Questo lavoro è stato supportato dalla concessione core ricevuta dal dipartimento di biotecnologia, governo dell'India per l'Istituto nazionale di immunologia, Nuova Delhi. Indirizzo attuale di Dr. Bhattacharjee è divisione di gastroenterologia, Epatologia e nutrizione, Ospedale Los Angeles dei bambini.

Le procedure presentate in questo protocollo sono state approvate dal comitato di etica animale istituzionale dell'Istituto nazionale di immunologia, Nuova Delhi. Il numero di riferimento seriale dell'approvazione è IAEC n. 319/13.
Nota: Ci sono ottime risorse su procedure di chirurgia generale20 e protocolli specifici per la chirurgia del roditore21. Per quelli che fanno chirurgia animale per la prima volta, è consigliabile per ampiamente pratica procedure chirurgiche su manichini prima di operare sugli animali.
1. preparazione
<ol><li>Prima dell'esperimento, mantenere la soluzione salina sterile tamponata al fosfato (PBS) o salino pronto.</li>
	<li>Assemblare un kit chirurgico contenente forbici, forcipe dentato, pinze, cotone, cotton fioc, fili di nylon e porta aghi micro differenti. Sterilizzare in autoclave il kit chirurgico. Dovrebbe prestare particolare attenzione se un cenno di immuno-compromessi. Mouse di SCID è incluso nel protocollo.</li>
	<li>Eseguire la procedura sperimentale completa, dalla preparazione alla conclusione della chirurgia, della bio-sicurezza classe gabinetto.</li>
	<li>Pesare un cenno del capo. Mouse di SCID di 6-8 settimane prima dell'intervento. In questo studio vengono utilizzati topi pesano fra 14-18 g.</li>
	<li>Radere la regione centrale e ipocondriaca addominale superiore del mouse con il tagliacapelli. Applicare la crema in modo uniforme in tutta la regione di epilazione con una spatola per rimuovere completamente i peli tagliati. Rimuovere i peli delicatamente con l'aiuto di un pezzo di cotone sterile bagnato dopo 2-5 min.</li>
	<li>Posizionare il mouse nella camera di isoflurano e sbloccare la valvola della bombola di ossigeno. Mantenere il flusso di ossigeno al ritmo di 4 L/min e la vaporizzazione di isoflurane al 4% per indurre l'anestesia.<ol>
<li>Assicurarsi che il mouse è stato anestetizzato correttamente pizzicando punta delicata.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Collocare una tavola di chirurgia all'interno di una biosicurezza armadio. Metti l'animale sul Consiglio di chirurgia, tale che la porzione ventrale del mouse è rivolto verso l'alto e la parte anteriore del mouse è posizionata all'interno del cono di naso collegato all'alimentazione isoflurano e ossigeno.</li>
	<li>Ridurre la vaporizzazione di isoflurane al 2% e mantenerla durante tutta la procedura chirurgica.</li>
	<li>Disinfettare la pelle del mouse e sterilizzarlo strofinando con cotone sterile imbevuto di etanolo al 70%.</li>
</ol>2. intervento chirurgico
<ol><li>
Epatectomia parziale
	<ol>
<li>Fare un'incisione trasversale di circa 1 cm nella pelle appena sotto il sterno, perpendicolare al processo xifoideo e parallelamente la gabbia toracica, con l'aiuto di Forbici rette operative.</li>
		<li>Separare delicatamente la pelle attaccata con lo strato del muscolo addominale in prossimità della zona incisa con forcipe o punte sterili di cotone inumidito di distinguere tra pelle e strato del muscolo addominale. Godetevi la regione intradermica con PBS usando suggerimenti di cotone sterile per evitare il disseccamento.</li>
		<li>Esporre l'area del lobo sinistro senza problemi facendo un'incisione trasversale attraverso lo strato peritoneale appena sotto al xifoideo. Utilizza due punte di cotone inumidito per esporre e sollevare il lobo sinistro del fegato.</li>
		<li>Inserire una punta di cotone sul lato addominale del taglio e inserire un'altra punta di cotone sul lato del diaframma. Delicatamente premere la punta posizionata verso il diaframma e dare una Spinta scorrevole dall'altra punta per sollevare il lobo sinistro del fegato.</li>
		<li>Infilare un filo di nylon con un ciclo attraverso il lobo sinistro sollevato, quindi il ciclo verso la base del lobo di sinistra vicino al hilum con l'aiuto delle punte micro-forcipe o cotone. Spingere delicatamente verso il basso il loop di filo di nylon alla base del lobo di sinistra.</li>
		<li>Legare due estremità del filo di nylon nella parte superiore del lobo di sinistra usando il forcipe micro e un porta-aghi microchirurgia. Fare due nodi aggiuntivi sul lato opposto.</li>
		<li>Sezionare il lobo legato con l'aiuto di forbici. Non tentare di tagliare molto vicino il thread. Nel caso in cui la procedura dura più di 5 min, mantenere la cavità peritoneale e organi umido con PBS sterile per evitare disidratazione a causa della perdita di liquidi.</li>
		<li>Cucire il peritoneo di sutura continua utilizzando una sutura in Catgut 4-0. Successivamente, chiudere la pelle suturando discontinuo nel minor tempo possibile.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Trapianto di cellule Nota: Gli epatociti che esprimono GFP sono stati isolati da topi transgenici GFP (C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30 Scha/J), secondo la procedura descritta da Lee et al. 22 e Shen et al. 23 hepatocyte-come le cellule (NeoHep) di origine umana differenziati dai monociti24 sono state utilizzate anche per il trapianto. Tuttavia, le cellule derivate da altre fonti possono essere utilizzate anche nel protocollo.<ol>
<li>Sospendere 0,2 milioni cellule vitali in circa 50 µ l di per volta Dulbecco di Iscove Medium (IMDM) e aspirare in una siringa da insulina 1 mL con ago 30g. Tenere la siringa freddo mettendo sul ghiaccio.</li>
		<li>Posizionare il mouse in modo che la parte laterale sinistra rivolto verso l'alto verso la persona che effettua l'intervento chirurgico. Identificare l'area splenica e sezionare trasversalmente la pelle vicino alla regione ipocondriaca, seguita da una breve incisione attraverso lo strato peritoneale solo per esporre la milza.</li>
		<li>La milza di sollevare delicatamente e tenere di fuori della cavità con l'aiuto di due PBS inumidito punte in cotone.</li>
		<li>Tenere la milza attentamente con due punte in cotone in una mano e inserire l'ago della siringa esattamente verticale alla milza. Delicatamente bucare la milza e spingere l'ago molto lentamente all'interno; l'ago non dovrebbe ottenere più profondo di 2 mm.</li>
		<li>Abbassare lentamente il pistone della siringa per iniettare le cellule della milza. Dopo il trapianto, mantenere stabile l'ago della siringa e rimuoverlo lentamente dalla milza per evitare sanguinamenti o perdita di cellule.</li>
		<li>Dopo aver posizionato la milza indietro nella cavità peritoneale con le punte di cotone, chiudere il livello peritoneale suturando continuo con una sutura in Catgut 4-0. Cucire la pelle in maniera discontinua con la sutura stessa. Evitare l'uso di ferita clip per la chiusura della pelle; invece, chiuderlo facendo una sutura 4-0. Le clip di ferita limitano il naturale movimento del mouse, e spesso clip si allentano e uscire rapidamente.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. post-operatorio
<ol><li>Dopo aver chiuso la pelle, pulire i dintorni di entrambi i siti di sutura con soluzione di iodio (betadine) utilizzando una punta di cotone sterile.</li>
	<li>Iniettare una dose di antibiotica cefotaxime come 600 mg/kg di peso (in genere 12 mg cefotaxime in 100 µ l di soluzione salina/mouse) corporeo intraperitonealmente usando la siringa da 1 mL.</li>
	<li>Dare dosi giornaliere di Meloxicam analgesico come 1 mg/kg di peso corporeo (in genere 12 µ g Meloxicam in 100 µ l di soluzione salina/mouse) all'animale intraperitonealmente, fino a tre giorni dopo l'intervento chirurgico.</li>
	<li>Dopo il completamento della chirurgia, fermare il flusso di gas isoflurano e posizionare il mouse nella gabbia individualmente ventilata.</li>
</ol>4. euthanization e caratterizzazioni
<ol><li>Dopo i punti finali sperimentali (1 giorno e 10 giorni dopo l'intervento), eutanasia i topi secondo le linee guida istituzionali etica animale.</li>
	<li>Raccogliere il sangue mediante terminalmente sanguinamento gli animali, perforando il plesso terminale oculare.</li>
	<li>Isolare il siero dal sangue.</li>
</ol>

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Hepatectomy parziale è una tecnica consolidata per inquirenti rigenerazione del fegato e hepatectomy eccessivo è segnalato per imitare il modello AHF. Tra modelli animali di AHF, roditori, soprattutto topi, sono il modello più ricercato. Per ottenere un modello di disturbo al fegato in topi, fino a un hepatectomy di 70% è stato segnalato con una buona sopravvivenza tasso25,26. Tuttavia in altri mouse immunodeficiente e nudo, un hepatectomy di 70% è stato seg...

Attualmente, il trapianto dell'epatocita è proposto come alternativa al trapianto d'organo intero per trattare i pazienti con gravi disturbi del fegato. Si ritiene che esso possa colmare pazienti per trapianto di organo intero1. Oltre il trapianto allogenico epatociti2, epatociti xenogenica3 ed epatociti derivati da cellule staminali4 sono anche indagati in modelli animali. In questo contesto, l'homing e attecchimento potenziale delle cellule trapiantate nel destinatario è un criterio importante per la terapia cellulare basata nell'insufficienza epatica acuta (AHF).
Per indagare il trapianto di epatociti o dell'epatocita-come le cellule5, AHF viene creato in un modello animale da chirurgica6 o farmacologici7 procedure, seguite da trapianto di cellule. Per rendere un modello animale di AHF di reagenti farmacologici, molti epatotossine come d-galattosamina8, acetaminofene9, tetracloruro di carbonio10, thioacetamide11, concanavalina A12, Lipopolisaccaride13 , ecc., sono stati utilizzati. Da questa lista, ogni reagente genera un insieme unico di funzionalità per AHF, ma purtroppo nessun singolo reagente imita gli AHF umano. Inoltre, gli AHF indotto da epatotossine richiede molto tempo, che mette gli animali in condizioni di stress cronico, e risultati riproducibili sono difficili da ottenere.
D'altra parte, l'intervento chirurgico di epatectomia parziale (PHx) è dipendente di abilità e risultati riproducibili sono facili da ottenere dopo lo sviluppo di competenze richieste. Per indurre AHF tramite intervento chirurgico da solo, la resezione di più del 70% del fegato è richiesta; Tuttavia, meno di un'epatectomia 70% ancora possa essere utilizzata per studiare l'attecchimento e la proliferazione di trapiantate cellule nel fegato per analizzare le loro capacità terapeutiche durante i danni al fegato14. Il trapianto di epatociti sono stati eseguiti post epatectomia attraverso il peritoneo15, coda vena16, vena epatica17o la milza18. Attualmente, infusione della vena epatica e intrasplenic trapianto di epatociti sono le procedure di comodo, come sono più facili da riprodurre.
In questo articolo, abbiamo descritto una procedura per una 30% di epatectomia parziale in NOD. SCID (CENNO DEL CAPO. CB17-Prkdcscid/J) topi in cui viene asportato il lobo sinistro del fegato. È seguito da trapianto di epatociti di mouse (C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30Scha/J) che esprimono GFP 0,2 milioni nonché di origine umana NeoHep19 nella milza. Questa procedura conduce all'attecchimento delle cellule trapiantate nel fegato. Questa procedura è meno invasiva e una tecnica minimamente dolorosa.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Gas Anesthesia System</td><td>Ugo Basile; Italy</td><td>211000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weighing machine</td><td>Goldtech ; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Biological safety cabinet ( Class I)</td><td>Kartos international;&amp;nbsp; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Hair Trimmer</td><td>Panasonic ;&amp;nbsp; Japan&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ER-GY10&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Straight operating scissor with sharp /sharp blades</td><td>Major Surgicals; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps with Serrations</td><td>Major Surgicals; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Micro needle holders&amp;nbsp; straight &amp;amp; curved&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mercian ;&amp;nbsp; England&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BS-13-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml insulin syringe with 30G *5/16 needles&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dispo Van; India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe with 26 G * 1/2 needle</td><td>BD ; US&amp;nbsp;</td><td>REF 303060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nylon Threads&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mighty ; India</td><td></td><td>(1-0) Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>MERSUTURES 4-0 Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture</td><td>Ethicon, Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, India</td><td>NW 5047</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TRUGUT 76 cm 4-0 absorbable surgical suture</td><td>Sutures India Pvt. Ltd; India</td><td>SN 5048</td><td>Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture Catgut Chromic</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Buds</td><td>Pure Swabs Pvt Ltd ;&amp;nbsp; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Tape</td><td>3M India ; India</td><td>1530-1</td><td>Micropore Surgical Tape</td></tr><tr><td>Microtome</td><td>Histo-Line Laboratories, Italy</td><td>MRS3500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shandon Cryotome E Cryostat</td><td>Thermo Electron Corporation ; US</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal laser scanning microscope</td><td>Carl Zeiss ; Germany&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LSM 510 META</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bright Field Microscope</td><td>Olympus, Japan</td><td>LX51</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Automated analyser</td><td>Tulip, Alto Santracruz, India</td><td>Screen Maaster 3000</td><td>Biochemical analyser for liver functional test</td></tr><tr><td>Flow Cytometer</td><td>BD ; US&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD FACSverse</td><td>Assesment of presence of cells post transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>Veet hair removal cream&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Reckitt Benckiser , India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FORANE</td><td>Abbott ; US</td><td></td><td>isoflurane USP 99.9%&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Taxim</td><td>AlKem ; India</td><td></td><td>cefotaxime sodium injection</td></tr><tr><td>Povidone-Iodine solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Win-Medicare;&amp;nbsp; India</td><td></td><td>Betadine</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Himedia; India</td><td>GRM 3660</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iscove&#039;s Modified Dulbecco&#039;s Medium (IMDM)</td><td>Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td><td>12200-036</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>S0389</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-Tek</td><td>Sakura; US</td><td>25608-930</td><td>O.C.T compound</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Himedia; India</td><td>MB 097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Albumin goat Polyclonal</td><td>Thermo Scientific,Pierce, US</td><td>PA126081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-connexin 32/GJB1 Polyclonal</td><td>abcam, UK</td><td>ab64609-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>antiGFP rabbit polyclonal&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Santa Cruz biotechnology; US</td><td>SC 8334</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-goat</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&amp;nbsp; US</td><td>A11058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-sheep</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&amp;nbsp; US</td><td>A11015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 chicken anti rabbit</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&amp;nbsp; US</td><td>A21442</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti rabbit IgG HRP</td><td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific; US&amp;nbsp;</td><td>65-6120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Ki67 antibody</td><td>abcam, UK</td><td>ab15580</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antigen Unmasking Solution, Citric acid base</td><td>Vector laboratories, US</td><td>H-3300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ProLong Diamond antifade mountant</td><td>Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td><td>P36966</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SGOT (ASAT) KIT</td><td>Coral Clinical System, India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SGPT (ALAT) KIT</td><td>Coral Clinical System, India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline Phosphatase Kit (DEA)</td><td>Coral Clinical System, India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hematoxylin Solution, Mayer&#039;s</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>MHS16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eosin Y solution, alcoholic</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>HT110132</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPX Mountant&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>6522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Melonex (Pain Killer)</td><td>Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd; India</td><td></td><td>Meloxicam injection&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>DAB enhanced liquid substrate system tetrahydrochloride</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>D3939</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

intrasplenic transplantation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in nod.scid mice

Hepatectomy parziale è un metodo versatile e riproducibile per studiare la rigenerazione del fegato e l'effetto di terapeutica delle cellule basata in varie circostanze patologiche. Epatectomia parziale facilita anche la maggiore attecchimento e la proliferazione delle cellule trapiantate da neovascolarizzazione accelerante e migrazione delle cellule verso il fegato. Qui, descriviamo un semplice protocollo per eseguire 30% hepatectomy e trapianto di cellule nella milza di un diabetico non obeso/grave combinata NOD immunodeficienti. SCID (CENNO DEL CAPO. CB17-Prkdcscid/j) mouse.
In questa procedura, due piccole incisioni sono fatte. La prima incisione è quello di esporre e resecare il lobo sinistro del fegato, e un'altra piccola incisione è fatta per esporre la milza per il trapianto di cellule intrasplenic. Questa procedura non richiede alcuna abilità chirurgiche specializzate, e può essere completato in 5-7 minuti con meno stress e dolore, recupero più veloce e migliore sopravvivenza. Abbiamo dimostrato il trapianto di epatociti isolati da una proteina fluorescente verde (GFP) esprimendo mouse (transgenici C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30Scha/J), come pure dell'epatocita come cellule di origine umana (NeoHep) in parzialmente epatectomizzati NOD. Topi SCID.

Proliferazione degli epatociti dopo hepatectomy parziale del 30%: La proliferazione degli epatociti nei rimanenti del fegato dopo epatectomia 30% è stata esaminata secondo immunoistochimica (IHC) per un indicatore di proliferazione delle cellule, Ki-67. Un giorno post epatectomia, i topi sono stati sacrificati, i lobi del fegato restanti sono stati asportati e sezioni della paraffina sono state ottenute. Le sezioni sono state macchiate con anticorpo Ki-67, seguita da etichettatura con anticorpo secondar...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice at JoVE.com

Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice

Abbiamo descritto un protocollo per l'esecuzione di epatectomia parziale (PHx) e trapianto di cellule via della milza nel cenno del capo. SCID (CENNO DEL CAPO. CB17-Prkdcscid/j) topi. In questo protocollo, un'incisione è fatta per esporre e resecare il lobo sinistro del fegato seguito da un'altra incisione per il trapianto di cellule intrasplenic.

Intrasplenic trapianto di epatociti dopo epatectomia parziale in NOD. Topi SCID

Partial hepatectomy is a versatile and reproducible method to study liver regeneration and the effect of cell based therapeutics in various pathological ...

intrasplenic-transplantation-hepatocytes-after-partial-hepatectomy

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.9K Views.  National Institute of Immunology. Abbiamo descritto un protocollo per l'esecuzione di epatectomia parziale (PHx) e trapianto di cellule via della milza nel cenno del capo. SCID (CENNO DEL CAPO. CB17-Prkdcscid/j) topi. In questo protocollo, un'incisione è fatta per esporre e resecare il lobo sinistro del fegato seguito da un'altra incisione per il trapianto di cellule intrasplenic.

Video: Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and development of innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. To develop an ideal animal model recapitulating human HCC, immunocompetent male C57BL/6J mice first receive a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection to induce liver fibrosis, then receive histologically-normal oncogenic hepatocytes from young male SV40 T antigen (TAg)-transgenic mice (MTD2) by intra-splenic (ISPL) inoculation. Androgen generated in recipient male mice at puberty initiates TAg expression under control of a liver-specific promoter. As a result, the transferred hepatocytes become cancer cells and form tumor masses in the setting of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. This novel model mimics human HCC initiation and progression in the context of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and reflects the most typical features of human HCC including immune dysfunction.

Here, we describe the development of a clinically relevant murine model of liver cancer recapitulating the typical immune features of hepatocellular cancer (HCC).

Un modello di topo ortotopico oncogenico indotto dall'epatocito del cancro epatocellulare in aumento nell'impostazione dell'infiammazione epatica e della fibrosi

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded ...

Ricerca

Ricerca sul cancro

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

Generazione di sottocutaneo e intraepatica umane carcinoma epatocellulare xenotrapianti in topi immunodeficienti

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Medicina

Partial Lobular Hepatectomy: A Surgical Model for Morphologic Liver Regeneration

Morphological organ regeneration following acute tissue loss is common among lower vertebrates, but is rarely observed in mammalian postnatal life. Adult liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy results in hepatocyte hypertrophy with some replication in remaining lobes with restoration of metabolic activity, but with permanent loss of the injured lobe&#39;s morphology and architecture. Here, we detail a new surgical method in the neonate that leaves a physiologic environment conducive to regeneration. This model involves amputation of the left lobe apex and a subsequent conservative management regimen, and lacks the necessity for ligation of major liver vessels or chemical injury, leaving a physiologic environment where regeneration may occur. We extend this protocol to amputations on juvenile (P7-14) mice, during which the injured liver transitions from organ regeneration to compensatory growth by hypertrophy. The presented, brief 30 min protocol provides a framework to study the mechanisms of regeneration, its age-associated decline in mammals, and the characterization of putative hepatic stem or progenitors.

Here, we present a new method for partial resection of the left hepatic lobe in neonatal (day 0) mice. This new protocol is suitable for studying acute liver injury and injury response in the neonatal setting.

Epatectomia parziale lobulare: Un modello chirurgico per rigenerazione epatica morfologica

Morphological organ regeneration following acute tissue loss is common among lower vertebrates, but is rarely observed in mammalian postnatal life. Adult ...

Biologia dello sviluppo

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

Un modello di Mouse chimerici del fegato umano di ipercolesterolemia familiare facendo uso degli epatociti derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

Generation of a Humanized Mouse Liver Using Human Hepatic Stem Cells

A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in which the liver has been repopulated with functional human hepatocytes, could serve as a useful tool for investigating human hepatic cell biology, drug metabolism, and other preclinical applications. One of the key factors required for successful transplantation of human hepatocytes into mice is the elimination of the endogenous hepatocytes to prevent competition with the human cells and provide a suitable space and microenvironment for promoting human donor cell expansion and differentiation. To date, two major liver injury mouse models utilizing fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) and uroplasminogen activator (uPA) mice have been established. However, Fah mice are used mainly with mature hepatocytes and the application of the uPA model is limited by decreased breeding. To overcome these limitations, Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice were used for in vivo differentiation of immature human hepatocytes and humanized liver generation. Human hepatic stem cells (HpSCs) successfully repopulated the livers of Alb-TRECK/SCID mice that had developed lethal fulminant hepatic failure following diphtheria toxin (DT) treatment. This model of a humanized liver in Alb-TRECK/SCID mice will have functional applications in studies involving drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions and will promote other in vivo and in vitro studies.

Here, we present a novel humanized mouse liver model generated in Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice following the transplantation of immature and expandable human hepatic stem cells.

Generazione di un umanizzato mouse Fegato Utilizzando epatici umani cellule staminali

A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in ...

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of their morbidity. The liver immunopathology caused by HIV-1 remains elusive. Small xenograft animal models with human hepatocytes and human immune system can recapitulate the human biology of the disease&#39;s pathogenesis. Herein, a protocol is described to establish a dual humanized mouse model through human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) transplantation, to study liver immunopathology as observed in HIV-infected patients. To achieve dual reconstitution, male TK-NOG (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug Tg(Alb-TK)7-2/ShiJic) mice are intraperitoneally injected with ganciclovir (GCV) doses to eliminate mouse transgenic liver cells, and with treosulfan for nonmyeloablative conditioning, both of which facilitate human hepatocyte (HEP) engraftment and human immune system (HIS) development. Human albumin (ALB) levels are evaluated for liver engraftment, and the presence of human immune cells in blood detected by flow cytometry confirms the establishment of human immune system. The model developed using the protocol described here resembles multiple components of liver damage from HIV-1 infection. Its establishment could prove to be essential for studies of hepatitis virus co-infection and for the evaluation of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs.

This protocol provides a reliable method to establish humanized mice with both human immune system and liver cells. Dual reconstituted immunodeficient mice achieved via intrasplenic injection of human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and recapitulate liver damage as observed in HIV-infected patients.

Istituzione del modello murino TK-NOG dualizzato per la patogenesi del fegato associata all'HIV

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of ...

Immunologia e infezioni

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity

The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune and hematopoietic systems. Patients that have undergone splenectomy regardless of precipitating causes are prone to develop an overwhelming post-splenectomy infection and experience increased risks of deep venous thrombosis and malignancies. Recently, epidemiological studies indicated that splenectomy might be associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that physiological functions of the spleen have not yet been fully recognized. Here, we introduce a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation, which not only can be utilized to study the function and behavioral activity of splenic immune cell subsets in different biologic processes, but also can be a powerful tool to test the therapeutic potential of spleen transplantation in certain diseases. The main surgical steps of this model include donor spleen harvest, the removal of recipient native spleen, and spleen graft revascularization. Using congenic mouse strains (e.g., mice with CD45.1/CD45.2 backgrounds), we observed that after syngeneic transplantation, both donor-derived splenic lymphocytes and myeloid cells migrated out of the graft as early as post-operative day 1, concomitant with the influx of multiple types of recipient cells, thus generating a unique chimera. &#160;Despite relatively challenging techniques, this procedure can be performed with &#62;90% success rate. This model allows tracking the fate, longevity, and function of splenocytes during steady state and in a disease setting following a spleen transplantation, thereby offering a great opportunity to discover the distinct role for spleen-derived immune cells in different disease processes.

This protocol details the surgical steps of a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation, a technically challenging model that can serve as a powerful tool in studying the fate and longevity of spleen cells, the mechanisms of distinct spleen cell populations in disease progression, and transplant immunity.

Un modello murino del trapianto di milza eterotopica vascolarizzata per studiare la biologia delle cellule della milza e l'immunità ai trapianti

The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune and hematopoietic systems. Patients that have undergone ...

Minimizing Post-Infusion Portal Vein Bleeding during Intrahepatic Islet Transplantation in Mice

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the kidney capsule in most rodent preclinical islet transplantation studies. This model is commonly used because murine intrahepatic islet transplantation is technically challenging, and a high percentage of mice could die from surgical complications, especially bleeding from the injection site post-transplantation. In this study, two procedures that can minimize the incidence of post-infusion portal vein bleeding are demonstrated. The first method applies an absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge to the injection site, and the second method involves penetrating the islet injection needle through the fat tissue first and then into the portal vein by using the fat tissue as a physical barrier to stop bleeding. Both methods could effectively prevent bleeding-induced mouse death. The whole liver section showing islet distribution and evidence of islet thrombosis post-transplantation, a typical feature for intrahepatic islet transplantation, were presented. These improved protocols refine the intrahepatic islet transplantation procedures and may help laboratories set up the procedure to study islet survival and function in pre-clinical settings.

Here we present refined surgical procedures on successfully performing intraportal islet transplantation, a clinically relevant but technically challenging surgical procedure, in mice.

Ridurre al minimo il sanguinamento della vena porta post-infusione durante il trapianto di isole intraepatiche nei topi

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the ...

Isolation of Regenerating Hepatocytes after Partial Hepatectomy in Mice

Partial hepatectomy has been widely used to investigate liver regeneration in mice, but the isolation of high yields of viable hepatocytes for downstream single-cell applications is challenging. A marked accumulation of lipids within regenerating hepatocytes is observed during the first 2 days of normal liver regeneration in mice. This so-called transient regeneration-associated steatosis (TRAS) is temporary but partially overlaps the major proliferative phase. Density-gradient purification is the backbone of most existing protocols for the isolation of primary hepatocytes. As gradient purification relies on the density and size of cells, it separates non-steatotic from steatotic hepatocyte populations. Therefore, fatty hepatocytes often are lost, yielding non-representative hepatocyte fractions. 
The presented protocol describes an easy and reliable method for the in vivo isolation of regenerating hepatocytes regardless of their lipid content. Hepatocytes from male C57BL/6 mice are isolated 24-48 h after hepatectomy by a classic two-step collagenase perfusion approach. A standard peristaltic pump drives the warmed solutions via the catheterized inferior vena cava into the remnant, using a retrograde perfusion technique with outflow through the portal vein. Hepatocytes are dissociated by collagenase for their release from the Glisson's capsule. After washing and careful centrifugation, the hepatocytes can be used for any downstream analyses. In conclusion, this paper describes a straightforward and reproducible technique for the isolation of a representative population of regenerating hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in mice. The method may also aid the study of fatty liver disease.

Lipid-laden hepatocytes are inherent to liver regeneration but are usually lost upon density-gradient centrifugation. Here, we present an optimized cell isolation protocol that retains steatotic hepatocytes, yielding representative populations of regenerating hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in mice.

Isolamento di epatociti rigeneranti dopo epatectomia parziale nei topi

Partial hepatectomy has been widely used to investigate liver regeneration in mice, but the isolation of high yields of viable hepatocytes for downstream ...

Trapianto di fegato nel topo e analisi della pervietà dell'allotrapianto

Successful Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Mice Utilizing Microcomputed Tomography Angiography

Microcomputed tomography (microCT) angiography is an invaluable resource to researchers. New advances in this technology have allowed for high-quality images to be obtained of micro-vasculature and are high-fidelity tools in the field of organ transplantation. In this model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in mice, microCT affords the opportunity to evaluate allograft anastomosis in real time and has the added benefit of not having to sacrifice study animals. The choice of contrast, as well as image acquisition settings, create a high-definition image, which gives researchers invaluable information. This allows for evaluation of the technical aspects of the procedure as well as potentially evaluating different therapeutics over an extended duration of time. In this protocol, we detail an OLT model in mice in a stepwise fashion and finally describe a microCT protocol that can give high-quality images, which aid researchers in in-depth analysis of solid organ transplantation. We provide a step-by-step guide for liver transplantation in a mouse, as well as briefly discuss a protocol for evaluating the patency of the graft through microCT angiography.

Autore in primo piano: Migliorare la ricerca sui trapianti attraverso l'angiografia microCT in modelli murini 

In this protocol, we discuss the implementation of a model of successful orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in mice. Additionally, adjuvants to further analyze allograft patency after successful OLT in a mouse are discussed as well, specifically utilizing microcomputed tomography (microCT) scans.

Trapianto ortotopico di fegato di successo nei topi che utilizzano l'angiografia con tomografia microcomputerizzata

Microcomputed tomography (microCT) angiography is an invaluable resource to researchers. New advances in this technology have allowed for high-quality ...