Ringraziamo il laboratorio Moser presso l'Istituto Kavli per neuroscienza sistemiche e centro per calcolo neurale, Università norvegese di scienza e tecnologia, per la cronica neurale procedure di registrazione in ratti. Questo lavoro è stato supportato da grant NIH NS098146 R21 e umano Frontier Science programma Long-Term Fellowship LT000211/2016-L a L. Lu.

<ol>
	<li>O'Keefe, J., Recce, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+relationship+between+hippocampal+place+units+and+the+EEG+theta+rhythm.">Phase relationship between hippocampal place units and the EEG theta rhythm.</a> Hippocampus. 3 (3), 317-330 (1993).</li><li>Wilson, M. A., McNaughton, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+hippocampal+ensemble+code+for+space.">Dynamics of the hippocampal ensemble code for space.</a> Science. 261 (5124), 1055-1058 (1993).</li><li>Gothard, K. M., Skaggs, W. E., Moore, K. M., McNaughton, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+of+hippocampal+CA1+neural+activity+to+multiple+reference+frames+in+a+landmark-based+navigation+task.">Binding of hippocampal CA1 neural activity to multiple reference frames in a landmark-based navigation task.</a> J Neurosci. 16 (2), 823-835 (1996).</li><li>Gray, C. M., Maldonado, P. E., Wilson, M., McNaughton, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrodes+markedly+improve+the+reliability+and+yield+of+multiple+single-unit+isolation+from+multi-unit+recordings+in+cat+striate+cortex.">Tetrodes markedly improve the reliability and yield of multiple single-unit isolation from multi-unit recordings in cat striate cortex.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 63 (1-2), 43-54 (1995).</li><li>Buzsaki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+recording+of+neuronal+ensembles.">Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles.</a> Nat Neurosci. 7 (5), 446-451 (2004).</li><li>Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., Witter, M. P., Moser, E. I., Moser, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grid+cells+in+mice.">Grid cells in mice.</a> Hippocampus. 18 (12), 1230-1238 (2008).</li><li>Skaggs, W. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+sharp+waves+and+sparse+ensemble+unit+activity+in+the+macaque+hippocampus.">EEG sharp waves and sparse ensemble unit activity in the macaque hippocampus.</a> J Neurophysiol. 98 (2), 898-910 (2007).</li><li>Guo, P., Pollack, A. J., Varga, A. G., Martin, J. P., Ritzmann, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+wire+tetrode+recording+in+brain+of+freely+walking+insects.">Extracellular wire tetrode recording in brain of freely walking insects.</a> J Vis Exp. (86), (2014).</li><li>Knierim, J. J., McNaughton, B. L., Poe, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+spatial+selectivity+of+hippocampal+neurons+during+space+flight.">Three-dimensional spatial selectivity of hippocampal neurons during space flight.</a> Nat Neurosci. 3 (3), 209-210 (2000).</li><li>Leutgeb, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Independent+codes+for+spatial+and+episodic+memory+in+hippocampal+neuronal+ensembles.">Independent codes for spatial and episodic memory in hippocampal neuronal ensembles.</a> Science. 309 (5734), 619-623 (2005).</li><li>Lansink, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+split+microdrive+for+simultaneous+multi-electrode+recordings+from+two+brain+areas+in+awake+small+animals.">A split microdrive for simultaneous multi-electrode recordings from two brain areas in awake small animals.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 162 (1-2), 129-138 (2007).</li><li>Kloosterman, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-drive+array+for+chronic+in+vivo+recording:+drive+fabrication.">Micro-drive array for chronic in vivo recording: drive fabrication.</a> J Vis Exp. (26), (2009).</li><li>. Google Patents Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.google.com/patents/US5928143">https://www.google.com/patents/US5928143</a> (1999)</li><li>Redish, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Independence+of+firing+correlates+of+anatomically+proximate+hippocampal+pyramidal+cells.">Independence of firing correlates of anatomically proximate hippocampal pyramidal cells.</a> J Neurosci. 21 (5), RC134 (2001).</li><li>Schmitzer-Torbert, N., Redish, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+activity+in+the+rodent+dorsal+striatum+in+sequential+navigation:+separation+of+spatial+and+reward+responses+on+the+multiple+T+task.">Neuronal activity in the rodent dorsal striatum in sequential navigation: separation of spatial and reward responses on the multiple T task.</a> J Neurophysiol. 91 (5), 2259-2272 (2004).</li><li>Nguyen, D. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-drive+array+for+chronic+in+vivo+recording:+tetrode+assembly.">Micro-drive array for chronic in vivo recording: tetrode assembly.</a> J Vis Exp. (26), (2009).</li><li>Chang, E. H., Frattini, S. A., Robbiati, S., Huerta, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+of+microdrive+arrays+for+chronic+neural+recordings+in+awake+behaving+mice.">Construction of microdrive arrays for chronic neural recordings in awake behaving mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (77), e50470 (2013).</li><li>Vandecasteele, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+recording+of+neurons+by+movable+silicon+probes+in+behaving+rodents.">Large-scale recording of neurons by movable silicon probes in behaving rodents.</a> J Vis Exp. (61), e3568 (2012).</li><li>Siegle, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronically+implanted+hyperdrive+for+cortical+recording+and+optogenetic+control+in+behaving+mice.">Chronically implanted hyperdrive for cortical recording and optogenetic control in behaving mice.</a> Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011, 7529-7532 (2011).</li><li>Brunetti, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+fabrication+of+ultralight+weight,+adjustable+multi-electrode+probes+for+electrophysiological+recordings+in+mice.">Design and fabrication of ultralight weight, adjustable multi-electrode probes for electrophysiological recordings in mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (91), e51675 (2014).</li><li>. Google Patents Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.google.com/patents/US4575330">https://www.google.com/patents/US4575330</a> (1986)</li><li>Ludvig, N., Potter, P. E., Fox, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+single-cell+recording+and+microdialysis+within+the+same+brain+site+in+freely+behaving+rats:+a+novel+neurobiological+method.">Simultaneous single-cell recording and microdialysis within the same brain site in freely behaving rats: a novel neurobiological method.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 55 (1), 31-40 (1994).</li></ol>

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Qui, descriviamo il processo di costruzione di una nuova concezione hyperdrive composto da diciotto tetrodi indipendentemente mobili. L'unità può essere costruito da conveniente pezzi acquistati presso molti negozi di hardware disponibile, combinati con componenti creati da stereolithographic stampa. L'iperguida possa essere cronicamente impiantato sul cranio di un topo utilizzando le procedure chirurgiche standard ed è in grado di registrare l'attività neurale extracellulare mentre l'animale esegue varie attività c...

Nel campo della neuroscienza sistemiche, gli scienziati studiano i correlati neurali alla base di processi cognitivi quali navigazione spaziale, memoria e processi decisionali. Per questi tipi di studi, è fondamentale per monitorare l'attività di molti singoli neuroni durante il comportamento animale. Negli ultimi decenni, due importanti progressi per soddisfare le esigenze sperimentali per la registrazione extracellulare neurale in piccoli animali1,2,3. In primo luogo è stato lo sviluppo del tetrodo, un fascio di quattro microwires utilizzato per registrare l'attività neurale di neuroni simultaneamente1,2,4. Le ampiezze del segnale differenziale di attività attraverso i quattro canali di un tetrodo consente l'isolamento dell'attività di singoli neuroni da molte cellule contemporaneamente registrato5. Inoltre, la natura flessibile del microwires consente una maggiore stabilità del tetrodo riducendo al minimo lo spostamento relativo tra il tetrodo e la popolazione delle cellule bersaglio. Tetrodi ora sono ampiamente usati invece di un singolo elettrodo per molti studi di cervello in varie specie, tra cui roditori1,2,6, primati7e8di insetti. In secondo luogo lo sviluppo di un hyperdrive trasportava tetrodi indipendentemente mobili multiple, che consente il monitoraggio simultaneo di attività neurale da più grandi popolazioni di neuroni da più posizioni di registrazione3, 9,10,11,12.
La disponibilità di un dispositivo di registrazione multi-tetrodo affidabile e conveniente per piccoli animali è limitata. L'iperguida classico, inizialmente sviluppato da Bruce McNaughton13, è stato utilizzato con successo per le registrazioni neurale a comportarsi liberamente ratti in molti laboratori nel passato due decenni9,10,14, 15. Tuttavia, per motivi tecnici, i componenti originali necessari per costruire l'unità McNaughton ora sono molto difficili da ottenere e non sono compatibili con le interfacce di acquisizione dati recentemente migliorata. L'altro disegno ben accettato di hyperdrive richiede i Microdrive per essere individualmente fatti a mano, che potrebbe produrre risultati incoerenti e consumano consistente lasso di tempo12. Al fine di registrare l'attività neurale da varie regioni del cervello in ratti si comporta, abbiamo sviluppato una nuova iperguida utilizzando la tecnologia stereolithographic. Abbiamo cercato di soddisfare i seguenti requisiti: (1) la nuova iperguida deve consentire lo spostamento preciso del tetrodi nel cervello e fornire registrazione stabile da più aree della destinazione; (2) l'iperguida nuovo deve essere compatibile con il sistema magnetico quickclip recentemente sviluppato per consentire la facile connessione; e (3) l'iperguida nuovo possa essere riprodotte fedelmente con materiali facilmente disponibili. Qui, forniamo una tecnica per la costruzione dell'iperguida 3D-stampabile contenente diciotto tetrodi indipendentemente mobili, basati sul disegno McNaughton. Nel protocollo, descriviamo i dettagli del processo di fabbricazione dell'iperguida nuovo, che abbiamo usato con successo per registrare potenziali di azione di singoli neuroni e potenziali di campo locale dalle cortecce entorinale postrinale e mediale nelle settimane in un liberamente comportamento del ratto durante le attività di foraggiamento naturale.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Welding rod</td><td>Blue Demon</td><td>ER308L-035-01T</td><td>Stainless steel, 0.035&quot; in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Screw</td><td>McMaster</td><td>91771A060</td><td>Stainless steel, flat head, 0-80&amp;nbsp;thread,&amp;nbsp;5/8&quot;&amp;nbsp;in length</td></tr><tr><td>Screw</td><td>McMaster</td><td>91772A051</td><td>Stainless steel, pan head, 0-80&amp;nbsp;thread,&amp;nbsp;5/32&quot;&amp;nbsp;in length</td></tr><tr><td>Screw</td><td>McMaster</td><td>92196A056</td><td>Stainless steel, socket head, 0-80&amp;nbsp;thread,&amp;nbsp;5/16&quot;&amp;nbsp;in length</td></tr><tr><td>Screw</td><td>McMaster</td><td>92196A055</td><td>Stainless steel, socket head, 0-80&amp;nbsp;thread,&amp;nbsp;1/4&quot;&amp;nbsp;in length</td></tr><tr><td>Screw</td><td>McMaster</td><td>95868A131</td><td>Nylon,&amp;nbsp; socket head, 2-56&amp;nbsp;thread,&amp;nbsp;3/16&quot;&amp;nbsp;in length, black</td></tr><tr><td>Screw nut</td><td>McMaster</td><td>90730A001</td><td>Stainless steel, narrow hex,&amp;nbsp; 0-80&amp;nbsp;thread</td></tr><tr><td>Shoulder screw</td><td>McMaster</td><td>90298A213</td><td>Stainless steel, 8-32 thread, 3/16&quot; in diameter, 1/4&quot; in length</td></tr><tr><td>Cup screw</td><td>McMaster</td><td>92313A105</td><td>Stainless steel, 4-40 thread, 3/16&quot; in length</td></tr><tr><td>Thumb screw</td><td>McMaster</td><td>94323A592</td><td>Nylon, 8-32&amp;nbsp;thread,&amp;nbsp;3/8&quot;&amp;nbsp;in length, black</td></tr><tr><td>Magnet</td><td>Apex</td><td>M3X1MMDI</td><td>Neodymium, 3 mm X 1 mm disc</td></tr><tr><td>Metal tubing</td><td>Small Parts</td><td>B00137QHNS</td><td>Stainless steel, 23 gauge, 0.0253&quot; OD, 0.013&quot; ID, 0.006&quot; wall</td></tr><tr><td>Metal tubing</td><td>New England Small Tube</td><td>Custom-made</td><td>Stainless steel, 30 gauge, 0.012/0.0125&quot; OD, 0.007/0.008&quot; ID, full hard</td></tr><tr><td>Heat-shrink tubing</td><td>McMaster</td><td>7856K72</td><td>0.09&quot; ID before shrinking, blue</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone tubing</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>807300</td><td>0.040&quot; ID, 0.085&quot; OD</td></tr><tr><td>Polyimide tubing</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>823400</td><td>0.0045&quot; ID, 0.0005&quot; wall</td></tr><tr><td>Ground wire</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>791500</td><td>0.005&quot; bare, 0.008&quot; coated, half hard</td></tr><tr><td>Tetrode wire</td><td>California Fine Wire</td><td>Custom-made</td><td>0.0007&quot; in diameter, platinum-iridium (90%-10%), HML and VG coating</td></tr><tr><td>EIB</td><td>Neuralynx</td><td></td><td>EIB-72-QC-Large</td></tr><tr><td>Gold pins</td><td>Neuralynx</td><td></td><td>large EIB pins</td></tr><tr><td>Tap</td><td>Balax</td><td>01302-000</td><td>M1.2 thread size</td></tr><tr><td>Tap</td><td>McMaster</td><td>2522A811</td><td>0-80 thread size, bottoming</td></tr><tr><td>Tap</td><td>McMaster</td><td>2522A771</td><td>0-80 thread size, plug</td></tr><tr><td>Tap</td><td>McMaster</td><td>26955A94</td><td>3/8&quot;-24&amp;nbsp;thread size, bottoming</td></tr><tr><td>Tap</td><td>McMaster</td><td>2522A713</td><td>2-56&amp;nbsp;thread size</td></tr><tr><td>Tap</td><td>McMaster</td><td>2522A715</td><td>4-40&amp;nbsp;thread size</td></tr><tr><td>Tap</td><td>McMaster</td><td>2522A718</td><td>8-32&amp;nbsp;thread size</td></tr><tr><td>Die</td><td>McMaster</td><td>2576A457</td><td>3/8&quot;-24&amp;nbsp;thread size, 1&quot; OD</td></tr><tr><td>Drill bit</td><td>McMaster</td><td>30585A82</td><td>Wire gauge&amp;nbsp;65,&amp;nbsp;0.035&quot; in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Drill bit</td><td>McMaster</td><td>30585A83</td><td>Wire gauge&amp;nbsp;66,&amp;nbsp;0.033&quot; in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Drill bit</td><td>McMaster</td><td>30585A87</td><td>Wire gauge&amp;nbsp;70,&amp;nbsp;0.028&quot; in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Drill bit</td><td>McMaster</td><td>30585A88</td><td>Wire gauge&amp;nbsp;71,&amp;nbsp;0.026&quot; in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Drill bit</td><td>McMaster</td><td>30585A91</td><td>Wire gauge&amp;nbsp;73,&amp;nbsp;0.024&quot; in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Drill bit</td><td>McMaster</td><td>8870A23</td><td>3/16&quot;&amp;nbsp;in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Dremel disc</td><td>Wagner</td><td>31M</td><td>Diamond coated, 22 mm in diameter, 0.17 mm in thickness</td></tr><tr><td>Steel wire</td><td>Precision Brand</td><td>21212</td><td>0.012&quot; in diameter, full hard</td></tr><tr><td>Steel wire</td><td>Precision Brand</td><td>21007</td><td>0.007&quot; in diameter, full hard</td></tr><tr><td>Steel wire</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>792700</td><td>0.003&quot; in diameter, half hard</td></tr><tr><td>Super glue</td><td>Loctite</td><td>LT-40640</td><td># 406</td></tr><tr><td>Super glue</td><td>Loctite</td><td>LT-41550</td><td># 415</td></tr><tr><td>Dental acrylic powder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Teets</td><td>223-3773</td><td>Coral</td></tr><tr><td>Dental acrylic liquid</td><td>Teets</td><td>223-4003</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

construction of an improved multi-tetrode hyperdrive for large-scale neural recording in behaving rats

I modelli di attività di una grande popolazione di neuroni per molti giorni in animali svegli il monitoraggio sono una tecnica importante nel campo della neuroscienza sistemiche. Una componente chiave di questa tecnica è costituito dal preciso posizionamento degli elettrodi multipli in regioni cerebrali desiderata e il mantenimento della loro stabilità. Qui, descriviamo un protocollo per la costruzione di un hyperdrive 3D-stampabile, che comprende diciotto tetrodi regolabili in modo indipendente ed è specificamente progettato per in vivo registrazione neurale extracellulare a comportarsi liberamente ratti. I tetrodi collegati i Microdrive singolarmente o possono essere avanzate nelle regioni multiple del cervello lungo la pista, o possono essere utilizzati per inserire una matrice di elettrodi in un'area più piccola. I tetrodi multiple consentono esame simultaneo di action potentials da decine di singoli neuroni, nonché potenziali di campo locale da popolazioni di neuroni nel cervello durante il comportamento attivo. Inoltre, la progettazione prevede 3D più semplice software che può essere facilmente modificato per diverse esigenze sperimentali di disegno.

Abbiamo utilizzato un hyperdrive recentemente costruito per ottenere risultati di prova. L'unità era dotata di tetrodi costruiti da ø 17 µm (0,0007"), filo di polyimide-rivestito platino-iridio (90% - 10%). Le punte dei tetrodi erano placcate in platino nero soluzione per ridurre le impedenze elettrodo a tra 100 e 200 kΩ a 1 kHz. L'iperguida è stato impiantato 4,6 mm a sinistra della linea mediana e 0,5 mm anteriore il seno trasversale sul cranio di un 550 g, ratto maschio lungo Evan...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats at JoVE.com

Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats

Vi presentiamo la costruzione di un 3D-stampabile hyperdrive con diciotto tetrodi regolabili in modo indipendente. L'iperguida è progettato per registrare l'attività cerebrale a comportarsi liberamente ratti per un periodo di diverse settimane.

Costruzione di un Hyperdrive multi-tetrodo migliorata per la registrazione su larga scala neurale nel comportarsi ratti

Monitoring the activity patterns of a large population of neurons over many days in awake animals is a valuable technique in the field of systems ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.2K Views.  Baylor College of Medicine. Vi presentiamo la costruzione di un 3D-stampabile hyperdrive con diciotto tetrodi regolabili in modo indipendente. L'iperguida è progettato per registrare l'attività cerebrale a comportarsi liberamente ratti per un periodo di diverse settimane.

Video: Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats

Construction of Microdrive Arrays for Chronic Neural Recordings in Awake Behaving Mice

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field potentials (LFPs) from populations of neurons and action potentials from individual cells, as the animal engages in experimentally relevant tasks. Chronically implanted microdrives allow for brain recordings to last over periods of several weeks. Miniaturized drives and lightweight components allow for these long-term recordings to occur in small mammals, such as mice. By using tetrodes, which consist of tightly braided bundles of four electrodes in which each wire has a diameter of 12.5 &mu;m, it is possible to isolate physiologically active neurons in superficial brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, dorsal hippocampus, and subiculum, as well as deeper regions such as the striatum and the amygdala. Moreover, this technique insures stable, high-fidelity neural recordings as the animal is challenged with a variety of behavioral tasks. This manuscript describes several techniques that have been optimized to record from the mouse brain. First, we show how to fabricate tetrodes, load them into driveable tubes, and gold-plate their tips in order to reduce their impedance from M&Omega; to K&Omega; range. Second, we show how to construct a custom microdrive assembly for carrying and moving the tetrodes vertically, with the use of inexpensive materials. Third, we show the steps for assembling a commercially available microdrive (Neuralynx VersaDrive) that is designed to carry independently movable tetrodes. Finally, we present representative results of local field potentials and single-unit signals obtained in the dorsal subiculum of mice. These techniques can be easily modified to accommodate different types of electrode arrays and recording schemes in the mouse brain.

The design and assembly of microdrives for in vivo electrophysiological recordings of brain signals from the mouse is described. By attaching microelectrode bundles to sturdy driveable carriers, these techniques allow for long-term and stable neural recordings. The lightweight design allows for unrestricted behavioral performance by the animal following drive implantation.

Costruzione di matrici Microdrive per cronici Recordings neurali in topi Comportarsi Awake

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field ...

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Comportamento

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

Combinando comportamentali Endocrinologia ed Economia Sperimentale: Decisione testosterone e sociale Fare

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Neuroscienze

Recording Large-scale Neuronal Ensembles with Silicon Probes in the Anesthetized Rat

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of behaviors from the spiking activity of its neurons. One of the most effective methods to monitor spiking activity from a large number of neurons in multiple local neuronal circuits simultaneously is by using silicon electrode arrays1-3.
Action potentials produce large transmembrane voltage changes in the vicinity of cell somata. These output signals can be measured by placing a conductor in close proximity of a neuron. If there are many active (spiking) neurons in the vicinity of the tip, the electrode records combined signal from all of them, where contribution of a single neuron is weighted by its 'electrical distance'. Silicon probes are ideal recording electrodes to monitor multiple neurons because of a large number of recording sites (+64) and a small volume. Furthermore, multiple sites can be arranged over a distance of millimeters, thus allowing for the simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity in the various cortical layers or in multiple cortical columns (Fig. 1). Importantly, the geometrically precise distribution of the recording sites also allows for the determination of the spatial relationship of the isolated single neurons4. Here, we describe an acute, large-scale neuronal recording from the left and right forelimb somatosensory cortex simultaneously in an anesthetized rat with silicon probes (Fig. 2).

Extracellular recordings of neuronal activity using silicon probes in the anesthetized rat will be described. This technique allows information to be obtained across multiple brain areas from more than 100 neurons simultaneously. It provides information with single cell resolution about neuronal ensembles dynamics in multiple local circuits.

Registrazione Ensembles neuronali su larga scala con sonde di silicio sotto Rat anestetizzati

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

Una connessione Wireless, interfaccia bidirezionale per registrazione In Vivo e la stimolazione dell'attività neurale a comportarsi liberamente ratti

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of neurons and circuits requires methods with the spatial selectivity and temporal resolution appropriate for mechanistic analysis of neural ensembles in the behaving animal, i.e. recording of representatively large samples of isolated single neurons. Ensemble monitoring of neuronal activity has progressed remarkably in the past decade in both small and large-brained animals, including human subjects1-11. Multiple-site recording with silicon-based devices are particularly effective because of their scalability, small volume and geometric design.
Here, we describe methods for recording multiple single neurons and local field potential in behaving rodents, using commercially available micro-machined silicon probes with custom-made accessory components. There are two basic options for interfacing silicon probes to preamplifiers: printed circuit boards and flexible cables. Probe supplying companies (<a href="http://www.neuronexustech.com/" >http://www.neuronexustech.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/">http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.acreo.se/">http://www.acreo.se/</a>) usually provide the bonding service and deliver probes bonded to printed circuit boards or flexible cables. Here, we describe the implantation of a 4-shank, 32-site probe attached to flexible polyimide cable, and mounted on a movable microdrive. Each step of the probe preparation, microdrive construction and surgery is illustrated so that the end user can easily replicate the process.

We describe methods for large-scale recording of multiple single units and local field potential in behaving rodents with silicon probes. Drive fabrication, probe attachment to the drive and probe implantation processes are illustrated in sufficient details for easy replication.

Su larga scala di registrazione dei neuroni da sonde mobili in silicio Comportarsi Roditori

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Drive Fabrication

Chronic recording of large populations of neurons is a valuable technique for studying the function of neuronal circuits in awake behaving rats. Lightweight recording devices carrying a high density array of tetrodes allow for the simultaneous monitoring of the activity of tens to hundreds of individual neurons. Here we describe a protocol for the fabrication of a micro-drive array with twenty one independently movable micro-drives. This device has been used successfully to record from hippocampal and cortical neurons in our lab. We show how to prepare a custom designed, 3-D printed plastic base that will hold the micro-drives. We demonstrate how to construct the individual micro-drives and how to assemble the complete micro-drive array. Further preparation of the drive array for surgical implantation, such as the fabrication of tetrodes, loading of tetrodes into the drive array and gold-plating, is covered in a subsequent video article.

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Drive Fabrication

In this protocol we demonstrate how to fabricate a micro-drive array for chronic electrophysiological recordings in rats.

Micro-drive array per la cronica In vivo</emRegistrazione>: Drive Fabrication

Chronic recording of large populations of neurons is a valuable technique for studying the function of neuronal circuits in awake behaving rats. ...

Biologia

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Tetrode Assembly

The tetrode, a bundle of four electrodes, has proven to be a valuable tool for the simultaneous recording of multiple neurons in-vivo.  The differential amplitude of action potential signatures over the channels of a tetrode allows for the isolation of single-unit activity from multi-unit signals.  The ability to precisely control the stereotaxic location and depth of the tetrode is critical for studying coordinated neural activity across brain regions.  In combination with a micro-drive array, it is possible to achieve precise placement and stable control of many tetrodes over the course of days to weeks.  In this protocol, we demonstrate how to fabricate and condition tetrodes using basic tools and materials, install the tetrodes into a multi-drive tetrode array for chronic in-vivo recording in the rat, make ground wire connections to the micro-drive array, and attach a protective cone onto the micro-drive array in order to protect the tetrodes from physical contact with the environment.



Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Tetrode Assembly

In this protocol we demonstrate how to fabricate and condition tetrodes for use with a micro-drive array, which was designed for chronic electrophysiological recordings in rats. In addition, we illustrate the final stages of micro-drive array construction, which includes installing ground wires and a protective cone.

Micro-drive array per la cronica In vivo</emRegistrazione>: tetrodo Assemblea

The tetrode, a bundle of four electrodes, has proven to be a valuable tool for the simultaneous recording of multiple neurons in-vivo.  The differential ...

Hybrid Microdrive System with Recoverable Opto-Silicon Probe and Tetrode for Dual-Site High Density Recording in Freely Moving Mice

Multi-regional neural recordings can provide crucial information to understanding fine-timescale interactions between multiple brain regions. However, conventional microdrive designs often only allow use of one type of electrode to record from single or multiple regions, limiting the yield of single-unit or depth profile recordings. It also often limits the ability to combine electrode recordings with optogenetic tools to target pathway and/or cell type specific activity. Presented here is a hybrid microdrive array for freely moving mice to optimize yield and a description of its fabrication and reuse of the microdrive array. The current design employs nine tetrodes and one opto-silicon probe implanted in two different brain areas simultaneously in freely moving mice. The tetrodes and the opto-silicon probe are independently adjustable along the dorsoventral axis in the brain to maximize the yield of unit and oscillatory activities. This microdrive array also incorporates a set-up for light, mediating optogenetic manipulation to investigate the regional- or cell type-specific responses and functions of long-range neural circuits. In addition, the opto-silicon probe can be safely recovered and reused after each experiment. Because the microdrive array consists of 3D-printed parts, the design of microdrives can be easily modified to accommodate various settings. First described is the design of the microdrive array and how to attach the optical fiber to a silicon probe for optogenetics experiments, followed by fabrication of the tetrode bundle and implantation of the array into a mouse brain. The recording of local field potentials and unit spiking combined with optogenetic stimulation also demonstrate feasibility of the microdrive array system in freely moving mice.

This protocol describes the construction of a hybrid microdrive array that allows implantation of nine independently adjustable tetrodes and one adjustable opto-silicon probe in two brain regions in freely moving mice. Also demonstrated is a method for safely recovering and reusing the opto-silicon probe for multiple purposes.

Sistema microdrive ibrido con sonda Opto-Silicon recuperabile e tetrode per la registrazione ad alta densità a doppio sito in mouse in movimento libero

Multi-regional neural recordings can provide crucial information to understanding fine-timescale interactions between multiple brain regions. However, ...

Impianto di micro-drive per la registrazione dell'attività neurale quotidiana nei topi giovani

A Lightweight Drive Implant for Chronic Tetrode Recordings in Juvenile Mice

In vivo electrophysiology provides unparalleled insight into the sub-second-level circuit dynamics of the intact brain and represents a method of particular importance for studying mouse models of human neuropsychiatric disorders. However, such methods often require large cranial implants, which cannot be used in mice at early developmental time points. As such, virtually no studies of in vivo physiology have been performed in freely behaving infant or juvenile mice, despite the fact that a better understanding of neurological development in this critical window would likely provide unique insights into age-dependent developmental disorders such as autism or schizophrenia. Here, a micro-drive design, surgical implantation procedure, and post-surgery recovery strategy are described that allow for chronic field and single-unit recordings from multiple brain regions simultaneously in mice as they age from postnatal day 20 (p20) to postnatal day 60 (p60) and beyond, a time window roughly corresponding to the human ages of 2 years old through to adulthood. The number of recording electrodes and final recording sites can be easily modified and expanded, thus allowing flexible experimental control of the in vivo monitoring of behavior- or disease-relevant brain regions across development.

Autore in primo piano: Un impianto di propulsione leggero per registrazioni croniche di tetrodi in topi giovani  

Here, we describe a micro-drive design, surgical implantation procedure, and post-surgery recovery strategy that allow for chronic field and single-unit recordings from multiple brain regions simultaneously in juvenile and adolescent mice across a critical developmental window from postnatal day 20 (p20) to postnatal day 60 (p60) and beyond.

Costruzione di un Hyperdrive multi-tetrodo migliorata per la registrazione su larga scala neurale nel comportarsi ratti

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