We thank C.C.R. laboratory members for comments and S. Moskowitz for figure preparation. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants F32GM101761 (A.J.H.) and GM54397 (C.C.R.).

NOTA: Seguire tutte le normative istituzionali per quanto riguarda l&#39;uso sicuro e lo smaltimento di materiale radioattivo, incluso ma non limitato a, l&#39;utilizzo di dispositivi di protezione individuale, come guanti, occhiali di sicurezza, camice da laboratorio, e scudi acrilico appropriate. NOTA: Il buffer standard consiste di 40 mM HEPES-KOH, pH 7,5, 50 mM di potassio glutammato, 5 mM DTT, 0,1 mM EDTA (questo buffer viene pre-fatta ad una concentrazione 5x) e 0,3 mM di ogni dNTP. Proteine replica T7 sono purificati come descritto 8, 9, 10. DNA a singolo filamento contenente un singolo sito di riconoscimento T7 primasi (5&#39;-GGGTC-3 &#39;, 5&#39;-GTGTC-3&#39;, 5&#39;-TGGTC-3 &#39;) possono essere acquistati da una varietà di aziende sintesi del DNA (la lunghezza il ssDNA può dipendere l&#39;enzima di scelta, per T7 primasi, un pentamero è la lunghezza minima template per sintetizzare un primer integrale 11, come il criptico C è essenziale, tuttavia, se il primer deve essere prorogato di polimerasi, nucleotidi aggiuntivo deve essere presente alla fine del 3 &#39;del modello. Le reazioni vengono avviate mediante aggiunta di una concentrazione finale di 10 mM MgCl 2 e incubate a 25 ° C. Campionamento manuale funziona bene per time-punti pari o superiore a 5 secondi. Se sono necessari punti temporali più brevi di questo, si consiglia di utilizzare uno strumento di flusso rapido tempra per ottenere dati precisi. 1. Multiple-fatturato Primer Sintesi Reaction di campionamento manuale <ol><li> Prima di iniziare l&#39;esperimento, un&#39;aliquota 2 ml di tampone dye formamide (93% (v / v) formammide, 50 mM EDTA, 0,01% xilene cianolo e 0,01% blu di bromofenolo) in 8 1.5 mL tubi di polipropilene. In generale, il numero di tubi è uguale al numero di punti temporali analizzati. </li><li> Preparare una miscela costituita da 20 l 1x tampone, 0,1 mM ATP e CTP, 0,25 mCi / mL [α- 32 P] CTP, 0.1 micron SSDmodello di NA, e 0,1 micron GP4 (espressa come concentrazione esamero - 0,6 micron monomero). </li><li> Incubare la miscela a temperatura ambiente per 5 min. </li><li> Rimuovere 2 ml della miscela utilizzando una pipetta e mescolare con 2 ml di buffer colorante formammide in una provetta da 1,5 ml preparata al punto 1.1 per il controllo nessuna reazione (tempo zero). </li><li> Aggiungere 2 ml di 0,1 M MgCl 2 di miscela di reazione (ad una concentrazione finale di 10 mM). </li><li> prelevare manualmente 2 campioni ml di miscele di reazione utilizzando una pipetta ad intervalli di 10 s e mescolare con la tintura formammide dosata in provette da 1,5 ml preparata al punto 1.1. </li><li> campioni di calore a 95 ° C per 5 min in un blocco di calore. </li><li> Caricare aliquote di campioni su un gel denaturante. I piccoli prodotti di primer tetraribonucleotide sintetizzati dal primasi T7 sono risolti bene su un 0,4 mm di spessore 25% acrilammide: bisacrylamide (19: 1), 3 M urea, 1x TBE (100 mM Tris-borato, 1 mM EDTA). </li><li> Mettere tutto il gel sulla crcarta PHY e coprire con pellicola trasparente. gel secco utilizzando un essiccatore gel. </li><li> Preparare una serie di diluizioni del resto della miscela di reazione e macchiare lo stesso volume caricati sul gel cromatografia su carta, cioè, individuare 4 ml della diluizione se 4 ml di campione sono stati caricati. NOTA: Questo servirà come la curva standard per determinare la concentrazione dei prodotti formati durante la reazione. Ad esempio, cinque diluizioni utilizzando tampone TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8,0, 1 mM EDTA) funzionano bene, coprono una gamma 1:25 a 1: 15.625 (5 2 -5 6), ma le diluizioni dovrebbero essere regolato a seconda del livello di attività. </li><li> Esporre gel secco e standard utilizzando uno schermo phosphorimager. Quantificare la radioattività nella serie di diluizioni e costruire una curva standard come descritto 8, 12 NOTA: L&#39;inclusione di T7 DNA polimerasi alla miscela di reazione consente di Exala mia l&#39;uso di primer tetraribonucleotide da questo enzima. In modo ottimale, la concentrazione polimerasi va saturando per semplificare l&#39;interpretazione dei dati. Una concentrazione polimerasi di 0,4 micron o superiore dà buoni risultati. Inoltre, l&#39;effetto di altri proteine, come legame al DNA a singolo filamento di proteine, su entrambi sintesi primer o ritardo-strand iniziazione può essere esaminato in questo modo. </li></ol> 2. Multiple-fatturato Primer Sintesi di reazione con uno strumento Rapid-tempra <ol><li> Preparazione di miscele di reazione <ol><li> Preparare 400 ml di soluzione A, contenente tampone 1x, 0,2 micron GP4 esamero, 0,2 um modello ssDNA, 0,6 mm dNTP, 0,2 mM ATP e CTP (compresi 0,5 mCi / ml [α- 32 P] CTP. </li><li> Preparare 400 microlitri di soluzione B, contenente tampone 1x e 20 mm MgCl 2. </li></ol></li><li> Il funzionamento dello strumento flusso rapido tempra <ol><li> Accendere rapstrumento flusso id-tempra; dopo la visualizzazione del menu principale, 7 sulla tastiera dello strumento per spostare la siringa temporizzata alla posizione iniziale. </li><li> posizione siringa aperta buffer &quot;LOAD&quot;. </li></ol></li><li> Siringhe Caricamento tampone <ol><li> Allegare una contenente tampone 10 ml siringa alla porta dell&#39;unità siringa. Cambiare posizione della manopola siringa per &quot;LOAD&quot;. </li><li> Utilizzando 10 siringhe ml, riempire tampone strumento serbatoio A e B con 10 mM Tris, pH 7,5, 1 mM EDTA e riempire la siringa C con soluzione di raffreddamento (250 mM EDTA e 0,2% SDS). Rimuovere le bolle d&#39;aria spingendo pistoni dentro e fuori. </li><li> posizioni Modifica manopola su &quot;FIRE&quot;. Tipo 2 per regolare la posizione della barra siringa temporizzata. Premere il tasto &quot;REGOLAZIONE DOWN&quot; per abbassare la siringa fino a tampone viene fuori il loop di uscita: (7-va giù continuamente; 8-grande passo verso il basso; 9-piccole passo verso il basso). Tipo &quot;ESC&quot; per tornare al menu principale. </li></ol></li><li> tubi Wash <ol><li> Attlinea di uscita ach al vuoto. Modificare le manopole di esempio a &quot;filo&quot;. Vicino tampone siringa impostando le manopole in posizione orizzontale. Accendere vuoto e immergere le anse a filo 2 in H 2 O per 10 s, poi immergere in MeOH per 10 s. loop Dry aspirando aria per ~ 15 s, o fino a secco. </li></ol></li><li> Caricamento campioni <ol><li> Cambiare posizione della manopola di esempio per &quot;LOAD&quot;. Mettere la soluzione A alla siringa da 1 ml. Inserire la siringa in una delle porte di carico campione. Ripetere l&#39;operazione per la soluzione B, e posto in fronte al porto di carico del campione. </li></ol></li><li> Raccolta dei termini di punti <ol><li> Nel menu principale, digitare 1 per eseguire tempra-flow. Inserire tempo di reazione (s) e premere il tasto &quot;ENTER&quot;. verranno visualizzati il ​​numero ciclo reazione da usare. Passare a ciclo reazione desiderata. Ripetere procedura di lavaggio nel passaggio 2.2.4. </li><li> Girare le manopole di esempio per &quot;caricare&quot;. reazione del carico mescola in loop del campione fino alle porte del vano di miscelazione centrale. Girare tutte le manopole a &quot;FIRE &quot;. Verificare che tutte le manopole siano nella posizione corretta. </li><li> Mettere 1,5 ml di tubo sulla fine del ciclo di uscita. Premere il tasto &quot;Go&quot; per avviare la reazione. Ripetere procedura di lavaggio nel passaggio 2.2.4. Ricarica siringhe tampone A e B fino a colpire il conducente. </li><li> Ripetere i passaggi 2.2.6.2-2.2.6.3 per ogni punto di tempo desiderato. Eccezione: Non caricare soluzione contenente il reagente di partenza (cioè, MgCl 2 in questo caso) quando tempra il controllo del tempo-zero. </li><li> Al termine la raccolta di campioni, immettere &quot;ESC&quot; per tornare al menu principale. Premere il tasto &quot;7&quot; per tornare conducente tampone siringa alla sua posizione iniziale. </li></ol></li><li> Strumento clean-up <ol><li> Rimuovere reazione siringhe miscela. Ruotare la manopola di carico campione in posizione &quot;LOAD&quot;. Sotto vuoto, lavare ogni ciclo campione con 10 mL di 0,2 N NaOH, seguito da 10 mL 0,3 NH 3 PO 4 e 10 mL di MeOH. </li><li> Girare le manopole siringa in posizione &quot;LOAD&quot;. Premere verso il basso tutti i 3 syrpistoni Inge per recuperare i buffer di reazione e di tempra. Lavare siringhe con 5 mL H 2 O almeno due volte. </li><li> Riempire le siringhe di nuovo con 5 ml di H 2 O e girare le manopole in posizione &quot;FIRE&quot;. Cambiare posizioni della manopola e accendere vuoto per rimuovere H 2 O. filo come al punto 2.2.4. Spegnere strumento. Nota: i prodotti vengono analizzati come descritto nei passaggi 1.7-1.12. Inoltre, polimerasi T7 DNA e altre proteine ​​replica possono essere aggiunti nella miscela di reazione per analizzare il loro effetto sulla sintesi primer o estensione. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Single-fatturato Primer Sintesi di reazione NOTA: Single-fatturato test di primer sintesi / estensione vengono effettuate in modo simile a reazioni multiple di fatturato, con alcune importanti differenze: questi test seguono la conversione del radiomarcato ATP in primer o di estensione prodotti, tuttavia la concentrazione di substrati e proteine sono consideBly più alto. Inoltre, per raggiungere risoluzione millisecondo per consentire l&#39;analisi della reazione di sintesi di primer, si deve utilizzare una macchina flusso rapido raffreddamento. <ol><li> Preparazione delle miscele di reazione. <ol><li> Preparare 400 ml di soluzione A, contenente tampone 1x, 3 micron esamero GP4, 6 micron modello ssDNA, 0,6 mm dNTP, 1 mM CTP, e 2 nm [γ- 32 P] ATP. Preparare 400 microlitri di soluzione B, contenente tampone 1x e 20 mm MgCl 2. </li></ol></li><li> Il funzionamento del flusso Rapid-tempra <ol><li> Effettuare le reazioni come descritto al punto 2.2. Eventualmente aggiungere polimerasi T7 DNA o proteina legante T7-stranded DNA singola ad una concentrazione di 15 mM e 20 mM, rispettivamente. In questo caso, i prodotti di estensione si accumulano in un regime di tempo che consente il campionamento manuale della reazione. </li></ol></li></ol> Analisi 4. I dati <ol><li> Fit curve di avanzamento dei prodotti a dei minimi non linearemodelli piazze utilizzando il software disponibile in commercio in grado di minimi quadrati adatta e / o integrazione numerica. I dettagli dell&#39;operazione saranno variano a seconda del software utilizzato, ma al di sotto sono forme generalizzate di equazioni utilizzate per il montaggio dei dati. </li><li> Determinare la velocità di formazione del prodotto di molteplici reazioni di sintesi fatturato iniettore inserendo progredire curve ad una equazione lineare. Se c&#39;è una significativa curvatura, utilizzare il metodo tasso iniziale 13, 14 inserendo i dati ad una singola funzione esponenziale: y = A (e - k t), dove y è la concentrazione del prodotto, A è l&#39;ampiezza reazione, k è la costante di velocità osservata, t è il tempo, espresso in secondi. La pendenza della retta tangente al tempo = 0 è il tasso iniziale. NOTA: reazioni di sintesi di primer stato Fit pre-stabili ad una equazione lineare o per l&#39;equazione di stato pre-stazionario scoppiare y = A (e - BU Kprimo t) + tasso ss t, dove A è l&#39;ampiezza di reazione, k scoppio è la costante di velocità osservata per lo scoppio stato pre-stazionario, il tasso ss è lo stato stazionario tasso ss = k gatto [enzima]), t è il tempo , in secondi. Fit reazioni di sintesi di primer singolo fatturato progresso curve ad un singolo esponenziale funzione y = A (e - k t). Nel caso di GP4, inserire i dati per integrazione numerica 15, ad un modello con tre NTP gradini di condensazione, in cui ogni intermedio è in equilibrio con l&#39;enzima, utilizzando un software disponibile in commercio. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Il fattore più importante nel realizzare questi esperimenti è la disponibilità di enzima purificato altamente attiva. Durante il lavoro con GP4, per esempio, abbiamo scoperto che la memorizzazione dell&#39;enzima purificato in tampone (20 mM fosfato di potassio, pH 7,4, 0,1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT) contenente 50% glicerolo a -20 ° C porta ad una riduzione l&#39;attività specifica del preparato nell&#39;arco di pochi mesi. Pertanto ora flash congelamento piccole aliquote di gp4 purificato in 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,5, 50 mM ...

La replicazione del DNA è una caratteristica conservato di tutta la vita cellulare. Mentre l&#39;identità e il numero dei componenti di replica variano ampiamente, i meccanismi generali sono condivisi tra evoluzione 1. Qui, descriviamo gel a base, discontinue esperimenti cinetici, utilizzando substrati radioattivi, volti a comprendere la cinetica della sintesi del DNA in ritardo filamento in vitro da componenti del replisoma T7. Il meccanismo di replicazione del batteriofago T7 è molto semplice, composto da soli quattro proteine (la DNA polimerasi, GP5, e il suo fattore processività, E. coli tioredossina, le bifunzionali GP4 primasi-elicasi, e la proteina legante il DNA a singolo filamento, GP2. 5) 2. Questa caratteristica lo rende un sistema interessante modello per studiare i meccanismi conservati biochimici coinvolti nella replicazione del DNA. Particolare enfasi è posta sulla formazione di primer ribonucleotide da T7 DNA primasi, una critical passo per l&#39;inizio della sintesi del DNA. Inoltre, si può anche esaminare l&#39;utilizzo di questi primer di polimerasi T7 DNA o altre proteine ​​di replica includendoli nella miscela di reazione. Il T7 primasi-elicasi, GP4, catalizza la formazione di primer per la sintesi del DNA a specifiche sequenze di DNA chiamati siti di riconoscimento primasi, o PRS, (5&#39;-GTC-3 &#39;). La citosina nel PRS è criptico, è essenziale per il riconoscimento del sito, ma non viene copiato nel prodotto 3. Il primo passo nella sintesi di primer da gp4 comporta la formazione del dinucleotide pppAC, che viene poi estesi ad un trimero, ed eventualmente primers tetranucleotide funzionali pppACCC, pppACCA o pppACAC seconda della sequenza nel modello 4. Questi primer possono essere utilizzati da polimerasi T7 DNA per iniziare la sintesi di DNA, che è anche un processo gp4 assistito 5, 6. A questo proposito, il primasidominio stabilizza i brevissimi tetraribonucleotides con il modello, impedendo loro di dissociazione, si impegna DNA polimerasi in maniera atta a garantire il primer / modello nel polimerasi sito attivo 7. Questi passaggi (RNA sintesi di primer, primer per handoff polimerasi, ed estensione) si ripetono in cicli multipli di replicare il filamento in ritardo e devono essere coordinati con la replicazione del filamento principale. I saggi descritti qui sono altamente sensibili e possono essere eseguite in tempi moderata. Tuttavia, essi sono relativamente bassi-throughput e grande cura deve essere esercitata in uso e lo smaltimento dei materiali radioattivi. A seconda della velocità con cui la reazione procede, si potrebbe impiegare uno strumento rapido raffreddamento per ottenere campioni su scale temporali suscettibili per un&#39;analisi significativa degli insegnamenti tempo di reazione sia stazionario o lo stato pre-stazionario. Recentemente, abbiamo usato saggi descritti qui per fornire evidence dell&#39;importanza del rilascio primer dominio primasi del gp4 nell&#39;avvio di frammenti di Okazaki. Inoltre, abbiamo trovato prove di un ruolo di regolamentazione per il T7 DNA a singolo filamento di proteine, gp2.5 vincolante, nel promuovere la formazione di primer efficiente e l&#39;utilizzo 8.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;"> 
			Tris pre-set crystals 
			pH 7.5</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T4128&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tris base</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">&#160;SIGMA</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">93362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">L-Glutamic acid potassium salt monohydrate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1501&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Magnesium chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Mallinckrodt Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5958-04</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1,4-Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F780-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">811030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">(Ethylenedinitrilo) Tetraacetic acid, disodium salt, dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Mallinckrodt Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4931-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">[&#945;-32P] CTP</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BLU508H</td>
			<td>radioactive, take protective measures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">[&#947;-32P] ATP</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BLU502A</td>
			<td>radioactive, take protective measures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">100 mM dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Affymetrix</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">77100</td>
			<td>four dNTPs part of set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100 mM ATP and CTP</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Epicentre</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RN02825</td>
			<td>part of NTP set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">ssDNA constructs</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>custom sequences&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">methanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Macron Fine Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3017-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">formamide</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">17899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">bromophenol blue</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B8026&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">cylene xyanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X4126&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">acrylamide</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9099</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">N,N&#8242;-Methylenebisacrylamide</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7279&#160;</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Boston Bioproducts</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Boric acid</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Mallinckrodt Chemicals</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">2549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rapid Quench-Flow Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Kintek Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RQF-3&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Kintek Explorer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Kintek Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Kaleidagraph&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Synergy Software</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinetics of lagging-strand dna synthesis in vitro by the bacteriophage t7 replication proteins

Here we provide protocols for the kinetic examination of lagging-strand DNA synthesis in vitro by the replication proteins of bacteriophage T7. The T7 replisome is one of the simplest replication systems known, composed of only four proteins, which is an attractive feature for biochemical experiments. Special emphasis is placed on the synthesis of ribonucleotide primers by the T7 primase-helicase, which are used by DNA polymerase to initiate DNA synthesis. Because the mechanisms of DNA replication are conserved across evolution, these protocols should be applicable, or useful as a conceptual springboard, to investigators using other model systems. The protocols described here are highly sensitive and an experienced investigator can perform these experiments and obtain data for analysis in about a day. The only specialized piece of equipment required is a rapid-quench flow instrument, but this piece of equipment is relatively common and available from various commercial sources. The major drawbacks of these assays, however, include the use of radioactivity and the relative low throughput.

I risultati mostrati in figura 1A sono stati ottenuti come descritto al punto 1 del protocollo, cioè, campionando manualmente una reazione di sintesi di primer catalizzata da GP4 in condizioni multiple-turnover. Qui, una gamma di prodotti dopo elettroforesi su gel può essere osservato mediante CTP marcato con 32 P alla α-posizione in reazioni di sintesi di primer (Figura 1A). Il precursore marcato, CTP, mostra la m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinetics of Lagging-strand DNA Synthesis In Vitro by the Bacteriophage T7 Replication Proteins at JoVE.com

Kinetics of Lagging-strand DNA Synthesis In Vitro by the Bacteriophage T7 Replication Proteins

We describe sensitive, gel-based discontinuous assays to examine the kinetics of lagging-strand initiation using the replication proteins of bacteriophage T7.

Cinetica di Lagging filamento sintesi del DNA<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Dai replica proteine ​​batteriofago T7

Here we provide protocols for the kinetic examination of lagging-strand DNA synthesis in vitro by the replication proteins of bacteriophage T7. The T7 ...

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Kinetics of Lagging-strand DNA Synthesis In Vitro by the Bacteriophage T7 Replication Proteins

DNA Replication

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7.3K Views.  Harvard Medical School. We describe sensitive, gel-based discontinuous assays to examine the kinetics of lagging-strand initiation using the replication proteins of bacteriophage T7. 

Video: Kinetics of Lagging-strand DNA Synthesis In Vitro by the Bacteriophage T7 Replication Proteins

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

In vitro transcription assays have been developed and widely used for many years to study the molecular mechanisms involved in transcription. This process requires multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) and a series of transcription factors that act to modulate the activity of RNAP during gene expression. Sequencing gel electrophoresis of radiolabeled transcripts is used to provide detailed mechanistic information on how transcription proceeds and what parameters can affect it. In this paper we describe the protocol to study how the essential elongation factor NusA regulates transcriptional pausing, as well as a method to identify an antibacterial agent targeting transcription initiation through inhibition of RNAP holoenzyme formation. These methods can be used a as platform for the development of additional approaches to explore the mechanism of action of the transcription factors which still remain unclear, as well as new antibacterial agents targeting transcription which is an underutilized drug target in antibiotic research and development.

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

In this manuscript, we describe a protocol to functionally examine transcription and the inhibitory activity of antibacterial agents targeting bacterial transcription.

In vitro trascrizione saggi e la loro applicazione in Drug Discovery

In vitro transcription assays have been developed and widely used for many years to study the molecular mechanisms involved in transcription. This process ...

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Novel RNA-Binding Proteins Isolation by the RaPID Methodology

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play important roles in every aspect of RNA metabolism and regulation. Their identification is a major challenge in modern biology. Only a few in vitro and in vivo methods enable the identification of RBPs associated with a particular target mRNA. However, their main limitations are the identification of RBPs in a non-cellular environment (in vitro) or the low efficiency isolation of RNA of interest (in vivo). An RNA-binding protein purification and identification (RaPID) methodology was designed to overcome these limitations in yeast and enable efficient isolation of proteins that are associated in vivo. To achieve this, the RNA of interest is tagged with MS2 loops, and co-expressed with a fusion protein of an MS2-binding protein and a streptavidin-binding protein (SBP). Cells are then subjected to crosslinking and lysed, and complexes are isolated through streptavidin beads. The proteins that co-purify with the tagged RNA can then be determined by mass spectrometry. We recently used this protocol to identify novel proteins associated with the ER-associated PMP1 mRNA. Here, we provide a detailed protocol of RaPID, and discuss some of its limitations and advantages.

RNA-protein interactions lie at the heart of many cellular processes. Here, we describe an in vivo method to isolate specific RNA and identify novel proteins that are associated with it. This could shed new light on how RNAs are regulated in the cell.

Novel RNA-Proteine ​​leganti isolamento dalla rapida Metodologia

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play important roles in every aspect of RNA metabolism and regulation. Their identification is a major challenge in modern ...

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and transmitted from one generation to the next through the female oocyte is of fundamental importance. Because of the genetic tractability, and the elegant, ordered simplicity by which oocyte development proceeds, Drosophila oogenesis has become an invaluable system for mitochondrial study. An EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) labeling method was utilized to detect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication in Drosophila ovaries. This method is superior to the BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) labeling method in that it allows for good structural preservation and efficient fluorescent dye penetration of whole-mount tissues.
Here we describe a detailed protocol for labeling replicating mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila adult ovaries with EdU. Some technical solutions are offered to improve the viability of the ovaries, maintain their health during preparation, and ensure high-quality imaging. Visualization of newly synthesized mtDNA in the ovaries not only reveals the striking temporal and spatial pattern of mtDNA replication through oogenesis, but also allows for simple quantification of mtDNA replication under various genetic and pharmacological perturbations.

In Situ Labeling of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Drosophila Adult Ovaries by EdU Staining

Drosophila oogenesis continues to be exceptionally useful in the study of mitochondrial proliferation and inheritance. This manuscript describes a detailed protocol used to label the replicating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Drosophila adult ovaries with 5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine (EdU), which facilitates uncovering mechanisms associated with mitochondrial inheritance that were previously debatable.

In Situ etichettatura di DNA mitocondriale di replica in Drosophila adulti ovaie di Edu colorazione

The mitochondrial genome is inherited exclusively through the maternal line. Understanding of how the mitochondrion and its genome are proliferated and ...

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement

Replication of the genome occurs during S phase of the cell cycle in a highly regulated process that ensures the fidelity of DNA duplication. Each genomic region is replicated at a distinct time during S phase through the simultaneous activation of multiple origins of replication. Time of replication (ToR) correlates with many genomic and epigenetic features and is linked to mutation rates and cancer. Comprehending the full genomic view of the replication program, in health and disease is a major future goal and challenge.
This article describes in detail the &#34;Copy Number Ratio of S/G1 for mapping genomic Time of Replication&#34; method (herein called: CNR-ToR), a simple approach to map the genome wide ToR of mammalian cells. The method is based on the copy number differences between S phase cells and G1 phase cells. The CNR-ToR method is performed in 6 steps: 1. Preparation of cells and staining with propidium iodide (PI); 2. Sorting G1 and S phase cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS); 3. DNA purification; 4. Sonication; 5. Library preparation and sequencing; and 6. Bioinformatic analysis. The CNR-ToR method is a fast and easy approach that results in detailed replication maps.

We describe here a relatively fast and simple approach for mapping genome-wide mammalian replication timing, from cell isolation to the basic analysis of the sequencing results. A genomic map of a representative replication program will be provided following the protocol.

Determinazione genoma a livello di timing di replicazione del DNA dei mammiferi da contenuti di misura

Replication of the genome occurs during S phase of the cell cycle in a highly regulated process that ensures the fidelity of DNA duplication. Each genomic ...

Inducible T7 RNA Polymerase-mediated Multigene Expression System, pMGX

Co-expression of multiple proteins is increasingly essential for synthetic biology, studying protein-protein complexes, and characterizing and harnessing biosynthetic pathways. In this manuscript, the use of a highly effective system for the construction of multigene synthetic operons under the control of an inducible T7 RNA polymerase is described. This system allows many genes to be expressed simultaneously from one plasmid. Here, a set of four related vectors, pMGX-A, pMGX-hisA, pMGX-K, and pMGX-hisK, with either the ampicillin or kanamycin resistance selectable marker (A and K) and either possessing or lacking an N-terminal hexahistidine tag (his) are disclosed. Detailed protocols for the construction of synthetic operons using this vector system are provided along with the corresponding data, showing that a pMGX-based system containing five genes can be readily constructed and used to produce all five encoded proteins in Escherichia coli. This system and protocol enables researchers to routinely express complex multi-component modules and pathways in E. coli.

This study describes methods for the T7-mediated co-expression of multiple genes from a single plasmid in Escherichia coli using the pMGX plasmid system.

Inducibile T7 RNA Polymerase-mediato sistema di espressione multigene, pMGX

Co-expression of multiple proteins is increasingly essential for synthetic biology, studying protein-protein complexes, and characterizing and harnessing ...

Profiling DNA Replication Timing Using Zebrafish as an In Vivo Model System

DNA replication timing is an important cellular characteristic, exhibiting significant relationships with chromatin structure, transcription, and DNA mutation rates. Changes in replication timing occur during development and in cancer, but the role replication timing plays in development and disease is not known. Zebrafish were recently established as an in vivo model system to study replication timing. Here is detailed the protocols for using the zebrafish to determine DNA replication timing. After sorting cells from embryos and adult zebrafish, high-resolution genome-wide DNA replication timing patterns can be constructed by determining changes in DNA copy number through analysis of next generation sequencing data. The zebrafish model system allows for evaluation of the replication timing changes that occur in vivo throughout development, and can also be used to assess changes in individual cell types, disease models, or mutant lines. These methods will enable studies investigating the mechanisms and determinants of replication timing establishment and maintenance during development, the role replication timing plays in mutations and tumorigenesis, and the effects of perturbing replication timing on development and disease.

Profiling DNA Replication Timing Using Zebrafish as an In Vivo Model System

Zebrafish were recently used as an in vivo model system to study DNA replication timing during development. Here is detailed the protocols for using zebrafish embryos to profile replication timing. This protocol can be easily adapted to study replication timing in mutants, individual cell types, disease models, and other species.

Tempo di replicazione del DNA utilizzando Zebrafish come un sistema di modello In Vivo di profilatura

DNA replication timing is an important cellular characteristic, exhibiting significant relationships with chromatin structure, transcription, and DNA ...

Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation

Quantification of DNA methylation can be achieved using bisulfite sequencing, which takes advantage of the property of sodium bisulfite to convert unmethylated cytosine into uracil, in a single-stranded DNA context. Bisulfite sequencing can be targeted (using PCR) or performed on the whole genome and provides absolute quantification of cytosine methylation at the single base-resolution. Given the distinct nature of nuclear- and mitochondrial DNA, notably in the secondary structure, adaptions of bisulfite sequencing methods for investigating cytosine methylation in mtDNA should be made. Secondary and tertiary structure of mtDNA can indeed lead to bisulfite sequencing artifacts leading to false-positives due to incomplete denaturation poor access of bisulfite to single-stranded DNA. Here, we describe a protocol using an enzymatic digestion of DNA with BamHI coupled with bioinformatic analysis pipeline to allow accurate quantification of cytosine methylation levels in mtDNA. In addition, we provide guidelines for designing the bisulfite sequencing primers specific to mtDNA, in order to avoid targeting undesirable NUclear MiTochondrial segments (NUMTs) inserted into the nuclear genome.

Here, we present a protocol to allow accurate quantification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation. In this protocol, we describe an enzymatic digestion of DNA with BamHI coupled with a bioinformatic analysis pipeline which can be used to avoid overestimation of mtDNA methylation levels caused by the secondary structure of mtDNA.

Metodologia per la rilevazione accurata di metilazione del DNA mitocondriale

Quantification of DNA methylation can be achieved using bisulfite sequencing, which takes advantage of the property of sodium bisulfite to convert ...

Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes

In the process of drug development of RNA-targeting small molecules, elucidating the structural changes upon their interactions with target RNA sequences is desired. We herein provide a detailed in vitro and in-cell selective 2&#39;-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) protocol to study the RNA structural change in the presence of an experimental drug for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), survival of motor neuron (SMN)-C2, and in exon 7 of the pre-mRNA of the SMN2 gene. In in vitro SHAPE, an RNA sequence of 140 nucleotides containing SMN2 exon 7 is transcribed by T7 RNA polymerase, folded in the presence of SMN-C2, and subsequently modified by a mild 2&#39;-OH acylation reagent, 2-methylnicotinic acid imidazolide (NAI). This 2&#39;-OH-NAI adduct is further probed by a 32P-labeled primer extension and resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Conversely, 2&#39;-OH acylation in in-cell SHAPE takes place in situ with SMN-C2 bound cellular RNA in living cells. The pre-mRNA sequence of exon 7 in the SMN2 gene, along with SHAPE-induced mutations in the primer extension, was then amplified by PCR and subject to next-generation sequencing. Comparing the two methodologies, in vitro SHAPE is a more cost-effective method and does not require computational power to visualize results. However, the in vitro SHAPE-derived RNA model sometimes deviates from the secondary structure in a cellular context, likely due to the loss of all interactions with RNA-binding proteins. In-cell SHAPE does not need a radioactive material workplace and yields a more accurate RNA secondary structure in the cellular context. Furthermore, in-cell SHAPE is usually applicable for a larger range of RNA sequences (~1,000 nucleotides) by utilizing next-generation sequencing, compared to in vitro SHAPE (~200 nucleotides) that usually relies on PAGE analysis. In case of exon 7 in SMN2 pre-mRNA, the in vitro and in-cell SHAPE derived RNA models are similar to each other.

Detailed protocols for both in vitro and in-cell selective 2&#39;-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) experiments to determine the secondary structure of pre-mRNA sequences of interest in the presence of an RNA-targeting small molecule are presented in this article.

Utilizzando In Vitro e nelle celle di forma per indagare la piccola molecola ha indotto cambiamenti strutturali Pre-mRNA

In the process of drug development of RNA-targeting small molecules, elucidating the structural changes upon their interactions with target RNA sequences ...

High-Density DNA and RNA microarrays - Photolithographic Synthesis, Hybridization and Preparation of Large Nucleic Acid Libraries

Photolithography is a powerful technique for the synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides on glass slides, as it combines the efficiency of phosphoramidite coupling reactions with the precision and density of UV light reflected from micrometer-sized mirrors. Photolithography yields microarrays that can accommodate from hundreds of thousands up to several million different DNA sequences, 100-nt or longer, in only a few hours. With this very large sequence space, microarrays are ideal platforms for exploring the mechanisms of nucleic acid&#183;ligand interactions, which are particularly relevant in the case of RNA. We recently reported on the preparation of a new set of RNA phosphoramidites compatible with in situ photolithography and which were subsequently used to grow RNA oligonucleotides, homopolymers as well as mixed-base sequences. Here, we illustrate in detail the process of RNA microarray fabrication, from the experimental design, to instrumental setup, array synthesis, deprotection and final hybridization assay using a template 25mer sequence containing all four bases as an example. In parallel, we go beyond hybridization-based experiments and exploit microarray photolithography as an inexpensive gateway to complex nucleic acid libraries. To do so, high-density DNA microarrays are fabricated on a base-sensitive monomer that allows the DNA to be conveniently cleaved and retrieved after synthesis and deprotection. The fabrication protocol is optimized so as to limit the number of synthetic errors and to that effect, a layer of &#946;-carotene solution is introduced to absorb UV photons that may otherwise reflect back onto the synthesis substrates. We describe in a step-by-step manner the complete process of library preparation, from design to cleavage and quantification.

In this article, we present and discuss new developments in the synthesis and applications of nucleic acid microarrays fabricated in situ. Specifically, we show how the protocols for DNA synthesis can be extended to RNA and how microarrays can be used to create retrievable nucleic acid libraries.

Microarray di DNA e RNA ad alta densità - Sintesi fotolitografica, ibridazione e preparazione di grandi librerie di acido nucleico

Photolithography is a powerful technique for the synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides on glass slides, as it combines the efficiency of phosphoramidite ...

Use of Frozen Tissue in the Comet Assay for the Evaluation of DNA Damage

The comet assay is gaining popularity as a means to assess DNA damage in cultured cells and tissues, particularly following exposure to chemicals or other environmental stressors. Use of the comet assay in regulatory testing for genotoxic potential in rodents has been driven by adoption of an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline in 2014. Comet assay slides are typically prepared from fresh tissue at the time of necropsy; however, freezing tissue samples can avoid logistical challenges associated with simultaneous preparation of slides from multiple organs per animal and from many animals per study. Freezing also enables shipping samples from the exposure facility to a different laboratory for analysis, and storage of frozen tissue facilitates deferring a decision to generate DNA damage data for a given organ. The alkaline comet assay is useful for detecting exposure-related DNA double- and single-strand breaks, alkali-labile lesions, and strand breaks associated with incomplete DNA excision repair. However, DNA damage can also result from mechanical shearing or improper sample processing procedures, confounding the results of the assay. Reproducibility in collection and processing of tissue samples during necropsies may be difficult to control due to fluctuating laboratory personnel with varying levels of experience in harvesting tissues for the comet assay. Enhancing consistency through refresher training or deployment of mobile units staffed with experienced laboratory personnel is costly and may not always be feasible. To optimize consistent generation of high quality samples for comet assay analysis, a method for homogenizing flash frozen cubes of tissue using a customized tissue mincing device was evaluated. Samples prepared for the comet assay by this method compared favorably in quality to fresh and frozen tissue samples prepared by mincing during necropsy. Moreover, low baseline DNA damage was measured in cells from frozen cubes of tissue following prolonged storage.

This protocol describes several procedures for preparing high quality frozen tissue samples at the time of necropsy for use in the comet assay to assess DNA damage: 1) minced tissue, 2) scraped epithelial cells from the gastrointestinal tract, and 3) cubed tissue samples, requiring homogenization using a tissue mincing device.

Uso di tessuto congelato nel saggio Cometa per la valutazione del danno del DNA

The comet assay is gaining popularity as a means to assess DNA damage in cultured cells and tissues, particularly following exposure to chemicals or other ...