefore, combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila&#160;melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Autore in primo piano: Comprensione della rete di microtubuli nelle giunzioni neuromuscolari di Drosophila 

Here, we present a detailed protocol to visualize the microtubule networks in neuromuscular junctions and muscle cells. Combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule-dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Utilizzo della giunzione neuromuscolare larvale e delle cellule muscolari della Drosophila per visualizzare la rete di microtubuli

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with ...

Ablazione di un singolo neurone in Drosophila per lo studio dell'adattamento del sistema nervoso

Laser Cell Ablation in Intact Drosophila Larvae Reveals Synaptic Competition

The protocol describes single-neuron ablation with a 2-photon laser system in the central nervous system (CNS) of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Using this non-invasive method, the developing nervous system can be manipulated in a cell-specific manner. Disrupting the development of individual neurons in a network can be used to study how the nervous system can compensate for the loss of synaptic input. Individual neurons were specifically ablated in the giant fiber system of Drosophila, with a focus on two neurons: the presynaptic giant fiber (GF) and the postsynaptic tergotrochanteral motor neuron (TTMn). The GF synapses with the ipsilateral TTMn, which is crucial to the escape response. Ablating one of the GFs in the 3rd instar brain, just after the GF starts axonal growth, permanently removes the cell during the development of the CNS. The remaining GF reacts to the absent neighbor and forms an ectopic synaptic terminal to the contralateral TTMn. This atypical, bilaterally symmetric terminal innervates both TTMns, as demonstrated by dye coupling, and drives both motor neurons, as demonstrated by electrophysiological assays. In summary, the ablation of a single interneuron demonstrates synaptic competition between a bilateral pair of neurons that can compensate for the loss of one neuron and restore normal responses to the escape circuit.

Autore in primo piano: Indagine sui meccanismi dell'assemblaggio del circuito neurale e della formazione di sinapsi in Drosophila

This protocol demonstrates the laser cell ablation of individual neurons in intact Drosophila larvae. The method enables the study of the effect of reducing competition between neurons in the developing nervous system.

L'ablazione cellulare laser in larve di Drosophila intatte rivela la competizione sinaptica

The protocol describes single-neuron ablation with a 2-photon laser system in the central nervous system (CNS) of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. ...

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Dissezione e immagini di zone attive nel Drosophila Giunzione neuromuscolare

Analisi morfologica del Drosophila Larvale dendriti sensoriali e periferico Neuron assoni utilizzo Mosaici genetici

Dissezione dei muscoli di volo di Drosophila melanogaster per gli approcci Omics

Drosophila larvali NMJ Dissection

Drosophila larvali NMJ Immunoistochimica

Sezioni incluse in paraffina e surgelati di Drosophila Adulti Muscoli

Utilizzo della giunzione neuromuscolare larvale e delle cellule muscolari della Drosophila per visualizzare la rete di microtubuli

Utilizzo della giunzione neuromuscolare larvale e delle cellule muscolari della Drosophila per visualizzare la rete di microtubuli

Utilizzo della giunzione neuromuscolare larvale e delle cellule muscolari della Drosophila per visualizzare la rete di microtubuli

L'ablazione cellulare laser in larve di Drosophila intatte rivela la competizione sinaptica